青少年早期宽恕：特质观干预与宽恕干预比较
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摘要
本研究考察了青少年早期儿童的特质观与其对同伴伤害的宽恕水平的关系,在此基础上尝试使用特质观干预提高其宽恕水平,并将该方法与宽恕干预进行比较。为了更好的测量被试的宽恕水平,本研究还尝试发展了一种测量宽恕的内隐工具——宽恕内隐联想测验,作为各种宽恕量表的补充。
论文首先使用语义分析法对中国式“宽恕”心理与当代心理学研究中的宽恕概念进行了分析和对比,发现两者之间并不存在本质上的差异,并在此基础上确定了宽恕内隐联想测验使用的属性词的来源,即经过分析的各种与宽恕含义相同或有关的词汇,以及中外各种宽恕问卷中的与“宽恕”和“不宽恕”相关的词汇通过专家和学生评定最终确定“宽恕”与“不宽恕”词汇各8个用于研究一。
研究一,以188名初中一年级学生为被试,采用宽恕内隐联想测验、自尊内隐联想测验和相关宽恕问卷及校标问卷,初步证明了用内隐联想测验测量宽恕的可行性及有效性。研究二,同样以这些学生为被试,除了研究一所使用的宽恕内隐联想测验和相关问卷外,采用《特质观问卷》,将被试分为固存论者、中间论者和发展论者。结果发现相对于固存论者,发展论者有更高的外显宽恕水平,因此通过改变固存观青少年的特质观,使其向更加发展的方向变化,进而提高其宽恕水平是可行的。并且,本研究还发现相对于发展论者,固存论者还有除了宽恕水平较低以外的其他潜在危险性的心理特点,如情绪性、阿Q精神较高,共情、人情、和谐性较低等,这使特质观干预方法的开发和使用具有了更重要的意义。研究三,从研究二中的固存论者中找出30名受到过同伴中度及以上伤害的青少年为被试,随机分为干预组(特质观干预)、对照组(宽恕干预)和控制组(无干预)三组,干预组和对照组同时接受干预,每次30分钟,每周2次,共8次。采用前后测准实验设计,结果发现特质观干预比宽恕干预更能在短期内发挥提高情境性宽恕水平的效果。主要研究结论有：
1.宽恕的内隐联想测验效应显著；宽恕的内隐联想测验效应不存在性别上的显著差异；宽恕内隐联想测验的得分与好印象效度量表无关；宽恕内隐联想测验存在明显的顺序效应。
2.宽恕内隐联想测验与自尊内隐联想测验之间呈显著正相关,与情境性宽恕、宽恕态度以及宽恕倾向不存在显著的相关性。
3.固存论者的情境性宽恕即回避和报复水平高于发展论者,宽恕态度、宽恕倾向水平低于发展论者,内隐宽恕水平与发展论者不存在显著差异。
4.固存论者的冒犯预期与发展论者不存在显著差异,共情水平低于发展论者。
5.固存论者的宽容-苛刻、人情和和谐性低于发展论者,阿Q精神和情绪性高于发展论者。
6.在后测时,干预组(特质观干预)中持中间论和发展论者的人数增加,与控制组存在显著差异。
7.干预组(特质观干预)被试在情境性宽恕的回避维度上的前后测差值与对照组(宽恕干预)和控制组在该指标上的前后测差值相比存在显著差异；三组在情境性宽恕报复维度、内隐宽恕、宽恕倾向和宽恕态度上的前后测差值相比不存在显著差异。
8.干预组、对照组和控制组在共情、积极情感、消极情感、和谐性上的前后测差值不存在显著差异。
The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between children's implicit personality theory (IPT) and their forgiveness level to peer transgressor in early adolescent, and try to use IPT intervention helping them forgive a peer who hurt them deeply. In order to measure forgiveness more accurately, an implicit measure of forgiveness-Forgiveness Implicit Association Test (FIAT)-is developed and validated.
This study first compared the conception of Kuan Shu and forgiveness, and found that even there are different ways to express forgiveness in different cultures, but the ability and disposition to forgive are same. Based on this review, sixteen attribute words of FIAT selected from various Chinese words which means Kuan Shu arid Bu Kuan Shu which are in existing forgiveness questionnaires and scales.
In Study One, participants were188junior high school first-year students. FIAT, self-esteem I AT and related questionnaires include TRIM-12, ATF, TTF, CPAI-A, PA-NA, IRI-C were used. As predicted, FIAT was feasible and effective. In Study Two, participants were the same as Study One. IPT Questionaire was applied to differentiate incremental theorists, middle theorists, and entity theorists, and other questionnaires were applied too. As predicted, incremental theorists were more forgiving than entity theorists, so it's feasible to promote entity theorists'forgiveness level by changing their IPT. In addition, compared with incremental theorist, entity theorists had some risk psychological attributes such as higher emotionality and defensiveness (Ah-Q Mentality), lower empathy, graciousness, harmony and family qrientation. In Study Three, participants were30entity theorists from Study Two which hurt deeply by peer. They randomly divided into three groups:one short-term forgiveness (SFT) experimental (n=10), one implicit personality theory intervention (ITI) experimental (n=10) and one control (n=10). One experimental group received eight half-hour sessions of SFT, and the other one experimental group received eight half-hour sessions of ITI, while control group was kept with no intervention. Data analysis showed only ITI significantly increased the situational forgiveness. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. There was significant IAT effect of forgiveness, and there was no significant gender difference of IAT effect of forgiveness; FIAT revealed no correlations with Good Impression Scale; there was significant order effect of FIAT.
2. FIAT showed positive correlations with self-esteem IAT and no positive correlations with any of the explicit forgiveness measures include situational forgiveness (TRIM-12), forgiveness attitude (ATF) and dispositional forgiveness (TTF).
3. Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists had higher avoidance and revenge, lower forgiveness attitude and dispositional forgiveness and no difference of implicit forgiveness.
4. Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists had lower empathy and no difference of offence expectation.
5. Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists had lower graciousness, harmony and family orientation and higher emotionality and defensiveness (Ah-Q Mentality).
6. Compared with the control group, ITI experimental group had significant more incremental theorists after intervention.
7. Compared with the control group and SFT experimental group, the score of avoidance dimension of situational forgiveness of ITI experimental group showed a significant reduction. However, the revenge dimension of situational forgiveness, implicit forgiveness, forgiveness attitude and dispositional forgiveness levels of all three group do not show a significant score reduction difference.
8. The empathy, positive emotion, negative emotion and harmony levels of all three group do not show a significant score change difference.
论文首先使用语义分析法对中国式“宽恕”心理与当代心理学研究中的宽恕概念进行了分析和对比,发现两者之间并不存在本质上的差异,并在此基础上确定了宽恕内隐联想测验使用的属性词的来源,即经过分析的各种与宽恕含义相同或有关的词汇,以及中外各种宽恕问卷中的与“宽恕”和“不宽恕”相关的词汇通过专家和学生评定最终确定“宽恕”与“不宽恕”词汇各8个用于研究一。
研究一,以188名初中一年级学生为被试,采用宽恕内隐联想测验、自尊内隐联想测验和相关宽恕问卷及校标问卷,初步证明了用内隐联想测验测量宽恕的可行性及有效性。研究二,同样以这些学生为被试,除了研究一所使用的宽恕内隐联想测验和相关问卷外,采用《特质观问卷》,将被试分为固存论者、中间论者和发展论者。结果发现相对于固存论者,发展论者有更高的外显宽恕水平,因此通过改变固存观青少年的特质观,使其向更加发展的方向变化,进而提高其宽恕水平是可行的。并且,本研究还发现相对于发展论者,固存论者还有除了宽恕水平较低以外的其他潜在危险性的心理特点,如情绪性、阿Q精神较高,共情、人情、和谐性较低等,这使特质观干预方法的开发和使用具有了更重要的意义。研究三,从研究二中的固存论者中找出30名受到过同伴中度及以上伤害的青少年为被试,随机分为干预组(特质观干预)、对照组(宽恕干预)和控制组(无干预)三组,干预组和对照组同时接受干预,每次30分钟,每周2次,共8次。采用前后测准实验设计,结果发现特质观干预比宽恕干预更能在短期内发挥提高情境性宽恕水平的效果。主要研究结论有：
1.宽恕的内隐联想测验效应显著；宽恕的内隐联想测验效应不存在性别上的显著差异；宽恕内隐联想测验的得分与好印象效度量表无关；宽恕内隐联想测验存在明显的顺序效应。
2.宽恕内隐联想测验与自尊内隐联想测验之间呈显著正相关,与情境性宽恕、宽恕态度以及宽恕倾向不存在显著的相关性。
3.固存论者的情境性宽恕即回避和报复水平高于发展论者,宽恕态度、宽恕倾向水平低于发展论者,内隐宽恕水平与发展论者不存在显著差异。
4.固存论者的冒犯预期与发展论者不存在显著差异,共情水平低于发展论者。
5.固存论者的宽容-苛刻、人情和和谐性低于发展论者,阿Q精神和情绪性高于发展论者。
6.在后测时,干预组(特质观干预)中持中间论和发展论者的人数增加,与控制组存在显著差异。
7.干预组(特质观干预)被试在情境性宽恕的回避维度上的前后测差值与对照组(宽恕干预)和控制组在该指标上的前后测差值相比存在显著差异；三组在情境性宽恕报复维度、内隐宽恕、宽恕倾向和宽恕态度上的前后测差值相比不存在显著差异。
8.干预组、对照组和控制组在共情、积极情感、消极情感、和谐性上的前后测差值不存在显著差异。
The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between children's implicit personality theory (IPT) and their forgiveness level to peer transgressor in early adolescent, and try to use IPT intervention helping them forgive a peer who hurt them deeply. In order to measure forgiveness more accurately, an implicit measure of forgiveness-Forgiveness Implicit Association Test (FIAT)-is developed and validated.
This study first compared the conception of Kuan Shu and forgiveness, and found that even there are different ways to express forgiveness in different cultures, but the ability and disposition to forgive are same. Based on this review, sixteen attribute words of FIAT selected from various Chinese words which means Kuan Shu arid Bu Kuan Shu which are in existing forgiveness questionnaires and scales.
In Study One, participants were188junior high school first-year students. FIAT, self-esteem I AT and related questionnaires include TRIM-12, ATF, TTF, CPAI-A, PA-NA, IRI-C were used. As predicted, FIAT was feasible and effective. In Study Two, participants were the same as Study One. IPT Questionaire was applied to differentiate incremental theorists, middle theorists, and entity theorists, and other questionnaires were applied too. As predicted, incremental theorists were more forgiving than entity theorists, so it's feasible to promote entity theorists'forgiveness level by changing their IPT. In addition, compared with incremental theorist, entity theorists had some risk psychological attributes such as higher emotionality and defensiveness (Ah-Q Mentality), lower empathy, graciousness, harmony and family qrientation. In Study Three, participants were30entity theorists from Study Two which hurt deeply by peer. They randomly divided into three groups:one short-term forgiveness (SFT) experimental (n=10), one implicit personality theory intervention (ITI) experimental (n=10) and one control (n=10). One experimental group received eight half-hour sessions of SFT, and the other one experimental group received eight half-hour sessions of ITI, while control group was kept with no intervention. Data analysis showed only ITI significantly increased the situational forgiveness. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. There was significant IAT effect of forgiveness, and there was no significant gender difference of IAT effect of forgiveness; FIAT revealed no correlations with Good Impression Scale; there was significant order effect of FIAT.
2. FIAT showed positive correlations with self-esteem IAT and no positive correlations with any of the explicit forgiveness measures include situational forgiveness (TRIM-12), forgiveness attitude (ATF) and dispositional forgiveness (TTF).
3. Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists had higher avoidance and revenge, lower forgiveness attitude and dispositional forgiveness and no difference of implicit forgiveness.
4. Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists had lower empathy and no difference of offence expectation.
5. Compared with incremental theorists, entity theorists had lower graciousness, harmony and family orientation and higher emotionality and defensiveness (Ah-Q Mentality).
6. Compared with the control group, ITI experimental group had significant more incremental theorists after intervention.
7. Compared with the control group and SFT experimental group, the score of avoidance dimension of situational forgiveness of ITI experimental group showed a significant reduction. However, the revenge dimension of situational forgiveness, implicit forgiveness, forgiveness attitude and dispositional forgiveness levels of all three group do not show a significant score reduction difference.
8. The empathy, positive emotion, negative emotion and harmony levels of all three group do not show a significant score change difference.
引文
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