机械装配结构组织性研究及其在概念设计中的应用
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摘要
机械产品的智能设计是设计者追求的理想境界,是社会努力的目标。概念设计是机械设计中连接抽象和具体的桥梁,其具有强烈的复杂性、经验性、模糊性和对环境的依赖性,目前在这个阶段还只能依赖设计人员的设计经验,而没有可靠的计算机软件的辅助。随着机械产品模块化、标准化的大力推行,如何将此类可量化的信息和设计人员的经验信息进行融合,成为了目前迫切需要解决的问题。因此,本文提出了“以本体知识库为基础,以自组织理论为推理机制,实现具有一定智能的计算机辅助概念设计系统”的构想。基于此构想,综合运用复杂网络技术、本体论、XML技术、自组织理论等方法,深入研究了机械产品概念设计的智能化实现方法,为提高设计自动化提供了相应的理论和技术支持。
本论文的主要研究工作如下：
1.机械产品在零件粒度下的静态特性和动态特性分析
在分析了若干典型机械装配结构网络的基础上,创新性的提出装配网络的概念,并通过对其特性的分析,发现其具有小世界网络特性和部分无标度网络特性,以及其它6个显著的特点,证明了机械产品在零件粒度下是一个具有高度组织性的系统；通过对装配网络静态特性和动态特性的分析,发现虽然机械零件本身并不具有自主性,但其与其它个体具有自主性的系统一样,其形成的复杂网络具有明显的一些共性。本研究成果为机械装配结构的自组织性研究奠定了理论基础。
2.基于本体论的机械装配结构知识本体模型构建
功能是通过装配来实现的,根据机械结构能实现的功能类型,提出机械装配结构的概念,并对其进行分类,归纳各自的结构特性；提出了一种将本体的构建和描述过程分成五步来实现的知识本体构建方法——MFSO法；利用“框架表示法+XML"的方法对机械装配结构知识本体进行形式化的描述。为机械装配结构自组织概念设计系统提供了技术基础。
3.机械产品在机械装配结构粒度下的组织性分析
首先从结构、周期和进化3个方面对比机械装配结构粒度下的机械产品和生物体的相似性,从表面上验证其具有组织性；对机械装配结构网络的特性进行分析,总结出它们3个方面的主要特性,即机械装配结构网络图的组成结构、输入输出的数量和输入输出之间的路径；利用组织论相关的知识,定义了机械装配结构组织,并对影响其组织性的选择不确定性、特征不确定性和配合不确定性进行了分析；最后利用信息论中的熵理论,对机械装配结构的不确定性提出了一个度量方法。
4.机械装配结构的自组织演化模型构建
创新性的将自组织理论应用在机械产品的概念设计中。首先分别从系统开放性、远离平衡态特性、非线性作用和涨落特性4个方面验证了机械装配结构粒度下机械产品具有自组织发生的环境和条件；其次对机械装配结构之间的竞争和协同的特点和机制进行了研究,分析了机械装配结构粒度下机械产品的自组织动力学特性。建立了机械装配结构的自组织演化模型,为实现机械产品的自动化概念设计提供了有效方法。
5.多维沙堆空间的知识库存储机制和改进ACT框架的知识库构建研究
针对知识管理中的知识表示和推理问题,特别是具有不确定性的经验知识,创新性的提出了基于多维沙堆空间的知识存储机制,避免了知识库臃肿,并能及时纠正和更新知识库,有效的提高了知识库的智能性；将Anderson的ACT理论进行了扩展,并构建了基于改进ACT框架的知识库,用于对可量化的程序性知识和不可量化的模糊知识的综合管理。为机械装配结构自组织概念设计系统提供了有效辅助手段。
最后,分别开发机械零件网络生成系统AGMPNS、机械装配结构知识本体建模系统KOMASS和机械装配结构自组织概念设计系统SOBCACDS,来对本文的研究成果进行了验证。
Intelligence design of mechanical product is the ideal state pursued by designers and the target for community's efforts. Conceptual design is the conncetion between the abstract requirement and the concrete structure. This is why conceptual design has strong complexity, experience, fuzziness and dependence to environment. At present we can only depend on designers'experience during the stage of conceptual design without the aid of a reliable computer software. With the wide spread of modularization and standardization of mechanical products, how to integrate the quantized information and designers'experience information is increasingly becoming an urgent question. Thus, the idea of realizing intelligent computer-aided conceptual design system based on ontology knowledge base and self-organization reasoning mechanism is put forward. Based on this idea, complex network, ontology, XML and self-organization are adopted as key technologies to realize intelligent conceptual design of mechanical products. This method may offer theory and technology sustenance to improve design automatization.
The main research works and achievements in this paper are as follows:
1. Analysis of Static Characteristics and Dynamic Characteristics of Mechanical Products with Part Granularity
On the basis of extensive analyses of typical mechanical assembly structure network, we innovatively proposed a new concept called assembly network which is high level of clustering and partially consistent with the scale-free network, and has other6obvious characteristics. These results prove that mechanical products with part granularity are system of high organization. By the analysis on static characteristics and dynamic characteristics of assembly network, we find that although mechanical parts themselves do not have the ability of self-determination, they have some common characteristics in comparison with the system of self-determination.
2. Ontology-based Knowledge Model of Mechanical Assembly Structure
Function is realized by assembly. According to the types of functions, we proposed a concept called mechanical assembly structure, categorized them and analyzed their structural features. We proposed a method to construct knowledge ontology called MFSO, which divided the process of construction and description of ontology into5stages. We used a formalizing description based on Frame Representation and XML to represent knowledge ontology of mechanical assembly structure.
3. Analysis of Organization of Mechanical Products with Mechanical Assembly Strucuture Granularity
Firstly, a contrast is made between mechanical products with mechanical assembly structure and biology focusing on structure, life cycle and evolution to prove that mechanical products are system with organization. Secondly, we analyzed and found3characteristics of mechanical assembly structure network. Thirdly, we made a definition to mechanical assembly structure organization, and analyzed3factors, choice uncertainty, feature uncertainty and fit uncertainty, which may affect its organization. At last, we proposed a measure method to calculate the uncertainty of mechanical assembly structure using the Entropy Theory.
4. Construction of Self-Organization Evolutionary Model of Mechanical Assembly Structure
Firstly, mechanical products with mechanical assembly structure granularity having the necessary condition and environment of self-organization has been proved in four aspects:system openness, conditions far from equilibrium, non-linear interaction and fluctuation. At last, competition and cooperation mechanism of mechanical assembly structure is analyzed to find their self-organization dynamic characteristics.
5. Knowledge Application and Improvement Based on Multi-Dimension Sandpile Space and Improved ACT Framework
Multi-dimension sandpile space is put forward to represent and reason experience knowledge which is characteristic of fuzziness. Knowledge base using multi-dimension sandpile space can not only deal with uncertain experience knowledge, but also keep knowledge base in an acceptable size when learning new knowledge. And it has an efficient self-correcting mechanism to update knowledge in system. Anderson's ACT theory is improved to construct knowledge base, which can manage both procedural or production knowledge and experience.
At last, three prototype systems, Analysis and Generation of Mechanical Parts Network System (AGMPNS), Knowledge Ontology of Mechanical Assembly Structure System (KOMASS) and Self-Organization Based Computer Aided Concept Design System (SOBCACDS) were developed to prove the method and mechanism proposed in this paper.
本论文的主要研究工作如下：
1.机械产品在零件粒度下的静态特性和动态特性分析
在分析了若干典型机械装配结构网络的基础上,创新性的提出装配网络的概念,并通过对其特性的分析,发现其具有小世界网络特性和部分无标度网络特性,以及其它6个显著的特点,证明了机械产品在零件粒度下是一个具有高度组织性的系统；通过对装配网络静态特性和动态特性的分析,发现虽然机械零件本身并不具有自主性,但其与其它个体具有自主性的系统一样,其形成的复杂网络具有明显的一些共性。本研究成果为机械装配结构的自组织性研究奠定了理论基础。
2.基于本体论的机械装配结构知识本体模型构建
功能是通过装配来实现的,根据机械结构能实现的功能类型,提出机械装配结构的概念,并对其进行分类,归纳各自的结构特性；提出了一种将本体的构建和描述过程分成五步来实现的知识本体构建方法——MFSO法；利用“框架表示法+XML"的方法对机械装配结构知识本体进行形式化的描述。为机械装配结构自组织概念设计系统提供了技术基础。
3.机械产品在机械装配结构粒度下的组织性分析
首先从结构、周期和进化3个方面对比机械装配结构粒度下的机械产品和生物体的相似性,从表面上验证其具有组织性；对机械装配结构网络的特性进行分析,总结出它们3个方面的主要特性,即机械装配结构网络图的组成结构、输入输出的数量和输入输出之间的路径；利用组织论相关的知识,定义了机械装配结构组织,并对影响其组织性的选择不确定性、特征不确定性和配合不确定性进行了分析；最后利用信息论中的熵理论,对机械装配结构的不确定性提出了一个度量方法。
4.机械装配结构的自组织演化模型构建
创新性的将自组织理论应用在机械产品的概念设计中。首先分别从系统开放性、远离平衡态特性、非线性作用和涨落特性4个方面验证了机械装配结构粒度下机械产品具有自组织发生的环境和条件；其次对机械装配结构之间的竞争和协同的特点和机制进行了研究,分析了机械装配结构粒度下机械产品的自组织动力学特性。建立了机械装配结构的自组织演化模型,为实现机械产品的自动化概念设计提供了有效方法。
5.多维沙堆空间的知识库存储机制和改进ACT框架的知识库构建研究
针对知识管理中的知识表示和推理问题,特别是具有不确定性的经验知识,创新性的提出了基于多维沙堆空间的知识存储机制,避免了知识库臃肿,并能及时纠正和更新知识库,有效的提高了知识库的智能性；将Anderson的ACT理论进行了扩展,并构建了基于改进ACT框架的知识库,用于对可量化的程序性知识和不可量化的模糊知识的综合管理。为机械装配结构自组织概念设计系统提供了有效辅助手段。
最后,分别开发机械零件网络生成系统AGMPNS、机械装配结构知识本体建模系统KOMASS和机械装配结构自组织概念设计系统SOBCACDS,来对本文的研究成果进行了验证。
Intelligence design of mechanical product is the ideal state pursued by designers and the target for community's efforts. Conceptual design is the conncetion between the abstract requirement and the concrete structure. This is why conceptual design has strong complexity, experience, fuzziness and dependence to environment. At present we can only depend on designers'experience during the stage of conceptual design without the aid of a reliable computer software. With the wide spread of modularization and standardization of mechanical products, how to integrate the quantized information and designers'experience information is increasingly becoming an urgent question. Thus, the idea of realizing intelligent computer-aided conceptual design system based on ontology knowledge base and self-organization reasoning mechanism is put forward. Based on this idea, complex network, ontology, XML and self-organization are adopted as key technologies to realize intelligent conceptual design of mechanical products. This method may offer theory and technology sustenance to improve design automatization.
The main research works and achievements in this paper are as follows:
1. Analysis of Static Characteristics and Dynamic Characteristics of Mechanical Products with Part Granularity
On the basis of extensive analyses of typical mechanical assembly structure network, we innovatively proposed a new concept called assembly network which is high level of clustering and partially consistent with the scale-free network, and has other6obvious characteristics. These results prove that mechanical products with part granularity are system of high organization. By the analysis on static characteristics and dynamic characteristics of assembly network, we find that although mechanical parts themselves do not have the ability of self-determination, they have some common characteristics in comparison with the system of self-determination.
2. Ontology-based Knowledge Model of Mechanical Assembly Structure
Function is realized by assembly. According to the types of functions, we proposed a concept called mechanical assembly structure, categorized them and analyzed their structural features. We proposed a method to construct knowledge ontology called MFSO, which divided the process of construction and description of ontology into5stages. We used a formalizing description based on Frame Representation and XML to represent knowledge ontology of mechanical assembly structure.
3. Analysis of Organization of Mechanical Products with Mechanical Assembly Strucuture Granularity
Firstly, a contrast is made between mechanical products with mechanical assembly structure and biology focusing on structure, life cycle and evolution to prove that mechanical products are system with organization. Secondly, we analyzed and found3characteristics of mechanical assembly structure network. Thirdly, we made a definition to mechanical assembly structure organization, and analyzed3factors, choice uncertainty, feature uncertainty and fit uncertainty, which may affect its organization. At last, we proposed a measure method to calculate the uncertainty of mechanical assembly structure using the Entropy Theory.
4. Construction of Self-Organization Evolutionary Model of Mechanical Assembly Structure
Firstly, mechanical products with mechanical assembly structure granularity having the necessary condition and environment of self-organization has been proved in four aspects:system openness, conditions far from equilibrium, non-linear interaction and fluctuation. At last, competition and cooperation mechanism of mechanical assembly structure is analyzed to find their self-organization dynamic characteristics.
5. Knowledge Application and Improvement Based on Multi-Dimension Sandpile Space and Improved ACT Framework
Multi-dimension sandpile space is put forward to represent and reason experience knowledge which is characteristic of fuzziness. Knowledge base using multi-dimension sandpile space can not only deal with uncertain experience knowledge, but also keep knowledge base in an acceptable size when learning new knowledge. And it has an efficient self-correcting mechanism to update knowledge in system. Anderson's ACT theory is improved to construct knowledge base, which can manage both procedural or production knowledge and experience.
At last, three prototype systems, Analysis and Generation of Mechanical Parts Network System (AGMPNS), Knowledge Ontology of Mechanical Assembly Structure System (KOMASS) and Self-Organization Based Computer Aided Concept Design System (SOBCACDS) were developed to prove the method and mechanism proposed in this paper.
引文
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