贵州喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤与树体养分及其对结果、品质的影响
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摘要
柑橘生产是贵州省喀斯特河谷地区的一项长期支柱产业，但是近年来在贵州省喀斯特河谷地区出现了柑橘树势衰退、叶片病变、果实畸形、品质下降等问题。为了搞清楚贵州省喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤与树体养分背景值，解决以上这些困扰当地柑橘业发展的问题，本课题对贵州省南、北盘江流域、都柳江流域、漳江流域、乌江流域、鸭池河流域、红水河流域和赤水河流域等喀斯特河谷101个柑橘园土壤和植株养分状况及其对柑橘结果与品质的影响进行了研究，主要研究结果如下：
贵州省喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤pH值普遍偏高，对柑橘的生长不利。土壤有机质含量比较丰富，大多数柑橘园均处于适宜范围以上。土壤大量元素中，速效N、速效K、交换性Ca、交换性Mg的缺乏比较严重，尤其缺Mg最为严重，而速效P含量却普遍偏高。土壤微量元素中，有效Cu和有效Mn含量缺乏的果园较少，多数果园表现为高量或过量；有效Fe、有效Zn和有效B的缺乏比较严重，尤其有效B全部都处于缺乏范围，且有大多数的样本属于极度缺乏。
贵州省喀斯特河谷地区柑橘叶片大量元素中，Mg的缺乏最为严重；其次是K和N的缺乏也比较严重；而P、Ca的含量则比较丰富，基本处于适宜值范围以上。柑橘叶片微量元素中，B的缺乏最为严重；其次是Mn和Zn缺乏较为严重；Fe的缺乏较轻；Cu的含量基本处于适宜范围以上。
柑橘植株中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、B含量与土壤中速效N、速效P、速效K、交换性Ca、交换性Mg、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效Zn、有效Mn和有效B等养分含量之间，除了植株全B与土壤有效B呈显著正相关外，其余都没有相关性。
柑橘树体养分之间的关系很复杂，普遍存在着元素之间的拮抗和协同作用。其中表现出显著增效作用的元素有：P—K、Ca—Zn、Ca—Mn、Mg—Fe、Mg—B、Zn—Mn；表现出显著拮抗作用的元素有：K—Ca、P—Ca、P—Zn。
柑橘(椪柑)的座果率与土壤速效K和有效B含量呈显著正相关；与叶片Zn和B含量呈显著正相关，与其他元素相关性不明显。
贵州省喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤交换性Mg含量与柑橘畸形果比例、总病变果实比例之间呈显著负相关；有效B含量与柑橘小僵果比例之间呈显著负相关，与畸形果比例及总病变果实比例之间呈极显著负相关。柑橘树体养分中Mg的含量与畸形果比例及柑橘总病变果实比例之间呈显著负相关；B含量与柑橘小僵果比例及柑橘总病变果实比例之间呈显著负相关，与畸形果比例之间呈极显著负相关。
研究结果表明，土壤pH值偏高也是贵州喀斯特河谷柑橘座果率低，果实出现缺素病变的原因之一。
综上结论可以推断出，贵州喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤pH值偏高；速效K含量、交换性Mg含量、有效Fe含量和有效B含量的严重缺乏以及树体养分中Mg、Zn、B含量的严重缺乏对柑橘的座果率和果实品质产生很大的负面影响，是造成柑橘座果率低和果实发生病变、品质下降的重要原因。其中可以将土壤pH值偏高；交换性Mg含量、有效Fe含量和有效B含量的严重缺乏视为限制贵州省喀斯特河谷地区柑橘产业发展的土壤主要胁迫因子。
The production of citrus fruits was the long-term pillar industry in the karst river valley areas of Guizhou province, but in recent years some questions appearanced. Such as the citrus tree condition to decline ,the leaf lesion, the fruit abnormally, the fruit quality dropt and so on. In order to make clear the citrus orchards soil and tree body nutrient background value in karst river valleys of Guizhou province. And solve these questions which puzzling the local citrus fruits industry development, this topic has researched 101 citrus orchards soil and plants nutrient conditions, and the influence of the nutrient conditions to the citrus fruiting and fruits quality has been researched too.Investigating and Sampling places were collected in Guizhou Beipan Jiang basin, Duliu Jiang basin, Zhangjiang river basin, Wu River basin, Yachi River basin, Red River basin and Chishui River basin. The main results were as follows:
Citrus orchards soil pH value was generally high in the karst river valley of Guizhou province, it was disadvantageous to the citrus fruits growth. The organic matter of soil was rich, the majority citrus orchards were in above the optimum range. In the soil massive elements, available N, available K, exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg were seriously deficient, especially deficiency of Mg to be most serious, but the available P content generally was all higher.In the soil trace element, available Cu and available Mn content deficient orchard were few, most orchard performance for high or excessive; Available Fe, available Zn and available B were seriously deficient, especially available B completely all were in the deficiency range, also had the majority sample to belong extremely deficient.In the citrus leaves massive elements of Guizhou karst river valley area, Mg content was seriously deficient; Next was K and N contents were deficient also serious; But P, Ca contents were quite rich, generally in above the optimum range .In the citrus leaves trace elements, B was seriously deficient; Next was Mn and Zn contents seriously deficient; Fe content was lightly deficient; Cu content was in above the optimum range.
Between the contents of N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, B in citrus plants and soil available N, available K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, available Zn, available Mn , available B content, Except that citrus plants total B and soil available B were significant positive, others had no correlation.Between the citrus tree body nutrient relations were very complex, Antagonistic and accelerate effect among nutrition elements in citrus leaves were generally. P and K, Ca and Zn, Ca and Mn, Mg and Fe, Mg and B, Zn and Mn were significant positive correlation, K and Ca, P and Ca, P and Zn were significant negative correlation.
Citrus (Ponkan mandarin) fruit set percentage and soil available K content and available B content were significant positive correlations; fruit set percentage and leaf Zn and B contents were significant positive correlations, there were no obvious correlations between other nutrient elements. There were significant negative correlations between citrus orchards soil exchangeable Mg content and the citrus abnormal fruits proportion and the total rate of lesion fruits in the karst river valleys of Guizhou Province.
There was significant negative correlation between citrus orchards soil available B and the citrus small stiff fruits proportion, and between the abnormal fruits proportion and the total rate of lesion fruits there were very significant negative correlation.There were significant negative correlation between the Mg content in the citrus tree body nutrient and the abnormal fruits proportion and the citrus total rate of lesion fruits. Between the B content and the citrus small stiff fruits proportion and the citrus total rate of lesion fruits there were significant negative correlations. But there was very significant negative correlation between the abnormal fruits proportion and the B content.The findings indicated that, soil pH value higher also was one of the reasons which caused citrus fruit set percentage low and citrus fruits appeared nutritional deficiency disease in the karst river valleys of Guizhou province.
Integrating the conclusion, the citrus orchards soil pH value was higher in Guizhou karst river valleys; The available K, exchangeable Mg ,available Fe and available B contents were seriously deficient in the citrus orchards soil, as well as in the citrus tree body nutrient Mg, Zn, B contents seriously deficient to the citrus fruit set percentage and the fruit quality have very tremendous negative influence. These were the important reasons which causing the citrus fruit set percentage low, fruit lesion and the quality dropt. In which, soil pH value was higher; exchangeable Mg content, available Fe content and available B contents were seriously deficient, could be considered as the soil main stress factors which limiting citrus fruits industry development in karst river valley areas of Guizhou province.
贵州省喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤pH值普遍偏高，对柑橘的生长不利。土壤有机质含量比较丰富，大多数柑橘园均处于适宜范围以上。土壤大量元素中，速效N、速效K、交换性Ca、交换性Mg的缺乏比较严重，尤其缺Mg最为严重，而速效P含量却普遍偏高。土壤微量元素中，有效Cu和有效Mn含量缺乏的果园较少，多数果园表现为高量或过量；有效Fe、有效Zn和有效B的缺乏比较严重，尤其有效B全部都处于缺乏范围，且有大多数的样本属于极度缺乏。
贵州省喀斯特河谷地区柑橘叶片大量元素中，Mg的缺乏最为严重；其次是K和N的缺乏也比较严重；而P、Ca的含量则比较丰富，基本处于适宜值范围以上。柑橘叶片微量元素中，B的缺乏最为严重；其次是Mn和Zn缺乏较为严重；Fe的缺乏较轻；Cu的含量基本处于适宜范围以上。
柑橘植株中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、B含量与土壤中速效N、速效P、速效K、交换性Ca、交换性Mg、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效Zn、有效Mn和有效B等养分含量之间，除了植株全B与土壤有效B呈显著正相关外，其余都没有相关性。
柑橘树体养分之间的关系很复杂，普遍存在着元素之间的拮抗和协同作用。其中表现出显著增效作用的元素有：P—K、Ca—Zn、Ca—Mn、Mg—Fe、Mg—B、Zn—Mn；表现出显著拮抗作用的元素有：K—Ca、P—Ca、P—Zn。
柑橘(椪柑)的座果率与土壤速效K和有效B含量呈显著正相关；与叶片Zn和B含量呈显著正相关，与其他元素相关性不明显。
贵州省喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤交换性Mg含量与柑橘畸形果比例、总病变果实比例之间呈显著负相关；有效B含量与柑橘小僵果比例之间呈显著负相关，与畸形果比例及总病变果实比例之间呈极显著负相关。柑橘树体养分中Mg的含量与畸形果比例及柑橘总病变果实比例之间呈显著负相关；B含量与柑橘小僵果比例及柑橘总病变果实比例之间呈显著负相关，与畸形果比例之间呈极显著负相关。
研究结果表明，土壤pH值偏高也是贵州喀斯特河谷柑橘座果率低，果实出现缺素病变的原因之一。
综上结论可以推断出，贵州喀斯特河谷柑橘园土壤pH值偏高；速效K含量、交换性Mg含量、有效Fe含量和有效B含量的严重缺乏以及树体养分中Mg、Zn、B含量的严重缺乏对柑橘的座果率和果实品质产生很大的负面影响，是造成柑橘座果率低和果实发生病变、品质下降的重要原因。其中可以将土壤pH值偏高；交换性Mg含量、有效Fe含量和有效B含量的严重缺乏视为限制贵州省喀斯特河谷地区柑橘产业发展的土壤主要胁迫因子。
The production of citrus fruits was the long-term pillar industry in the karst river valley areas of Guizhou province, but in recent years some questions appearanced. Such as the citrus tree condition to decline ,the leaf lesion, the fruit abnormally, the fruit quality dropt and so on. In order to make clear the citrus orchards soil and tree body nutrient background value in karst river valleys of Guizhou province. And solve these questions which puzzling the local citrus fruits industry development, this topic has researched 101 citrus orchards soil and plants nutrient conditions, and the influence of the nutrient conditions to the citrus fruiting and fruits quality has been researched too.Investigating and Sampling places were collected in Guizhou Beipan Jiang basin, Duliu Jiang basin, Zhangjiang river basin, Wu River basin, Yachi River basin, Red River basin and Chishui River basin. The main results were as follows:
Citrus orchards soil pH value was generally high in the karst river valley of Guizhou province, it was disadvantageous to the citrus fruits growth. The organic matter of soil was rich, the majority citrus orchards were in above the optimum range. In the soil massive elements, available N, available K, exchangeable Ca,exchangeable Mg were seriously deficient, especially deficiency of Mg to be most serious, but the available P content generally was all higher.In the soil trace element, available Cu and available Mn content deficient orchard were few, most orchard performance for high or excessive; Available Fe, available Zn and available B were seriously deficient, especially available B completely all were in the deficiency range, also had the majority sample to belong extremely deficient.In the citrus leaves massive elements of Guizhou karst river valley area, Mg content was seriously deficient; Next was K and N contents were deficient also serious; But P, Ca contents were quite rich, generally in above the optimum range .In the citrus leaves trace elements, B was seriously deficient; Next was Mn and Zn contents seriously deficient; Fe content was lightly deficient; Cu content was in above the optimum range.
Between the contents of N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, B in citrus plants and soil available N, available K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, available Zn, available Mn , available B content, Except that citrus plants total B and soil available B were significant positive, others had no correlation.Between the citrus tree body nutrient relations were very complex, Antagonistic and accelerate effect among nutrition elements in citrus leaves were generally. P and K, Ca and Zn, Ca and Mn, Mg and Fe, Mg and B, Zn and Mn were significant positive correlation, K and Ca, P and Ca, P and Zn were significant negative correlation.
Citrus (Ponkan mandarin) fruit set percentage and soil available K content and available B content were significant positive correlations; fruit set percentage and leaf Zn and B contents were significant positive correlations, there were no obvious correlations between other nutrient elements. There were significant negative correlations between citrus orchards soil exchangeable Mg content and the citrus abnormal fruits proportion and the total rate of lesion fruits in the karst river valleys of Guizhou Province.
There was significant negative correlation between citrus orchards soil available B and the citrus small stiff fruits proportion, and between the abnormal fruits proportion and the total rate of lesion fruits there were very significant negative correlation.There were significant negative correlation between the Mg content in the citrus tree body nutrient and the abnormal fruits proportion and the citrus total rate of lesion fruits. Between the B content and the citrus small stiff fruits proportion and the citrus total rate of lesion fruits there were significant negative correlations. But there was very significant negative correlation between the abnormal fruits proportion and the B content.The findings indicated that, soil pH value higher also was one of the reasons which caused citrus fruit set percentage low and citrus fruits appeared nutritional deficiency disease in the karst river valleys of Guizhou province.
Integrating the conclusion, the citrus orchards soil pH value was higher in Guizhou karst river valleys; The available K, exchangeable Mg ,available Fe and available B contents were seriously deficient in the citrus orchards soil, as well as in the citrus tree body nutrient Mg, Zn, B contents seriously deficient to the citrus fruit set percentage and the fruit quality have very tremendous negative influence. These were the important reasons which causing the citrus fruit set percentage low, fruit lesion and the quality dropt. In which, soil pH value was higher; exchangeable Mg content, available Fe content and available B contents were seriously deficient, could be considered as the soil main stress factors which limiting citrus fruits industry development in karst river valley areas of Guizhou province.
引文
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