船舶尾流作用下抛石基床块石冲刷稳定性研究
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摘要
抛石基床是重力式码头和直立式防波堤的基础。近年来,作业船舶的大型化和高速化发展,使得螺旋桨的推力以及尾流流速也越来越大。大型船舶尾流流速超过了10-100kg块石的起动流速,导致螺旋桨射流冲刷基床而致使码头损坏的情况大量增加。目前,已有不少重力式码头出现抛石基床被大水流冲刷掏空等局部破坏的现象,给码头泊位的使用带来了严重的安全隐患。船舶尾流作用下抛石基床块石稳定性是工程实践提出的课题,其中包含的流固耦合问题研究也具有重要理论意义。
本文主要工作包括以下几方面:
1.建立了抛石基床块石冲刷模拟二维有限元模型,通过有限元软件ADINA计算分析了水平面上单层块石的起动流速条件,并与现有理论成果作了比对,验证了本文建立的有限元模型的可行性。
2.提出了考虑块石之间遮掩状态影响的起动流速修正公式。块石之间不同程度的相互遮掩状态,对块石的起动流速条件有着较大的影响,本文综合考虑这一因素和块石形状的影响,提出了一个起动流速修正公式。
3.为了研究码头岸壁建筑物附近的船舶尾流流场分布状态,运用Flow-3D软件建立了螺旋桨流场数值模型。结合重力式码头断面形式和水深条件,不断改变螺旋桨在水中的位置,包括离地面的距离和距岸壁结构的远近。获得了当螺旋桨处于不同位置时尾流流场分布状况,并对各种工况进行了分析,确定了几种比较容易导致抛石基床表层块石起动的工况。
4.针对以上几种容易引起块石失稳的工况,将三维流场分布的计算结果简化为二维模型中流速荷载条件,用ADINA进行流固耦合计算。综合分析比较来流和回流作用下块石的起动条件,发现抛石基床表层块石在回流作用下更易起动。并分析了块石遭冲刷的作用机理和起动流速条件,解释了目前抛石基床遭水流冲刷出现的掏空现象。
Rubber bed is the foundation of gravity wharf and vertical breakwater. With the large scale development of ships, the ship stern flow has increasing scouring effect on rubble bed. Today, There are many rubbles bed of gravity wharf that have been scoured destructive. Many stones of the rubble bed have been scoured away, and the breakage makes the quay structures getting to be at risk.
This paper presents a 2-dimensional simplified model under an ideal aligning condition of the rubble bed, and firstly numerically simulates the scouring problem of rubble bed by means of finite element software. ADINA software is used to process the FSI problem. A 2-dimensional model of a monolayer of stone on the horizontal ground is founded firstly, computing the incipient velocity of a monolayer of stone on the horizontal ground. Then compared the result with the foregone production, validate the simplified model presented in this paper to be feasible.
The study discovered that the conditions of cloak between closer stones make the incipient velocity quite different, and present a new empirical formula of incipient velocity.
To study the distribution characteristics of ship stern flow near the quay structures, Flow-3D software is used to simulate the screw propeller. By changing different locations in the water, get different distribution characteristics of ship stern flow accordingly. On this condition, confirm several kind of conditions that the stone would be scoured easily.
According to the distribution characteristics of ship stern flow, a 2-dimensional numerical model is established to calculate and analysis the incipient velocity of rubble with the effect of the ship stern flow. The scouring mechanism of rubble bed under the influence of the ship stern flow is concluded, and the empirical formula of incipient velocity of the rubble bed is obtained by fitting method, and explaining the phenomenon that stones of the rubble bed have been scoured away.
本文主要工作包括以下几方面:
1.建立了抛石基床块石冲刷模拟二维有限元模型,通过有限元软件ADINA计算分析了水平面上单层块石的起动流速条件,并与现有理论成果作了比对,验证了本文建立的有限元模型的可行性。
2.提出了考虑块石之间遮掩状态影响的起动流速修正公式。块石之间不同程度的相互遮掩状态,对块石的起动流速条件有着较大的影响,本文综合考虑这一因素和块石形状的影响,提出了一个起动流速修正公式。
3.为了研究码头岸壁建筑物附近的船舶尾流流场分布状态,运用Flow-3D软件建立了螺旋桨流场数值模型。结合重力式码头断面形式和水深条件,不断改变螺旋桨在水中的位置,包括离地面的距离和距岸壁结构的远近。获得了当螺旋桨处于不同位置时尾流流场分布状况,并对各种工况进行了分析,确定了几种比较容易导致抛石基床表层块石起动的工况。
4.针对以上几种容易引起块石失稳的工况,将三维流场分布的计算结果简化为二维模型中流速荷载条件,用ADINA进行流固耦合计算。综合分析比较来流和回流作用下块石的起动条件,发现抛石基床表层块石在回流作用下更易起动。并分析了块石遭冲刷的作用机理和起动流速条件,解释了目前抛石基床遭水流冲刷出现的掏空现象。
Rubber bed is the foundation of gravity wharf and vertical breakwater. With the large scale development of ships, the ship stern flow has increasing scouring effect on rubble bed. Today, There are many rubbles bed of gravity wharf that have been scoured destructive. Many stones of the rubble bed have been scoured away, and the breakage makes the quay structures getting to be at risk.
This paper presents a 2-dimensional simplified model under an ideal aligning condition of the rubble bed, and firstly numerically simulates the scouring problem of rubble bed by means of finite element software. ADINA software is used to process the FSI problem. A 2-dimensional model of a monolayer of stone on the horizontal ground is founded firstly, computing the incipient velocity of a monolayer of stone on the horizontal ground. Then compared the result with the foregone production, validate the simplified model presented in this paper to be feasible.
The study discovered that the conditions of cloak between closer stones make the incipient velocity quite different, and present a new empirical formula of incipient velocity.
To study the distribution characteristics of ship stern flow near the quay structures, Flow-3D software is used to simulate the screw propeller. By changing different locations in the water, get different distribution characteristics of ship stern flow accordingly. On this condition, confirm several kind of conditions that the stone would be scoured easily.
According to the distribution characteristics of ship stern flow, a 2-dimensional numerical model is established to calculate and analysis the incipient velocity of rubble with the effect of the ship stern flow. The scouring mechanism of rubble bed under the influence of the ship stern flow is concluded, and the empirical formula of incipient velocity of the rubble bed is obtained by fitting method, and explaining the phenomenon that stones of the rubble bed have been scoured away.
引文
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[2] Headquarters US Army Corps of Engineers,Engineer Manual: Hydraulic,Design of Flood Control Channels ,Washington, DC,1994, 1 110-2-1,601.
[3]Bakker K J , Verheij H J , Groot M B.Design Relationship for Filters in Bed Protection,Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1994, 120 (9) :1082-1088.
[4]韩其为,何明民,王崇浩,卵石起动流速研究,长江科学院院报,1996(6):17-22.
[5]缑元有,河道整治工程根石走失的力学分析研究,人民黄河,2000(4):4-5.
[6]张华昌,抛石潜堤护面块石稳定试验,海岸工程,2000,19(2):16-20.
[7]习和忠,潜建楠,堆石防波堤护面砌石稳定性研究,河海大学学报,1998,17(3):24-30.
[8]张宇,韦方强,王青,基于动量守恒的粘性泥石流冲击力计算,泥沙研究, 2006(6):23-27.
[9]华耀明,抛石护面防波堤块石的稳定,海岸工程,1983,2(2):120-123.
[10]陈吉余,中国围海工程,中国水利水电出版社,北京,2000,185-201.
[11]王昌杰,河流动力学,人民交通出版社,北京,2001,26-27.
[12]吴苏舒,张玮,海岸防护中护底块石稳定重量的确定,中国港湾建设,2007(6):13-17.
[13]张玮,瞿凌峰,徐金环,山区河流散抛石坝水毁原因分析,水运工程,2003,351(4):10-12.
[14]龚静怡,瞿凌峰,张玮,抛石块体稳定重量分析,水利水电科技进展,2004,24(6):47-48.
[15]林炳尧,斜坡上块石的起动流速与抛石体的稳定坡度,泥沙研究,1998(4):21-27.
[16]张玮,沈正潮,钟春欣,涌浪作用下护滩块石的起动研究,泥沙研究,2007(1):24-29.
[17]吴苏舒,张玮,海岸防护中护底块石稳定重量分析研究,中国科技论文在线,2007(6).
[18]陈小莉,马吉明,受涡旋作用的水下块石的起动流速,清华大学学报,2005,45(3):315-318.
[19]中华人民共和国交通部,防波堤设计与施工规范,JTJ298-98.
[20]刑景棠,周盛,崔尔杰,流固耦合力学概述,力学进展,1997,27(01):59-63.
[21]郭术义,陈举华,流固耦合应用研究进展,济南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,18(02):123-126.
[22]陈志涛,卵形消化池流固耦合系统的ADINA有限元分析:[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2007.
[23]王彦龙,波浪发电装置波能转换效率数值模拟研究:[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2008.
[24]孙江龙,叶恒奎,李国安等,用ALE有限元法建立二维数值波浪水池,华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(4):10-12.
[25]Bathe K J, Zhang H, Ji S H. Finite Element Analysis of Fluid Flows Fully Coupled with Structural. Computers and Structures,1999,72(1-3):1-16.
[26]Bathe K J, Zhang H, Wang M.H., Finite Element Analysis of Incompressible and Compressible Fluid Flows with Free Surface and Structure Interactions,Computers and Structures, 1995,56(2-3):193-203.
[27]Zhang H, Zhang X L, Ji S H, Recent Development of Fluid-Structure Interaction Capabilities in the ADINA System, Computers and Structures, 2003,81(8-11): 1071-1085.
[28]Bathe K J, Zhang H, Finite Element Development for General Fluid Flow with Structural Interaction, Int J Num Methods Eng,2004,60(1):213-232.
[29]陈刚,圆柱形消化池流固耦合动力特性分析:[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2007.
[30]Bathe,K.J.,Theory and Modeling Guide, Vol I:ADINA Solid&Structure, ADINA R&D,Inc.2008.
[31]黄胜,王超,王诗洋,不同湍流模型在螺旋桨水动力性能计算中的应用与比较,哈尔滨工程学院院报,2009,30(5),481-485.
[32]苏玉民,黄胜,用面元法预报船舶螺旋桨的水动力性能,哈尔滨工程大学学报,2001,24(2),1-6.
[33]苏玉民,池田光尚,甲斐寿,船舶螺旋桨尾流流场数值分析,海洋工程,2002,20(3),44-48.
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