水稻穗肥施用期对产量形成、氮素吸收及稻米品质的影响
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摘要
试验以广陵香粳(迟熟中粳稻)和两优培九(杂交中籼稻)两个品种(组合)为材料,于2001-2002年在扬州大学作物栽培生理实验室试验田进行,研究不同施氮水平下,穗肥施用期对水稻产量形成、拔节后氮素的吸收利用及稻米品质的影响。结果表明:
     1.穗肥不同施用期对产量的作用,品种间有差异。两优培九在适宜总施氮量下(本试验为15kg/mu),于倒3叶、倒2叶期等量分次施用穗肥,能保证群体穗数适宜,每穗颖花数较多,穗粒协调,获得高产;在总施氮量较少的情况下(本试验为10kg/mu),于倒4叶、倒2叶期等量分次施用穗肥,穗数增多,同时提高千粒重和结实率,获得较高产量。广陵香粳在适宜施氮水平下,倒4叶、倒2叶期等量分次施用穗肥,有利于穗粒协调,并能提高结实率与粒重,产量提高。本试验得出,在确定适宜的施氮总量和基蘖肥与穗肥配比合理的基础上,决定最佳的穗肥施用时期可以优化产量结构,获得高产。
     2.穗肥不同施用时期对源库的作用影响有差异,两品种抽穗期的LAI随着施氮时期的提早而增加。总颖花量,两优培九以倒3叶、倒1叶期等量分次施用穗肥时最大,粒叶比高。而广陵香粳,倒4叶、倒2叶期等量分次施用穗肥时达到最大值,粒叶比适宜,源库关系协调,提高光合生产能力,产量提高。
     3.同一施氮量下,植株吸氮量随着穗肥施用期的提早,拔节、抽穗和成熟期有增加的趋势。不同施氮量的植株吸氮量,高氮比低氮水平相对较高。拔节~抽穗
    
    扬州大学硕士论文
    期的植株吸氮量占全生育期总吸氮量均达45一50%,是植株的吸肥高峰期。拔节、
    抽穗植株吸氮量均与产量成显著的正相关关系,而成熟期的植株吸氮量与产量成
    抛物线的关系。
     4.每百斤稻谷吸氮量随着施氮量的增加而增加,而同一施氮量下,每百公斤
    稻谷吸氮量,穗肥施用迟的较施用早的高。氮素生产力,两优培九,同一施氮量
    下,穗肥施用迟的较施用早的高,而广陵香粳,则相反,穗肥施用期迟的较施用
    早的低。氮素当季利用率,低氮处理的较高于高氮处理。氮素当季利用率两优培
    九在高氮水平,穗肥以倒4叶、倒2叶期分次施用的较高;低氮水平,穗肥以倒3
    叶、倒l叶期分次施用的最高。而广陵香粳在高氮水平,以倒2叶、抽穗期分次
    施用较高,低氮水平以倒4叶、倒2叶期分次施用最高。因品种和施氮量确定适
    宜的穗肥施用时期,有利于提高氮素的当季利用率,获得高效益。
     5.两优培九同一施氮水平,随着穗肥施用期推迟,稻米的圣白率和至白度降
    低,整精米率提高,直链淀粉的含量和胶稠度减少,粗蛋白的含量增加。广陵香
    粳的至白率、里白度、整精米率和粗蛋白含量随着穗肥施用期推迟而提高,而直
    链淀粉含量和胶稠度则有所降低。因此两优培九穗肥宜在倒3叶、倒1叶期,广
    陵香粳在倒4叶、倒2叶期分次施用可改善稻米品质,同时获得较高的产量。
The experiments were carried out with mid-season rice Japonica,cv.Guangling xiangjing and Indica,cv.Liangyou peijiu as material, in the experimental field of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Key Laboratory during 2001-2003. Under different nitrogen application, the effect of application stage of panicle fertilizer on yield formation and the absorptivity-and-transference of nitrogen after jointing stage and the quality of rice were studied systematically. The results showed as follows:
    1. Different cultivars varied under different application stage of panicle fertilizer of rice. In Liangyou peijiu as total suitable amount of nitrogen application (15kg/mu), the application of panicle fertilizer of twice on time of 3rd and 1st to flag-leaf enhanced suitable panicles colony, increased the number of spikelet per panicle, coordinated a relationship between panicle and seeds, got high yield. As total amount (10kg/mu) was less, on time of 4th and 2nd to flag-leaf increased panicles, and enhanced kilograin weight and seed setting percentage, got high yield. In Guangling xiangjing as suitable total amount, on time of 4th and 2nd to flag-leaf benefitted to coordinate a relationship between panicle, enhanced kilograin weight and seed setting percentage, and seeds enhanced yield. Educing from the experiments, on the bases of determining suitable total amount of nitrogen application and making the reasonable ratio of base-tiller fertilizer to panicle fertilizer, determining the optimal application sta
    ge of panicle fertilizer should optimize yield component, then got high yield.
    2. Under different application stage of panicle fertilizer, LAI of heading stage added the more along with reaching the earlier application stage of nitrogenous fertilizer. In Liangyou peijiu, total number of spikelet had the difference, total number of spikelet colony achieved the maximum and grain leaf ratio got the higher when panicle fertilizer was applied twice on time of 3rd and 1st to flag-leaf. In Guangling xiangjing on time of 4th and 2nd to flag-leaf, total number of spikelet colony reached the most, grain leaf ratio get suitably, the relation of source and warehouse was coordination, improved photosynthetic productivity, increased the yield.
    3. The results showed, along with reaching the earlier application stage of panicle fertilizer, the amount of N-absorption under the same application amount increased
    
    
    from the jointing stage, the heading stage to the maturing stage. Under the different application amount, the amount of N-absorption under the high amount had the higher than the low amount. The amount of N-absorption from the jointing stage to the heading stage reached 45-50% of the total amount in the whole stages, and was the peak stage of the plant need. The amount of N-absorption of the jointing stage, the heading stage both correlated well distinctly with yield, but the amount of N-absorption of the maturing stage showed a parabolic curve relationship with yield.
    4. The results showed, the nitrogen requirement per 100kg grain increased with the additional application of nitrogenous fertilizer. Under the same application amount, the nitrogen requirement per 100kg grain of the earlier application was the higher than of the later application. In Liangyou peijiu under the same application amount, the nitrogen productivity of the earlier application was the higher than of the later application. On the contrary in Guangling xiangjing, the nitrogen productivity of the later application was the higher than of the earlier. N-availability ratio(NAR) in this season of Liangyou peijiu was the higher than of Guangling xiangjing, and that of the high amount had the higher than under the lower amount. In Liangyou peijiu under the high amount, NAR in this season reached the more when panicle fertilizer was applied twice on time of 4th and 2nd to flag-leaf, and under the lower amount, that reached the most on time of 3rd and 1st to flag-leaf. In Guangling xiangjing under the high am
    ount, NAR in this season reached the highest on tim
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