全程深施肥对水稻产量及品质影响的研究
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摘要
本试验设全程深施肥、全层施肥、表层施肥及无肥区4个处理（供试品种为东农423），研究了不同处理间氮肥存在部位及其含量分析、不同处理间生长发育的动态变化比较，包括分蘖消长动态变化、叶绿素含量动态变化、叶面积指数动态变化、干物质积累量动态变化、不同处理灌浆期间植株及其各部分器官（叶片、茎鞘、穗部）的养分动态比较、不同处理对灌浆（始期、中期、末期）与成熟期植株吸氮量的影响、成熟期不同处理间氮素利用率的比较、不同处理产量及其构成因素间的比较、不同处理间稻米的蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和味度值的比较。其结果如下：
（1）全程深施肥方法具有可行性，能够使所施肥料施达到预定的部位，促使水稻生育前期平稳生长，后期优势生长，延长有效分蘖期，增加有效分蘖数，提高叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量。
（2）在灌浆始期和中期，叶片、茎鞘和穗部的含氮量呈现如下趋势：表施＞全层施＞全程深施＞无肥区，而在灌浆末期则表现为：全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥区。
（3）在灌浆始期和中期，全程深施处理的水稻叶片、茎鞘和穗部的吸氮量均较全层施和表施处理低，但叶片、茎鞘的吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例却高于全层施和表施，而穗部的吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例却比全层施和表施低；但是在灌浆末期和成熟期，全程深施处理的水稻叶片、茎鞘和穗部的吸氮量均较全层施和表施处理高，其叶片、茎鞘占总吸氮量的比例也均高于全层施和表施，而穗部的吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例却较全层施和表施低。
（4）成熟期各处理的氮素利用率之间差异达极显著（P＜0.01），其中，全程深施最高，达60.63%，全层施居中，达44.78%，表施最低，达38.28%.
（5）各处理在产量间和蛋白质含量间均达极显著水平(P＜0.01），且呈现如下趋势:全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥区；各处理的直链淀粉含量、味度值之间均达极显著水平(P＜0.01）,且呈现如下趋势: 无肥区＞表施＞全层施＞全程深施。
（6）全程深施肥方法能够提高水稻的产量、穗数和每穗粒数，然而降低了水稻的结实率和千粒重；同时该施肥方法能够提高水稻的蛋白质含量，降低水稻的直链淀粉含量和味度值，使水稻的蒸煮食味品质相对下降，但仍达国家优质米标准。
Proceeding mainly from existing position of N-fertilizer in the soil and corresponding effects arising from here, comparison of dynamic of change of growth and development among different treatments, including tillering, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, accumulation amount of dry matter, dynamic change of N-nutrition in plant and different organs（leaf, stem and sheath, panicle） of it at grain filling stage under different treatments, effects of different treatments on amount of N-absorption in plant at grain filling（initial, middle, end） and maturing stage under different treatments, comparison of utilization ratio of Nitrogen at grain maturing stage under different treatments, comparison of yield and its components under different treatments, comparison of protein content, amylose content and taste value of rice under different treatments, the effect of 4 different kinds of fertilizer application methods（DAF, TAF, SAF and NF） on yield formation and quality of rice in cold field were emphasizely studied with the material Dongnong423. The results were showed as follows:
（1）Down-layer fertilization is feasible at the whole growing period，and it enabled the N-fertilizer applied to reach the expected position , promoted the growth of rice at the primary stage smoothly and the growth of rice at the late stage predominately ,prolonged the stage of effective tiller, increased effective tillers, enhanced chlorophyll content, leaf area index and accumulation amount of dry matter .
（2）Tendency of amount of N-contented in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle is as followed at initial and middle grain filling stage: SAF＞TAF＞DAF＞NF，however，Tendency of amount of N-contented in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle is as followed at end grain filling stage: DAF＞TAF＞SAF＞NF .
（3）Amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle of DAF was all lower than those of TAF and SAF at initial and middle grain filling stage, but the percentage of amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was higher than those of the treatments TAF and SAF. Nevertheless, the percentage of amount of N-absorption in panicle compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was lower than those of the treatments TAF and SAF; Amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle of DAF was all higher than those of TAF and SAF at end grain filling and maturing stage, and the percentage of amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was higher than those of the treatments TAF and SAF. Nevertheless, the percentage of amount of N-absorption in panicle compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was lower than those of the treatments TAF and SAF.
（4）The utilization ratio of N-absorbed all reached a significant level among different treatments（P＜0.01).Among these treatments, the utilization ratio of N-absorbed of DAF was the highest, amounting to 60.63%, and TAF’s was the second, reaching 44.78%, while SAF’s was the lowest, reaching 38.28%.
（5）The results of variance analysis showed: yield, protein content of different treatments all reached a significant level（P＜0.01）.And also tendency of yield and protein content under different treatments were as follows: DAF＞TAF＞SAF＞NF; Amylose content, taste value of different treatments all reached a significant level（P＜0.01）.And also tendency of amylose content, taste value of different treatments were as follows: NF＞SAF＞TAF＞DAF.
（6）Down-layer fertilization at the whole growing period can increased yield , panicles, and grains per panicle of rice , however, it decreased seed setting rate and 103-grain weight; And also it can enhanced protein content of rice, reduced amylase content and taste value of rice, which make cooking and eating quality of rice decline comparatively，but can still reach national standard of high quality.
（1）全程深施肥方法具有可行性，能够使所施肥料施达到预定的部位，促使水稻生育前期平稳生长，后期优势生长，延长有效分蘖期，增加有效分蘖数，提高叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量。
（2）在灌浆始期和中期，叶片、茎鞘和穗部的含氮量呈现如下趋势：表施＞全层施＞全程深施＞无肥区，而在灌浆末期则表现为：全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥区。
（3）在灌浆始期和中期，全程深施处理的水稻叶片、茎鞘和穗部的吸氮量均较全层施和表施处理低，但叶片、茎鞘的吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例却高于全层施和表施，而穗部的吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例却比全层施和表施低；但是在灌浆末期和成熟期，全程深施处理的水稻叶片、茎鞘和穗部的吸氮量均较全层施和表施处理高，其叶片、茎鞘占总吸氮量的比例也均高于全层施和表施，而穗部的吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例却较全层施和表施低。
（4）成熟期各处理的氮素利用率之间差异达极显著（P＜0.01），其中，全程深施最高，达60.63%，全层施居中，达44.78%，表施最低，达38.28%.
（5）各处理在产量间和蛋白质含量间均达极显著水平(P＜0.01），且呈现如下趋势:全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥区；各处理的直链淀粉含量、味度值之间均达极显著水平(P＜0.01）,且呈现如下趋势: 无肥区＞表施＞全层施＞全程深施。
（6）全程深施肥方法能够提高水稻的产量、穗数和每穗粒数，然而降低了水稻的结实率和千粒重；同时该施肥方法能够提高水稻的蛋白质含量，降低水稻的直链淀粉含量和味度值，使水稻的蒸煮食味品质相对下降，但仍达国家优质米标准。
Proceeding mainly from existing position of N-fertilizer in the soil and corresponding effects arising from here, comparison of dynamic of change of growth and development among different treatments, including tillering, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, accumulation amount of dry matter, dynamic change of N-nutrition in plant and different organs（leaf, stem and sheath, panicle） of it at grain filling stage under different treatments, effects of different treatments on amount of N-absorption in plant at grain filling（initial, middle, end） and maturing stage under different treatments, comparison of utilization ratio of Nitrogen at grain maturing stage under different treatments, comparison of yield and its components under different treatments, comparison of protein content, amylose content and taste value of rice under different treatments, the effect of 4 different kinds of fertilizer application methods（DAF, TAF, SAF and NF） on yield formation and quality of rice in cold field were emphasizely studied with the material Dongnong423. The results were showed as follows:
（1）Down-layer fertilization is feasible at the whole growing period，and it enabled the N-fertilizer applied to reach the expected position , promoted the growth of rice at the primary stage smoothly and the growth of rice at the late stage predominately ,prolonged the stage of effective tiller, increased effective tillers, enhanced chlorophyll content, leaf area index and accumulation amount of dry matter .
（2）Tendency of amount of N-contented in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle is as followed at initial and middle grain filling stage: SAF＞TAF＞DAF＞NF，however，Tendency of amount of N-contented in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle is as followed at end grain filling stage: DAF＞TAF＞SAF＞NF .
（3）Amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle of DAF was all lower than those of TAF and SAF at initial and middle grain filling stage, but the percentage of amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was higher than those of the treatments TAF and SAF. Nevertheless, the percentage of amount of N-absorption in panicle compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was lower than those of the treatments TAF and SAF; Amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath and panicle of DAF was all higher than those of TAF and SAF at end grain filling and maturing stage, and the percentage of amount of N-absorption in leaf, in stem and sheath compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was higher than those of the treatments TAF and SAF. Nevertheless, the percentage of amount of N-absorption in panicle compared to N-absorption in plant in this treatment was lower than those of the treatments TAF and SAF.
（4）The utilization ratio of N-absorbed all reached a significant level among different treatments（P＜0.01).Among these treatments, the utilization ratio of N-absorbed of DAF was the highest, amounting to 60.63%, and TAF’s was the second, reaching 44.78%, while SAF’s was the lowest, reaching 38.28%.
（5）The results of variance analysis showed: yield, protein content of different treatments all reached a significant level（P＜0.01）.And also tendency of yield and protein content under different treatments were as follows: DAF＞TAF＞SAF＞NF; Amylose content, taste value of different treatments all reached a significant level（P＜0.01）.And also tendency of amylose content, taste value of different treatments were as follows: NF＞SAF＞TAF＞DAF.
（6）Down-layer fertilization at the whole growing period can increased yield , panicles, and grains per panicle of rice , however, it decreased seed setting rate and 103-grain weight; And also it can enhanced protein content of rice, reduced amylase content and taste value of rice, which make cooking and eating quality of rice decline comparatively，but can still reach national standard of high quality.
引文
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Asoka M, Okuno,Sugimoto.Y.Development Changes in the Structure of Endosperm Starch of Rice.Agric Biol Chem,1985,49:1973-1978.
Btucer. Hamaker Changing the Viscoelastic Properties of Cooked Rice through Protein Disruption.Cereal Chemistry.1990,67(3):261-264
Champagne laine T.Effect of Post Harvest Processing on Texture Profile Analysis of Cooked Rice. Cereal Chemistry 1998, 75(2):181-186
Cheong J. I., Effects of slow-release fertilizer application on rice grain quality at different Culture Methods, Korean J.Crop Sci. 1996, 41(3):286-294
Cibsuelo, M.Perez et al.Effects of Late Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Head Rice Yield, Protein Content, and Grain Quality of Rice. Cereal Chemistry 1996,73(5):556-560
Elaine T.C.,Brenda G.L.,Effect of Post harvest Processing on Texture Profile Analysis of
Cooked Rice. Cereal. Chem.1988,75(2):181-186
Gomez K.A., Effect of Environment on Protein and Amylose Content of Rice,In Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality. IRRI.1979,59-68
Hong Y P ,et al. Influence of Fertilizer Levels and Cultivated Regions on Changes of Chemical Components in Rice Grains, RDA.J.Agri.Sci., 1994,36(1):38-51
Hong Y. P., et al. Influences of Growing Location, Culture Practices and Application of Organic Manure on Grain Yield and Quality in Rice. RDA. J. Agr. Sci., 1993,35(2):41-46
Joseph Chrastil.Correlations between the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of rice.J.Agric.Food.Chem.1992, 40:1683-1686
Juliano.B.O. Rice Grain Quality: Problems and Challenges. Cereal Foods World.1990, 35(2)245-253
Julianob.O.Amylose Analysis in Rice Preview.In: Chemical Aspects of Rice Grain Quality Proceedings of a Workshop International Rice Research Institute 23-25 1978 IRRI.Losbanos Laguna, Philippines, 1979.251-260
K.Radhika Reddy, R.Subramanian, S.Zakiuddin.Viscoelastic Properties of Rice Flour Pastes and their Relationship to Amylose Content and Rice Quality. Cereal Chem.1994, 71:548-552
Kim K.H., et al. Varietal Variation of Cooking-Quality and Grain Interrelationship Between Cooking and Physicochemical Properties of Rice, Korean J Crop Sci., 1994,39(1):45-54
Kim K.H.,et al. Research Status and Prospects in Rice Quality, Korean J. Crop Sci.1988, 33(1): 1-17
Kim K.H.,et al.,Varietal and Environmental Variation of Gel Consistency of Rice Flour, Korean J.Crop Sci.1993,3891):38-45
Kim Y.S.,et al. Study on the improvement of Rice Quality. Effect of Chemical Composition in Brown Rice, J.Korean Soc.Soil. Sci.FERT.1992,25(4):357-363
Kruz N., Kumar I.,Kaushik R.P.,et al. Effect of Temperature During Grain Development on Stability of Cooking Quality Component in Rice .Japan. J. Breed.1989,39:299-306
Lee.B.Y.,et al.Cooking Quality and Texture of japonica Breeding Type and japonica Type,Korean rice,Korean J.Food Sci.Technol.,1989,21(5)613-618
Masato A.,et al.Relationship between Nitrogen Fertilizer and Free Amino Acid Composition of Brown Rice,Jpn.J.Soil Plant Nutr.,1999,70:19-24
R.Prasad &S.K.DeDatta，《Nitrogen and Rice》，465--479(1979)
Raju G N, Seinvas T.Effect of Physiological and Chemical Factor on the Expression of Chalkiness in Rice. Cereal Chemistry, 1991, 68(2):210-211
Shi-jean S. Sung,Dian-peng Xu,Clanton C.Black.Identification of Actively Filling Sucrose Sinks, Plant Physiology, 1989,89:1117-1121
Sowbhagya C.M. The Relationship between Cooked Rice Texture and the Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice.J.Cereal Science.1987,5:287-289
Yawinder.S.D.Physichemical Milling and Cook in Quality of Rice as Affected by Sowing and Transplanting Dates,J.Sci Food Agri 1986,37:881-887
Yoshida,S.,1983,Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environment, P103-127,IRRI.