基于知识工程（KBE）的复杂刀具系统的设计与研究
摘要
进入知识经济时代，世界经济的发展比以往任何时候都依赖于知识的扩散和应用。企业如何应用知识、能否用好知识，关系到将来能否在激烈的市场中生存。
复杂型面零件在工业的各个部门中有着广泛的应用。高精度复杂型面的制造是机械制造业中一项十分复杂且难度很大的工作。以往没有普遍使用的高精度复杂型面的造型原理和方法，在生产中多借助经验和试验，用试着干的办法来近似解决问题，即使对特定的复杂曲面根据具体的条件摸索到一些经验，但在精度上往往难以达到要求。所以，在目前的条件下我国生产的一些具有复杂型面的刀具其成本特别高。为此，我们在复杂刀具设计的系统中引入了基于知识工程的设计理念。
基于知识的工程(KBE)是一种新型的以知识为中心的智能设计方法，基于知识工程的复杂刀具设计与研究改变了传统的参数化CAD设计方法，弥补了传统CAD设计方法的不足。开创了刀具设计智能化方向的一个新途径。
该文结合工厂企业中的实际情况和需要，提出了这种新型的设计方法。首先分析了当前世界和我国的制造业的各项技术的进展情况，认为当前各种技术的发展解决了很多问题，但是还有需引进KBE技术。接着就当今世界KBE的技术的最新发展以及KBE技术内涵进行了详细的介绍，创建了复杂刀具KBE系统的组成框架。同时以铲齿成形铣刀为例，详细阐述了刀具设计中的一些问题。文中就专家系统、知识库、数据库、知识的表示获取以及推理机制和控制策略等KBE关键技术进行了详细的阐述，给出了KBE在该系统中具体的实施路线。同时，开发出了该复杂刀具KBE系统的图形用户界面，并且给出了具体的实例。论文最后总结了本文的不足之处并对这项新兴的技术进行了展望。
该复杂刀具KBE系统能提高刀具设计的水平、质量及效率，降低设计人员的劳动强度，较好地满足了复杂刀具系统集成的需要，具有很高的使用价值和广阔的应用前景。
Entering the knowledge-economic epoch, the development of the world economy depends more on the diffuse and the application of the knowledge than ever. And how to use the knowledge and use it correctly in a enterprise concerns the enterprise can survive or not in the furious market competition in the future.
The complicated profiled parts have been widely used in every industrial sections, for instance , separate gear cam unequally spaced airscrew steam turbine fam unequally spaced lead screw and various exploratory etc. in the section of tools manufacturing ,the complicated profiled is more widely used, for example ,complex cutter. It is a more important and more difficult work in the mechanical manufacturing section that how to design and manufacturing complex tools. There was not universal formative principle and method, solving this problem, practice and test were recurred to, and test and try was also another method. But the methods above can't accord with the request of precision. And the cost of the design and manufacturing of complex tools was very high. So another new concept -knowledge based engineering(KBE) was introduced into this paper.
KBE is a new-style intelligent method which depends on knowledge, and the design and research of the complex cutter based on KBE has changed the traditional method of the parametric CAD design, and has fetched up the shortcomings of CAD. It will start a new method in the intelligent design field.
In this paper ,the developments of all kinds of new technologies around the world and in china were analyzed firstly, and the author thought it's very necessary to introduce the KBE technology. Then many details about the formed cutter were introduced. Next the key technology such as expert system repository database the express and acquisition of knowledge reasoning mechanism and control strategy were detailed illustrated. Next the implementary route was given in this system. At the same time, the graphic user interface was finished and an example was given. At last ,the shortage of this paper was summarized and the prospect of this new technology was probed.
Using the method given in this paper, the level of design quality efficiency of formed cutter can enhanced, and it can meet the need of system integrated. And I believe that it will be more widely used in the future.
复杂型面零件在工业的各个部门中有着广泛的应用。高精度复杂型面的制造是机械制造业中一项十分复杂且难度很大的工作。以往没有普遍使用的高精度复杂型面的造型原理和方法，在生产中多借助经验和试验，用试着干的办法来近似解决问题，即使对特定的复杂曲面根据具体的条件摸索到一些经验，但在精度上往往难以达到要求。所以，在目前的条件下我国生产的一些具有复杂型面的刀具其成本特别高。为此，我们在复杂刀具设计的系统中引入了基于知识工程的设计理念。
基于知识的工程(KBE)是一种新型的以知识为中心的智能设计方法，基于知识工程的复杂刀具设计与研究改变了传统的参数化CAD设计方法，弥补了传统CAD设计方法的不足。开创了刀具设计智能化方向的一个新途径。
该文结合工厂企业中的实际情况和需要，提出了这种新型的设计方法。首先分析了当前世界和我国的制造业的各项技术的进展情况，认为当前各种技术的发展解决了很多问题，但是还有需引进KBE技术。接着就当今世界KBE的技术的最新发展以及KBE技术内涵进行了详细的介绍，创建了复杂刀具KBE系统的组成框架。同时以铲齿成形铣刀为例，详细阐述了刀具设计中的一些问题。文中就专家系统、知识库、数据库、知识的表示获取以及推理机制和控制策略等KBE关键技术进行了详细的阐述，给出了KBE在该系统中具体的实施路线。同时，开发出了该复杂刀具KBE系统的图形用户界面，并且给出了具体的实例。论文最后总结了本文的不足之处并对这项新兴的技术进行了展望。
该复杂刀具KBE系统能提高刀具设计的水平、质量及效率，降低设计人员的劳动强度，较好地满足了复杂刀具系统集成的需要，具有很高的使用价值和广阔的应用前景。
Entering the knowledge-economic epoch, the development of the world economy depends more on the diffuse and the application of the knowledge than ever. And how to use the knowledge and use it correctly in a enterprise concerns the enterprise can survive or not in the furious market competition in the future.
The complicated profiled parts have been widely used in every industrial sections, for instance , separate gear cam unequally spaced airscrew steam turbine fam unequally spaced lead screw and various exploratory etc. in the section of tools manufacturing ,the complicated profiled is more widely used, for example ,complex cutter. It is a more important and more difficult work in the mechanical manufacturing section that how to design and manufacturing complex tools. There was not universal formative principle and method, solving this problem, practice and test were recurred to, and test and try was also another method. But the methods above can't accord with the request of precision. And the cost of the design and manufacturing of complex tools was very high. So another new concept -knowledge based engineering(KBE) was introduced into this paper.
KBE is a new-style intelligent method which depends on knowledge, and the design and research of the complex cutter based on KBE has changed the traditional method of the parametric CAD design, and has fetched up the shortcomings of CAD. It will start a new method in the intelligent design field.
In this paper ,the developments of all kinds of new technologies around the world and in china were analyzed firstly, and the author thought it's very necessary to introduce the KBE technology. Then many details about the formed cutter were introduced. Next the key technology such as expert system repository database the express and acquisition of knowledge reasoning mechanism and control strategy were detailed illustrated. Next the implementary route was given in this system. At the same time, the graphic user interface was finished and an example was given. At last ,the shortage of this paper was summarized and the prospect of this new technology was probed.
Using the method given in this paper, the level of design quality efficiency of formed cutter can enhanced, and it can meet the need of system integrated. And I believe that it will be more widely used in the future.
引文
1．先进制造技术，机械工业出版社，2000．12。
2．杨泽民，铲齿铣刀，机械工业出版社，1985．9。
3．陈书锋，基于UG平台的液压成型管件CAD系统的研究与开发
4．陈先，袁之民著，滚刀——设计与制造的若干问题，机械工业出版社，1992．6。
5．姚运萍等，加工铲齿铣刀成型砂轮的计算机辅助设计。
6．成都工具所，工具技术，1990-2000。
7．乐兑慊，金属切削刀具，机械工业出版社，1985。
8．上海磨削技术研究所，磨床与磨削，1999-2000。
9．姚运萍 陈惠贤，高精度铲齿成型铣刀铲磨砂轮精确修形研。
10．顾晓华 仲墚维基于知识工程的参数化设。
11．赵瑞清等，知识表示与推理，高教出版社，1991．10。
12．武波 马玉祥，专家系统，北京理工大学出版社，2001．1。
13．程慧霞等，用C++建造专家系统，电子工业出版社，1996．6。
14．陆汝钤，世纪之初的知识工程与知识科学，清华大学出版社，2001．9。
15．沈一栋等，知识工程，科学出版社，1992．7。
16．中国朔料机械网，21世纪初我国切削加工与刀具技术展望，
17．孙绍龙，磨具的虚拟仿真制造系统，
18．曹德祥，基于自动装配的冷挤压模具设计KBE系统的研究，
19．刘春．基于网络的冲压工艺设计KBE系统关键技术研究，
20．程卫国等，MATLAB精要·编程及高级应用，机械工业出版社
21．韩琦，螺旋曲面数控成型磨削技术的研究，
22．数控编程，北京机械工业出版社，1997
23．吴澄编，现代集成制造系统导论，清华大学出版社
24．焦振学主编，微机数控技术，北京理工大学出版社
25．徐杜等编，柔性制造系统原理与实践，机械也出版社
26．陈立德主编，机械制造技术，上海交通大学出版社
27．张晋西编著，Visual Basic与AutoCAD二次开发，清华大学出版社，2002．2。
28．周颖，Visual Basic 6.0实例精通，清华大学出版社，2000．4。
29．[美]Rod Stephens，钟显宏等译，Visual Basic高级技术，电子工业出版社，1998．7。
30．[美]John Viescas，Microsoft Access2000中文版使用大全，清华大学出版社，2000．10。
31. Zheng, Y.Y.; He, Q.X.; Jiao, E; Gao, A.H., Computer simulation technology in the process of shaping milling cutter relief grinding, Key Engineering Materials v 202-203 2001.
32. Lai, H.-Y., A high-precision surface grinding model for general ball-end milling cutters, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology v 19 n 6 2002 Springer-Vedag London Ltd.
33. Takeuchi, Yoshimi; Morishige, Kouichi; Yokoyama, Makoto; Hisaki, Tatsuya, 5-Axis control machining by use of side-milling cutter, Seimitsu Kogaku Kaishi/Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering v 60 n 8 Aug 1994 JSPE.
34. Mao, Shimin; Nie, Gang; Wu, Xutang, Three axes numerical control machining of taper mill cutter with equal helical angle and controllable rake angle, Hsi-An Chiao Tung Ta Hsueh/Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University 33 7 Jul 1999.
35. Lee, Y.T.; Fang, L, Accurate modelling of complex functional surfaces for mechanical design using freeform surfaces,. Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME 122 2 Jun 2000 ASME.
36. Ma, Lizhuang; He, Zhijun , Methods and techniques for advanced curve and surfacemodeling, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering v 2644 Oct 22 1995 1996 Sponsored by: SPIE - Int Soc for Opt Engineering, Bellingham, WA USA Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
37. David L.Goetsch, Milling Cutters, Modern Manufacturing Processes Delmar Publishers Inc
38. Karunakaran, K.P.; Dhande, S.G., Computer aided design of cutters for helicoidal surfaces, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture v 212 n B5 1998 Prof Eng Publ Ltd
39. Yao, Z.; Gupta, S.K.; Nau,A geometric algorithm for selecting optimal set of cutters for multi-part milling, D.S. Proceedings of the Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications Jun 6-8 2001 2001 Sponsored by: ACM SIGGRAPH
40. Chen, W.-E; Lai, H.-Y.; Chen, A precision tool model for concave cone-end milling cutters, C.-K,. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology v 18 n 8 2001
2．杨泽民，铲齿铣刀，机械工业出版社，1985．9。
3．陈书锋，基于UG平台的液压成型管件CAD系统的研究与开发
4．陈先，袁之民著，滚刀——设计与制造的若干问题，机械工业出版社，1992．6。
5．姚运萍等，加工铲齿铣刀成型砂轮的计算机辅助设计。
6．成都工具所，工具技术，1990-2000。
7．乐兑慊，金属切削刀具，机械工业出版社，1985。
8．上海磨削技术研究所，磨床与磨削，1999-2000。
9．姚运萍 陈惠贤，高精度铲齿成型铣刀铲磨砂轮精确修形研。
10．顾晓华 仲墚维基于知识工程的参数化设。
11．赵瑞清等，知识表示与推理，高教出版社，1991．10。
12．武波 马玉祥，专家系统，北京理工大学出版社，2001．1。
13．程慧霞等，用C++建造专家系统，电子工业出版社，1996．6。
14．陆汝钤，世纪之初的知识工程与知识科学，清华大学出版社，2001．9。
15．沈一栋等，知识工程，科学出版社，1992．7。
16．中国朔料机械网，21世纪初我国切削加工与刀具技术展望，
17．孙绍龙，磨具的虚拟仿真制造系统，
18．曹德祥，基于自动装配的冷挤压模具设计KBE系统的研究，
19．刘春．基于网络的冲压工艺设计KBE系统关键技术研究，
20．程卫国等，MATLAB精要·编程及高级应用，机械工业出版社
21．韩琦，螺旋曲面数控成型磨削技术的研究，
22．数控编程，北京机械工业出版社，1997
23．吴澄编，现代集成制造系统导论，清华大学出版社
24．焦振学主编，微机数控技术，北京理工大学出版社
25．徐杜等编，柔性制造系统原理与实践，机械也出版社
26．陈立德主编，机械制造技术，上海交通大学出版社
27．张晋西编著，Visual Basic与AutoCAD二次开发，清华大学出版社，2002．2。
28．周颖，Visual Basic 6.0实例精通，清华大学出版社，2000．4。
29．[美]Rod Stephens，钟显宏等译，Visual Basic高级技术，电子工业出版社，1998．7。
30．[美]John Viescas，Microsoft Access2000中文版使用大全，清华大学出版社，2000．10。
31. Zheng, Y.Y.; He, Q.X.; Jiao, E; Gao, A.H., Computer simulation technology in the process of shaping milling cutter relief grinding, Key Engineering Materials v 202-203 2001.
32. Lai, H.-Y., A high-precision surface grinding model for general ball-end milling cutters, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology v 19 n 6 2002 Springer-Vedag London Ltd.
33. Takeuchi, Yoshimi; Morishige, Kouichi; Yokoyama, Makoto; Hisaki, Tatsuya, 5-Axis control machining by use of side-milling cutter, Seimitsu Kogaku Kaishi/Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering v 60 n 8 Aug 1994 JSPE.
34. Mao, Shimin; Nie, Gang; Wu, Xutang, Three axes numerical control machining of taper mill cutter with equal helical angle and controllable rake angle, Hsi-An Chiao Tung Ta Hsueh/Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University 33 7 Jul 1999.
35. Lee, Y.T.; Fang, L, Accurate modelling of complex functional surfaces for mechanical design using freeform surfaces,. Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME 122 2 Jun 2000 ASME.
36. Ma, Lizhuang; He, Zhijun , Methods and techniques for advanced curve and surfacemodeling, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering v 2644 Oct 22 1995 1996 Sponsored by: SPIE - Int Soc for Opt Engineering, Bellingham, WA USA Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
37. David L.Goetsch, Milling Cutters, Modern Manufacturing Processes Delmar Publishers Inc
38. Karunakaran, K.P.; Dhande, S.G., Computer aided design of cutters for helicoidal surfaces, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture v 212 n B5 1998 Prof Eng Publ Ltd
39. Yao, Z.; Gupta, S.K.; Nau,A geometric algorithm for selecting optimal set of cutters for multi-part milling, D.S. Proceedings of the Symposium on Solid Modeling and Applications Jun 6-8 2001 2001 Sponsored by: ACM SIGGRAPH
40. Chen, W.-E; Lai, H.-Y.; Chen, A precision tool model for concave cone-end milling cutters, C.-K,. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology v 18 n 8 2001