基于光纤光栅的高速铁路轨道结构监测方法及关键技术研究
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摘要
近年来,我国的高速铁路取得了举世瞩目的发展,已成为世界上高铁营运里程最长,行车速度最高的国家。高速铁路的运行安全性对于国家公共安全和人民生命保障都有重大意义。道轨结构的安全是高速铁路安全性的关键环节。我国高铁列车运行速度高,行车密度大,而且由于国土面积大,地理环境复杂,气候条件恶劣等现状导致道轨结构状态的安全监测显得尤为重要。一直以来,铁路系统都使用传统电类传感装置对轨道结构进行监测,但由于电类传感装置在恶劣的天气和环境下监测精度差、工作寿命短,信号传输距离近,无法大规模组建监测网络的等缺陷,使得国内外对于轨道状态监测领域的研究均缺乏实质性进展。光纤传感技术具有精度和灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰、寿命长、耐腐蚀、成本低等突出优点。其中,光纤光栅传感技术的信号为波长量,与传统电信号传感器的信号相比,没有零点漂移,它的问世和发展,使得长达数十年的工程结构连续监测成为可能。
本文以光纤传感技术、监测技术和道轨工程技术为基础,对道轨结构进行分析,根据光纤光栅的传感原理设计了针对高速铁路道轨结构状态监测的传感装置及其解调方法。在此基础上,研究了高速铁路道轨结构状态监测的方法及关键技术,并且设计了监测系统。通过实验和实际应用验证了监测系统的准确性和可靠性,并获得了大量具有参考价值的监测数据,通过数据分析,提出了监测系统的改进方法。本文的主要研究内容如下：
(1)光纤光栅传感技术的研究
以光纤布喇格光栅(FBG, Fiber Bragg Grating)传感原理为研究基础,针对高速铁路道轨结构状态监测需求对FBG的温度、应变、位移等传感原理进行了分析,并介绍了对FBG应变传感的温度补偿技术和FBG的解调方法。通过对几种光纤传感复用方案的研究和比较,构建了一种基于波分复用和空分复用技术的FBG传感网络。
(2)FBG传感器的设计和制作
对于高速铁路道轨的钢轨温度力和道轨结构间位移,明确了对其进行实时监测的意义和必要性。根据FBG的传感原理和道轨结构的研究,设计并制作了FBG温度、应变和位移传感器。应用有限元分析法对钢轨受力进行分析,找到了钢轨温度力监测传感器安装的最佳位置。通过分析监测结果,对FBG温度传感器进行改进,使其更符合高速铁路道轨结构温度监测的要求。通过向量式有限元分析法对应变环进行受力分析,从而采用环形结构重新设计了FBG位移传感器并获发明专利。针对高速铁路道岔区间的安全需要,设计了一种FBG铁路道岔密贴监测装置并获发明专利授权,根据实验结果证明其符合铁路部门的要求。
(3)高速铁路无砟道轨多状态参量的实时监测
对高速铁路无砟道轨结构状态监测设计了一套在线监测装置和系统,无砟道轨结构多参量在线监测在我国尚属空白,以武广高铁某特大桥的无砟道轨高速道岔和郑西高铁某特大桥上连续弯梁桥结构监测为应用实例,研究无砟道轨多参量,包括3维温度力、轨温、结构间位移量等FBG传感监测点的布局,分析实测数据。并且将监测方法和技术应用于某城市道轨交通的桥上线路的伸缩调节器状态监测中。实测的结果对高速铁路和城轨无砟道轨结构设计、施工具有指导性的意义。
In recent years, the high-speed railway (HSR) in China has achieved remarkable development. This country has the longest kilometers and the highest speed of HSR operation in the world. The safety of operating HSR is of great significance for the national public safety and people's life. The safety of the track structure is a key point of the safety of HSR. In this country the HSR is high in speed and density in ply. Because this country is large in area, complicated in geographical environment and abominable in climatic conditions, to monitor the track structure of HSR is particularly important. The traditional electrical sensors are used, however, those sensors are short of precision, short of working life, short of signal transmitting under bad environment and unable to establish a large-scale monitoring network. So the research of track structure monitoring causes to make slow progress both in home and abroad.
Optical fiber sensing technology has outstanding advantages, such as high accuracy and sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, long life, corrosion resistance and low cost. Among them, the wavelength is used as signal in FBG (fiber Bragg grating) sensing technology. Comparing with the signal of electrical sensor, it has no zero drift. It makes continuously engineering structure monitoring in decades possible.
This thesis discusses using optical fiber sensing technology to monitor track structure of HSR. First it analyzes the track structure, and all sensing devices to monitor HSR track structure according to the principle of FBG sensing and demodulating technology have been designed. Then the key monitoring methods and technology suitable for HSR track structure condition have been researched, and then to design the monitoring system. The accuracy and reliability of the monitoring system have been verified by experimental and practical application. Through the applications, valuable monitoring data are obtained. The last work is to analyze the data, and to put out some improving methods of the system. The primary contents in this thesis are as follows:
(1) Research of FBG sensing technology
Based on the FBG sensing principle, and on temperature, strain and displacement monitoring needs of HSR track structure, this thesis analyzes these kinds of FBG sensing devices in detail. The technology of temperature compensation of FBG strain sensor and its demodulating method are also introduced. Compared several kinds of optical fiber sensing multiplexing schemes, a sensing web of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and space division multiplexing (SDM) methods are structured.
(2) FBG sensors design and fabrication
The real-time monitoring significance and necessity of thermal stress and displacement of HSR track structure is defined. According to the research on FBG sensors and track structure, FBG temperature, strain and displacement sensors have been designed and fabricated. The best installation position of rail thermal stress monitoring sensor has been found by rail stress analysis and finite element analysis method. An improvement of FBG temperature sensor has been taken after analyzing the monitoring result to match site temperature monitoring requirement. A new displacement sensor is re-designed, after vector finite element analyzing its structure of strain ring. It received an invention patent. In connection with the safety requirement of HSR switches, a kind of FBG switch point closure monitoring device is created and received another invention patent. It has been demonstrated compliance with the requirements of the railway management.
(3) Real-time multi-parameter monitoring on ballastless track structure of HSR sites
A set of on-line monitoring system of HSR ballastless track structure has been designed. In this country, this kind of track structure on-line monitoring is still blank. A bridge in Beijing-Guangzhou HSR and a bridge in Zhengzhou-Xi'an HSR are applied sites. On the former, a high-speed ballastless switch is set on it and needs to monitor. And on the latter, its continuous beam is bent. The application of multi-parameter monitoring has been done including sensor arrangement and data analysis from the sensor from rail temperature, temperature force of three dimensions, displacement between track structure. Another application is on a rail expansion adjuster of an urban rail bridge. The actual monitoring results are of great significance for the structure design, construction of both HSR and urban rail.
本文以光纤传感技术、监测技术和道轨工程技术为基础,对道轨结构进行分析,根据光纤光栅的传感原理设计了针对高速铁路道轨结构状态监测的传感装置及其解调方法。在此基础上,研究了高速铁路道轨结构状态监测的方法及关键技术,并且设计了监测系统。通过实验和实际应用验证了监测系统的准确性和可靠性,并获得了大量具有参考价值的监测数据,通过数据分析,提出了监测系统的改进方法。本文的主要研究内容如下：
(1)光纤光栅传感技术的研究
以光纤布喇格光栅(FBG, Fiber Bragg Grating)传感原理为研究基础,针对高速铁路道轨结构状态监测需求对FBG的温度、应变、位移等传感原理进行了分析,并介绍了对FBG应变传感的温度补偿技术和FBG的解调方法。通过对几种光纤传感复用方案的研究和比较,构建了一种基于波分复用和空分复用技术的FBG传感网络。
(2)FBG传感器的设计和制作
对于高速铁路道轨的钢轨温度力和道轨结构间位移,明确了对其进行实时监测的意义和必要性。根据FBG的传感原理和道轨结构的研究,设计并制作了FBG温度、应变和位移传感器。应用有限元分析法对钢轨受力进行分析,找到了钢轨温度力监测传感器安装的最佳位置。通过分析监测结果,对FBG温度传感器进行改进,使其更符合高速铁路道轨结构温度监测的要求。通过向量式有限元分析法对应变环进行受力分析,从而采用环形结构重新设计了FBG位移传感器并获发明专利。针对高速铁路道岔区间的安全需要,设计了一种FBG铁路道岔密贴监测装置并获发明专利授权,根据实验结果证明其符合铁路部门的要求。
(3)高速铁路无砟道轨多状态参量的实时监测
对高速铁路无砟道轨结构状态监测设计了一套在线监测装置和系统,无砟道轨结构多参量在线监测在我国尚属空白,以武广高铁某特大桥的无砟道轨高速道岔和郑西高铁某特大桥上连续弯梁桥结构监测为应用实例,研究无砟道轨多参量,包括3维温度力、轨温、结构间位移量等FBG传感监测点的布局,分析实测数据。并且将监测方法和技术应用于某城市道轨交通的桥上线路的伸缩调节器状态监测中。实测的结果对高速铁路和城轨无砟道轨结构设计、施工具有指导性的意义。
In recent years, the high-speed railway (HSR) in China has achieved remarkable development. This country has the longest kilometers and the highest speed of HSR operation in the world. The safety of operating HSR is of great significance for the national public safety and people's life. The safety of the track structure is a key point of the safety of HSR. In this country the HSR is high in speed and density in ply. Because this country is large in area, complicated in geographical environment and abominable in climatic conditions, to monitor the track structure of HSR is particularly important. The traditional electrical sensors are used, however, those sensors are short of precision, short of working life, short of signal transmitting under bad environment and unable to establish a large-scale monitoring network. So the research of track structure monitoring causes to make slow progress both in home and abroad.
Optical fiber sensing technology has outstanding advantages, such as high accuracy and sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, long life, corrosion resistance and low cost. Among them, the wavelength is used as signal in FBG (fiber Bragg grating) sensing technology. Comparing with the signal of electrical sensor, it has no zero drift. It makes continuously engineering structure monitoring in decades possible.
This thesis discusses using optical fiber sensing technology to monitor track structure of HSR. First it analyzes the track structure, and all sensing devices to monitor HSR track structure according to the principle of FBG sensing and demodulating technology have been designed. Then the key monitoring methods and technology suitable for HSR track structure condition have been researched, and then to design the monitoring system. The accuracy and reliability of the monitoring system have been verified by experimental and practical application. Through the applications, valuable monitoring data are obtained. The last work is to analyze the data, and to put out some improving methods of the system. The primary contents in this thesis are as follows:
(1) Research of FBG sensing technology
Based on the FBG sensing principle, and on temperature, strain and displacement monitoring needs of HSR track structure, this thesis analyzes these kinds of FBG sensing devices in detail. The technology of temperature compensation of FBG strain sensor and its demodulating method are also introduced. Compared several kinds of optical fiber sensing multiplexing schemes, a sensing web of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and space division multiplexing (SDM) methods are structured.
(2) FBG sensors design and fabrication
The real-time monitoring significance and necessity of thermal stress and displacement of HSR track structure is defined. According to the research on FBG sensors and track structure, FBG temperature, strain and displacement sensors have been designed and fabricated. The best installation position of rail thermal stress monitoring sensor has been found by rail stress analysis and finite element analysis method. An improvement of FBG temperature sensor has been taken after analyzing the monitoring result to match site temperature monitoring requirement. A new displacement sensor is re-designed, after vector finite element analyzing its structure of strain ring. It received an invention patent. In connection with the safety requirement of HSR switches, a kind of FBG switch point closure monitoring device is created and received another invention patent. It has been demonstrated compliance with the requirements of the railway management.
(3) Real-time multi-parameter monitoring on ballastless track structure of HSR sites
A set of on-line monitoring system of HSR ballastless track structure has been designed. In this country, this kind of track structure on-line monitoring is still blank. A bridge in Beijing-Guangzhou HSR and a bridge in Zhengzhou-Xi'an HSR are applied sites. On the former, a high-speed ballastless switch is set on it and needs to monitor. And on the latter, its continuous beam is bent. The application of multi-parameter monitoring has been done including sensor arrangement and data analysis from the sensor from rail temperature, temperature force of three dimensions, displacement between track structure. Another application is on a rail expansion adjuster of an urban rail bridge. The actual monitoring results are of great significance for the structure design, construction of both HSR and urban rail.
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