数字地形图质量检查系统的研究与实现
|
摘要
地形图包含了丰富的信息,在地理信息系统建设、地籍数据库建设、国土行业、城市规划、测绘相关业务等许多领域都发挥着重要的作用。数字地形图的生成过程以及质量高低直接影响到其在许多领域的应用。为了获取质量较高的地形数据信息,除了加强对数字地形图生产过程的监督管理,更重要的是加强对数字地形图的质量检查。对数字地形图的质量检查研究已经做了许多工作,但未充分利用当今日益强大的计算机科学技术和人工智能等先进科学技术。在外业检查中的公平公正性和内业检查中的准确率以及效率两个方面,还不是很令人满意。因此,研究更加高效智能的数字地形图质量检查方法,具有很强的现实意义。
本论文针对外业检查中公平公正性问题,使用了一种通过计算机程序自动给出样本点抽样方案的方法,这种方法更加科学合理地对地形图的碎步点数学精度做出评价;针对内业检查中的准确率以及效率问题,分析了数字地形图中可能存在的各种错误,并研究了如何通过计算机自动对它们作出检查,探讨了各种智能化算法,如等高线高程属性异常、高程注记点与等高线间的点线矛盾、等高线相交、多边形重叠、实体的图层正确性、实体的属性规范性和悬挂点与伪节点检查算法。
在上述分析的基础上,本论文在AutoCAD平台上,使用ObjectARX方式,运用VC++实现了一个数字地形图质量检查的系统。并以某县工业园区总计3.2平方公里的地形图为例,进行了实验分析。
实验结果表明:对于数字地形图,使用本系统使得在外业检查工作中,加强了检查工作的公平公正性;在内业检查工作中,提高了检查工作的准确率和效率。
Topographic map contains a wealth of information, geographical information system, cadastral database development, land trades, urban planning, mapping and many other areas related businesses play an important role. The generation of digital topographic map and its low quality directly affects its application in many fields. In order to obtain higher-quality terrain data, digital topographic maps in addition to strengthening the supervision and management of the production process is more important is to strengthen the quality of the digital topographic map inspection. Digital topographic map of the quality inspection of a lot of work has been done, but did not take full advantage of today's increasingly powerful artificial intelligence, computer science and technology and advanced science and technology industry. Either the fair and equitable of field examination or the accuracy of inspection of indoor work examination is not very satisfactory. Therefore, the study more efficient intelligent digital map quality inspection method, has a strong practical significance.
In this thesis, fair and impartial examination of foreign trade issues, using a computer program automatically through the sampling plan given sample point method, this method is more scientific and rational point on the topographic map of the split step to evaluate the mathematical precision; for the industry check the accuracy and efficiency in the problem of the digital topographic map of the various errors that may exist, and study how they are made automatically by a computer check of the various intelligent algorithms, such as property elevation contours abnormal, note elevation contour points and the contradictions between the dotted lines, contour lines intersect, polygon overlap, the correctness of physical layer, physical property specification sand suspension points and pseudo-node checks algorithm.
In the above analysis, based on the AutoCAD platform, in this paper, the use of ObjectARX way, using VC++ implements a digital topographic map quality inspection system. The county industrial park and to a total of 3.2 square kilometers of the topographic map as an example, make an experiment.
The results show that: For the digital topographic map, using this system makes that it can strengthen the fairness and justice of field examination, and improve the inspection accuracy and efficiency of indoor work examination.
本论文针对外业检查中公平公正性问题,使用了一种通过计算机程序自动给出样本点抽样方案的方法,这种方法更加科学合理地对地形图的碎步点数学精度做出评价;针对内业检查中的准确率以及效率问题,分析了数字地形图中可能存在的各种错误,并研究了如何通过计算机自动对它们作出检查,探讨了各种智能化算法,如等高线高程属性异常、高程注记点与等高线间的点线矛盾、等高线相交、多边形重叠、实体的图层正确性、实体的属性规范性和悬挂点与伪节点检查算法。
在上述分析的基础上,本论文在AutoCAD平台上,使用ObjectARX方式,运用VC++实现了一个数字地形图质量检查的系统。并以某县工业园区总计3.2平方公里的地形图为例,进行了实验分析。
实验结果表明:对于数字地形图,使用本系统使得在外业检查工作中,加强了检查工作的公平公正性;在内业检查工作中,提高了检查工作的准确率和效率。
Topographic map contains a wealth of information, geographical information system, cadastral database development, land trades, urban planning, mapping and many other areas related businesses play an important role. The generation of digital topographic map and its low quality directly affects its application in many fields. In order to obtain higher-quality terrain data, digital topographic maps in addition to strengthening the supervision and management of the production process is more important is to strengthen the quality of the digital topographic map inspection. Digital topographic map of the quality inspection of a lot of work has been done, but did not take full advantage of today's increasingly powerful artificial intelligence, computer science and technology and advanced science and technology industry. Either the fair and equitable of field examination or the accuracy of inspection of indoor work examination is not very satisfactory. Therefore, the study more efficient intelligent digital map quality inspection method, has a strong practical significance.
In this thesis, fair and impartial examination of foreign trade issues, using a computer program automatically through the sampling plan given sample point method, this method is more scientific and rational point on the topographic map of the split step to evaluate the mathematical precision; for the industry check the accuracy and efficiency in the problem of the digital topographic map of the various errors that may exist, and study how they are made automatically by a computer check of the various intelligent algorithms, such as property elevation contours abnormal, note elevation contour points and the contradictions between the dotted lines, contour lines intersect, polygon overlap, the correctness of physical layer, physical property specification sand suspension points and pseudo-node checks algorithm.
In the above analysis, based on the AutoCAD platform, in this paper, the use of ObjectARX way, using VC++ implements a digital topographic map quality inspection system. The county industrial park and to a total of 3.2 square kilometers of the topographic map as an example, make an experiment.
The results show that: For the digital topographic map, using this system makes that it can strengthen the fairness and justice of field examination, and improve the inspection accuracy and efficiency of indoor work examination.
引文
[1]车秋锋. 4D Checker数字测绘产品质量检验系统的研制与开发[J].测绘通报,2004,(09):47-49.
[2]董万发.数字地形图内外业质量检查方法的探讨[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008,(19).
[3] CH1002-1995.《测绘产品检查验收规定》.北京:国家测绘局,1995年.
[4] CH1003-1995.《测绘产品质量评定标准》.北京:国家测绘局,1995年.
[5]彭建山.试论外业测绘产品的抽样检查.相关文献,48.
[6]易茹兰.基于地理本体的地理信息语义表达与查询方法研究:[硕士学位论文].湖南:中南大学,2009.11.
[7]张君华.大比例尺数字地形图质量自动检查评价系统研究与开发:[硕士学位论文].云南,昆明理工大学,2008.5
[8]刘会安.数字地形图更新和质量检查方法研究:[硕士学位论文].河南,解放军信息工程大学,2001.
[9]卢金芳,薛正义.大比例尺地形图的质量评定[J].现代测绘,2006,29(05):34-37.
[10]毋河海.等高线的自动建立及其应用[J].武汉测绘科技大学, 1995.
[11]郭庆胜,毋河海,李沛川.等高线的空间关系规则和渐进式图形简化方法[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(01):31-34.
[12] CARRARA A,BITELLI G,CARIA R. Comparison of Techniques for Generating Digital Terrain Models from Contour Lines .International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 1997, 11(5) :451-473 .
[13] Gold C M,Dakowicz M. Digital Elevation Models from Contour Lines .The GIM International Journal. 2003, 17 :56-59 .
[14] David T,Gold C M. Terrainreconstructionfromcontours by skeleton construction .GeoInformatica, 2000,4 (4) :349-373 .
[15] Amenta N , Bern M , Eppstein D. The crust and theβ-skeleton: combinatorial curve reconstruction .Graphical Models and Image Processing,1998,60 (2) :125-135 .
[16] Yan C,Boyd M. CatchmentSIM:a new GIS tool for topographic geo-computation and hydrologic modelling[EB/OL].http://www.uow.edu.au/～cjr03/index.htm. 2008,07,17.
[17]等高线的树结构模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1993,18(增刊):44-46.
[18]刘建军,陈军,王东.等高线邻接关系的表达及应用研究[J]测绘学报.2004,33(02):174-178.
[19]李天和.地形测量[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009:101-150.
[20]付国峰,孙铁铎,李玉堂.查找等高线高程值错误的技术[J].吉林林业科技,2009.3(38):36-37.
[21] Yang X W,Bai X,YU D G,et al. Shape classification based on Skeleton path similarity .Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2007,4679 :375-386 .
[22] Bai X,Latecki LJ,Liu WY. Skeleton pruning by contour partitioning .Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2006,4245 :567-579 .
[23] Tang L. Automatic extraction of specific geomorphological elements from contours .Proceedings of the5thSDH Conference. Charleston: SC,1992,2 :554-556 .
[24] Matuk K,Gold C,Li Z L. Skeleton based contour line generalization .Riedl A;Kainz W;Elmes G. Progress in spatial data handling—12th International Symposium on spatial Data Handling. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,2006,:339-352 .
[25]袁政强,祝家麟,白绍良.等高线扫描算法[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2004,21(01):89-91.
[26]陈学工,黄晶晶.等高线高程自动标注算法的研究[J].测绘科学,2007,7(32):101.
[27]应申,郭仁忠,闫浩文等.制图综合中等高线相交的判断和消除[J].测绘科学,2001.12(26):39.
[28]陈重奎,李乃良. AutoCAD中利用区域计算实现多边形的重叠与空洞检查[J].城市勘测,2009,(04):117-119.
[29]刘希双,潘奕,王林.解析CASS扩展属性数据[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2009,(32):182-183.
[30]老大中,赵占强. AutoCAD 2000 ARX二次开发实例精粹[M].国防工业出版社,2001,1:1-329.
[31]张帆. AutoCAD VBA二次开发教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006:1-180.
[32]李杰,李彦霞.数字地形图检查验收工作中的外业检查[J].2004,(03):17-18.
[33]黄斌.大比例尺地形图质量控制与检查方法研究[J].科技资讯,2008,28:69.
[34]冯晓磊.地学抽样模型及抽样方案的设计与应用[硕士学位论文].河北,河北师范大学, 2007.4.
[35]连健.基于GIS的抽样框编制与抽样技术方法研究[硕士学位论文].北京,首都师范大学,2008.
[36]牛建国,赵英志,王润峰. AutoCAD中的面域对象在图形检查中的应用[J].测绘通报,2009,(04):54-55.
[37]何雄.基于控件技术的地形图查询系统的设计和实现[J].测绘通报,2002,4:12-14.
[38]张勇,王建国.浅谈数字地形图的制作流程及其质量检查系统[J].测绘与空间地理信息系统,2006,29(01):74-76.
[39]郑小梅,邓小军.数字地形图质量检查系统研究[J].城市勘察,2004,5:23-24.
[40]蔡建德,张福利.数字地形图精度自动检查统计系统的开发和应用[J].测绘通报,2008,(06):41-44.
[41] WANG Fu-jian. Application of Three-dimensional Surface Model in Highway Alignment Design .China Journal of Highway and Transport,1998,11(3) :17-24 .
[42] LEE D T. Two Algorithms for Constructing a Delaunay Triangulation .Int J of Computer and Information Science,1980,9(3) :219-242 .
[43] FLORIANI L D. An Online Algorithm for Constrained Delaunay Triangulation .CVGIP:Graphical Models and Image Processing,1992,54(3) :290-300 .
[44] BOISSINNAT J D. Shape Reconstruction from Planar Sections .Comput Vision Graphics Image Process,1988,44 :1-29 .
[45] LEE D T. Generalized Delaunay Triangulation for Planar Graphs .Discrete and Computational Geometry,1986,(1) :201-217 .
[46]毋河海.地图综合基础理论与技术研究[M].测绘出版社,2004:1-200.
[47]王友昆.等高线自动综合算法研究与实现[硕士学位论文].云南,昆明理工大学,2008.
[48]诸敏秋.利用数据字典开发数字地形图质量检测软件[J].现代测绘,2003,26(05):44-46.
[49]刘新富. Autodesk Map 3D 2005在数字地形图质量检查中的应用[J].科技信息(学术研究), 2008,15:64-65.
[50]何艳飞. 1:5万DLG质量检查系统及其关键问题的研究[硕士学位论文].四川:西南交通大学,2008.
[51]叶艳萍. 1:2000数字线划图质量检查方法研究[硕士学位论文].四川:西南交通大学,2007.
[52] LIU Xue-jun. An Algorithm of Triangulation Based Points for Constructing TIN and it' s Adjusting on Feature-line .China Journal of Highway and Transport,1997,10(2) :24-31 .
[53] LIU Xue-jun. A study of Algorithm for Constructing Triangulation Irregular Net ( TIN ) .China Journal of Highway and Transport,2000,13(2) :31-36 .
[54] ZHU Qing. Quick Construction and Modification of Triangulation Irregular Net ( TIN) .Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,1998,23(3) :204-207 .
[55] WATSON D F. Computing the n-dimension Delaunay Tessellation with Application to Voronoi Polytopes .Computer Journal,1981,24(2) :167-172 .
[56] PIEGL L A. Algorithm and Data Structure for Tri angulation Multiply Connected PolygonalDomains .Computer and Graphics,1993,17(5) :563-574 .
[57]张彦彦.基于规则的DLG数据质量检查方法研究[硕士学位论文].江苏:南京师范大学,2007.
[58]杜清运.数字环境下地图学发展的若干问题[J].第三界两岸测绘发展研讨会论文集,2000.
[59]徐青,郝向阳. GIS数据的获取与质量分析[M].北京:解放军出版社,1999:1-155.
[60]吴晓平.等高线矢量数据检查与修改[硕士学位论文].河南:解放军信息工程大学,1997.
[61]安荣,冯锋. RDMS的数字地形图的质量检查方法[J].江西测绘,2008,(01):24-25.
[62]陈丹.地形图等高线自动识别与提起中的若干方法研究[硕士学位论文].湖北,武汉大学,2004
[63]李西灿,边微.数字化测图质量评价特点与定量评价指标体系[J].测绘工程,2005,14(02):63-65.
[64]许丽敏,薛安.基于Delaunay三角网与Voronoi图联合提取等高线骨架的地形重建算法研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(04):647-652.
[65]杨英伟,罗娟.联合Delaunay三角网的等高线群综合研究[J].地理空间信息, 2010,08(02):34-36.
[66]朱紫阳,丁华祥.三种内外业一体化调绘数据采集平面精度探讨[J].测绘通报, 2010,(06):69-71.
[67]张咏,侯恩科,董汉军.基于线性和岛屿约束的Delaunay三角网构建算法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学, 2010,26(04):37-41.
[68]靳海亮,高井祥,康建荣.基于矢量等高线数据提取山脊线山谷线的研究[J].测绘通报, 2005,(10):54-56.
[69]杜子芳.抽样技术及其应用[M].清华大学出版社,2005:1-415
[70]刘学.基于知识的地图自动识别理论[硕士学位论文].湖北,武汉测绘科技大学,1995.
[71]南方测绘. CASS2008成图系统参考手册[S].南方测绘公司,2008.
[2]董万发.数字地形图内外业质量检查方法的探讨[J].黑龙江科技信息,2008,(19).
[3] CH1002-1995.《测绘产品检查验收规定》.北京:国家测绘局,1995年.
[4] CH1003-1995.《测绘产品质量评定标准》.北京:国家测绘局,1995年.
[5]彭建山.试论外业测绘产品的抽样检查.相关文献,48.
[6]易茹兰.基于地理本体的地理信息语义表达与查询方法研究:[硕士学位论文].湖南:中南大学,2009.11.
[7]张君华.大比例尺数字地形图质量自动检查评价系统研究与开发:[硕士学位论文].云南,昆明理工大学,2008.5
[8]刘会安.数字地形图更新和质量检查方法研究:[硕士学位论文].河南,解放军信息工程大学,2001.
[9]卢金芳,薛正义.大比例尺地形图的质量评定[J].现代测绘,2006,29(05):34-37.
[10]毋河海.等高线的自动建立及其应用[J].武汉测绘科技大学, 1995.
[11]郭庆胜,毋河海,李沛川.等高线的空间关系规则和渐进式图形简化方法[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(01):31-34.
[12] CARRARA A,BITELLI G,CARIA R. Comparison of Techniques for Generating Digital Terrain Models from Contour Lines .International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 1997, 11(5) :451-473 .
[13] Gold C M,Dakowicz M. Digital Elevation Models from Contour Lines .The GIM International Journal. 2003, 17 :56-59 .
[14] David T,Gold C M. Terrainreconstructionfromcontours by skeleton construction .GeoInformatica, 2000,4 (4) :349-373 .
[15] Amenta N , Bern M , Eppstein D. The crust and theβ-skeleton: combinatorial curve reconstruction .Graphical Models and Image Processing,1998,60 (2) :125-135 .
[16] Yan C,Boyd M. CatchmentSIM:a new GIS tool for topographic geo-computation and hydrologic modelling[EB/OL].http://www.uow.edu.au/～cjr03/index.htm. 2008,07,17.
[17]等高线的树结构模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1993,18(增刊):44-46.
[18]刘建军,陈军,王东.等高线邻接关系的表达及应用研究[J]测绘学报.2004,33(02):174-178.
[19]李天和.地形测量[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009:101-150.
[20]付国峰,孙铁铎,李玉堂.查找等高线高程值错误的技术[J].吉林林业科技,2009.3(38):36-37.
[21] Yang X W,Bai X,YU D G,et al. Shape classification based on Skeleton path similarity .Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2007,4679 :375-386 .
[22] Bai X,Latecki LJ,Liu WY. Skeleton pruning by contour partitioning .Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2006,4245 :567-579 .
[23] Tang L. Automatic extraction of specific geomorphological elements from contours .Proceedings of the5thSDH Conference. Charleston: SC,1992,2 :554-556 .
[24] Matuk K,Gold C,Li Z L. Skeleton based contour line generalization .Riedl A;Kainz W;Elmes G. Progress in spatial data handling—12th International Symposium on spatial Data Handling. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,2006,:339-352 .
[25]袁政强,祝家麟,白绍良.等高线扫描算法[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2004,21(01):89-91.
[26]陈学工,黄晶晶.等高线高程自动标注算法的研究[J].测绘科学,2007,7(32):101.
[27]应申,郭仁忠,闫浩文等.制图综合中等高线相交的判断和消除[J].测绘科学,2001.12(26):39.
[28]陈重奎,李乃良. AutoCAD中利用区域计算实现多边形的重叠与空洞检查[J].城市勘测,2009,(04):117-119.
[29]刘希双,潘奕,王林.解析CASS扩展属性数据[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2009,(32):182-183.
[30]老大中,赵占强. AutoCAD 2000 ARX二次开发实例精粹[M].国防工业出版社,2001,1:1-329.
[31]张帆. AutoCAD VBA二次开发教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006:1-180.
[32]李杰,李彦霞.数字地形图检查验收工作中的外业检查[J].2004,(03):17-18.
[33]黄斌.大比例尺地形图质量控制与检查方法研究[J].科技资讯,2008,28:69.
[34]冯晓磊.地学抽样模型及抽样方案的设计与应用[硕士学位论文].河北,河北师范大学, 2007.4.
[35]连健.基于GIS的抽样框编制与抽样技术方法研究[硕士学位论文].北京,首都师范大学,2008.
[36]牛建国,赵英志,王润峰. AutoCAD中的面域对象在图形检查中的应用[J].测绘通报,2009,(04):54-55.
[37]何雄.基于控件技术的地形图查询系统的设计和实现[J].测绘通报,2002,4:12-14.
[38]张勇,王建国.浅谈数字地形图的制作流程及其质量检查系统[J].测绘与空间地理信息系统,2006,29(01):74-76.
[39]郑小梅,邓小军.数字地形图质量检查系统研究[J].城市勘察,2004,5:23-24.
[40]蔡建德,张福利.数字地形图精度自动检查统计系统的开发和应用[J].测绘通报,2008,(06):41-44.
[41] WANG Fu-jian. Application of Three-dimensional Surface Model in Highway Alignment Design .China Journal of Highway and Transport,1998,11(3) :17-24 .
[42] LEE D T. Two Algorithms for Constructing a Delaunay Triangulation .Int J of Computer and Information Science,1980,9(3) :219-242 .
[43] FLORIANI L D. An Online Algorithm for Constrained Delaunay Triangulation .CVGIP:Graphical Models and Image Processing,1992,54(3) :290-300 .
[44] BOISSINNAT J D. Shape Reconstruction from Planar Sections .Comput Vision Graphics Image Process,1988,44 :1-29 .
[45] LEE D T. Generalized Delaunay Triangulation for Planar Graphs .Discrete and Computational Geometry,1986,(1) :201-217 .
[46]毋河海.地图综合基础理论与技术研究[M].测绘出版社,2004:1-200.
[47]王友昆.等高线自动综合算法研究与实现[硕士学位论文].云南,昆明理工大学,2008.
[48]诸敏秋.利用数据字典开发数字地形图质量检测软件[J].现代测绘,2003,26(05):44-46.
[49]刘新富. Autodesk Map 3D 2005在数字地形图质量检查中的应用[J].科技信息(学术研究), 2008,15:64-65.
[50]何艳飞. 1:5万DLG质量检查系统及其关键问题的研究[硕士学位论文].四川:西南交通大学,2008.
[51]叶艳萍. 1:2000数字线划图质量检查方法研究[硕士学位论文].四川:西南交通大学,2007.
[52] LIU Xue-jun. An Algorithm of Triangulation Based Points for Constructing TIN and it' s Adjusting on Feature-line .China Journal of Highway and Transport,1997,10(2) :24-31 .
[53] LIU Xue-jun. A study of Algorithm for Constructing Triangulation Irregular Net ( TIN ) .China Journal of Highway and Transport,2000,13(2) :31-36 .
[54] ZHU Qing. Quick Construction and Modification of Triangulation Irregular Net ( TIN) .Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,1998,23(3) :204-207 .
[55] WATSON D F. Computing the n-dimension Delaunay Tessellation with Application to Voronoi Polytopes .Computer Journal,1981,24(2) :167-172 .
[56] PIEGL L A. Algorithm and Data Structure for Tri angulation Multiply Connected PolygonalDomains .Computer and Graphics,1993,17(5) :563-574 .
[57]张彦彦.基于规则的DLG数据质量检查方法研究[硕士学位论文].江苏:南京师范大学,2007.
[58]杜清运.数字环境下地图学发展的若干问题[J].第三界两岸测绘发展研讨会论文集,2000.
[59]徐青,郝向阳. GIS数据的获取与质量分析[M].北京:解放军出版社,1999:1-155.
[60]吴晓平.等高线矢量数据检查与修改[硕士学位论文].河南:解放军信息工程大学,1997.
[61]安荣,冯锋. RDMS的数字地形图的质量检查方法[J].江西测绘,2008,(01):24-25.
[62]陈丹.地形图等高线自动识别与提起中的若干方法研究[硕士学位论文].湖北,武汉大学,2004
[63]李西灿,边微.数字化测图质量评价特点与定量评价指标体系[J].测绘工程,2005,14(02):63-65.
[64]许丽敏,薛安.基于Delaunay三角网与Voronoi图联合提取等高线骨架的地形重建算法研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(04):647-652.
[65]杨英伟,罗娟.联合Delaunay三角网的等高线群综合研究[J].地理空间信息, 2010,08(02):34-36.
[66]朱紫阳,丁华祥.三种内外业一体化调绘数据采集平面精度探讨[J].测绘通报, 2010,(06):69-71.
[67]张咏,侯恩科,董汉军.基于线性和岛屿约束的Delaunay三角网构建算法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学, 2010,26(04):37-41.
[68]靳海亮,高井祥,康建荣.基于矢量等高线数据提取山脊线山谷线的研究[J].测绘通报, 2005,(10):54-56.
[69]杜子芳.抽样技术及其应用[M].清华大学出版社,2005:1-415
[70]刘学.基于知识的地图自动识别理论[硕士学位论文].湖北,武汉测绘科技大学,1995.
[71]南方测绘. CASS2008成图系统参考手册[S].南方测绘公司,2008.