图像数字水印算法的研究
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摘要
随着网络技术和多媒体技术的飞速发展,如何保护数字产品的安全和版权的问题,已经成为世界各国极为关注的重要课题。数字水印技术就是在这个背景下应运而生的,它可以有效地弥补传统信息加密方法的缺点,在认证、防伪、防篡改,保障数据安全和完整性等方面具有广泛的应用前景。目前的数字水印技术发展得十分迅速,并且已经取得了丰硕的成果。
本论文对静态图像的数字水印技术的理论和方法进行重点研究,所作的主要工作如下:
1.介绍了信息隐藏和数字水印的概念,并从水印的生成、嵌入、提取、检测和攻击五个方面阐述水印系统的基本框架,对数字水印技术的分类、特点、典型算法和应用领域进行了简单的介绍。
2.根据人类视觉系统的特点,提出了基于DWT和DCT域的水印嵌入算法,并用实验验证了算法的有效性。
3.根据人类视觉对彩色图像的感知特性,设计出一种新的水印算法。该算法选取二值图像作为水印,对其进行置乱加密后嵌入作为载体的彩色图像绿色分量的DCT中频系数中。实验表明,用该算法嵌入水印的图像质量没有明显下降,并且嵌入的水印信息具有良好的鲁棒性。
Along with the fast development of internet and multimedia, the problem about how to protect the information of multimedia and digital products has already been an important issue cared by all the countries in the world. Digital watermarking occurred in such a background, which can make up the shortcomings of traditional methods of information cryptology, and has widely used in the fields of authentication, prevent-counterfeiting, prevent-tampering, safety and security of data. Nowadays the digital watermarking is developing quite quickly, and a lot of achievements have been obtained.
The paper focuses on the theory and methods of digital watermark in static image. The main work having been done are as follows:
The basic conception of information hiding and digital watermark and the framework of digital watermark system are discussed, which include watermark production, embedding, detection, extraction and attacks being encountered. The classification and features of digital watermark technology, representative algorithms and applications are introduced.
According to the characteristics of human visual system, an algorithm of embedding watermark is discussed in detail, which is based on both DWT and DCT. And some experiment results are given, which validated that the algorithm is effective.
According to the apperceive features of human vision, an algorithm of watermark is proposed, which uses the green weight of a color image. The experiment results show that the algorithm can well keep the original image quality and has better robust.
本论文对静态图像的数字水印技术的理论和方法进行重点研究,所作的主要工作如下:
1.介绍了信息隐藏和数字水印的概念,并从水印的生成、嵌入、提取、检测和攻击五个方面阐述水印系统的基本框架,对数字水印技术的分类、特点、典型算法和应用领域进行了简单的介绍。
2.根据人类视觉系统的特点,提出了基于DWT和DCT域的水印嵌入算法,并用实验验证了算法的有效性。
3.根据人类视觉对彩色图像的感知特性,设计出一种新的水印算法。该算法选取二值图像作为水印,对其进行置乱加密后嵌入作为载体的彩色图像绿色分量的DCT中频系数中。实验表明,用该算法嵌入水印的图像质量没有明显下降,并且嵌入的水印信息具有良好的鲁棒性。
Along with the fast development of internet and multimedia, the problem about how to protect the information of multimedia and digital products has already been an important issue cared by all the countries in the world. Digital watermarking occurred in such a background, which can make up the shortcomings of traditional methods of information cryptology, and has widely used in the fields of authentication, prevent-counterfeiting, prevent-tampering, safety and security of data. Nowadays the digital watermarking is developing quite quickly, and a lot of achievements have been obtained.
The paper focuses on the theory and methods of digital watermark in static image. The main work having been done are as follows:
The basic conception of information hiding and digital watermark and the framework of digital watermark system are discussed, which include watermark production, embedding, detection, extraction and attacks being encountered. The classification and features of digital watermark technology, representative algorithms and applications are introduced.
According to the characteristics of human visual system, an algorithm of embedding watermark is discussed in detail, which is based on both DWT and DCT. And some experiment results are given, which validated that the algorithm is effective.
According to the apperceive features of human vision, an algorithm of watermark is proposed, which uses the green weight of a color image. The experiment results show that the algorithm can well keep the original image quality and has better robust.
引文
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[5]Cox I.J.等著,王颖等译.数字水印.北京:电子工业出版社.2003.
[6]黄继武、俞时权:数字水印技术与版权保护.微计算机应用 2001 Vol.22 No.2p.79-83
[7]S.C.Chu,J.F.Roddick、Z.M.Lu and J.S.Pan:A Digital image watermarking method based on conference on image processing,Oct.26-29,1997,1:524-527
[8]H.T.Ge、F.L.Su and Y.Zhu:Color Image text watermarking using wavelet transform and erroreorrecting code.6th international conference on signal processing,Aug,26-30,2002,2:1584-1587
[9]贾伟,张佑生,周庆松等.基于边缘检测的块分类水印算法.合肥工业大学学报,2004.2,27(2):168-171.
[10]黄继武,Shi Yun Q,姚若河.基于块分类的自适应图象水印算法.中国图象图形学报.1999.8(4):640-643.
[11]王向阳,杨红颖.DCT域自适应彩色图像二维数字水印算法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004.16(2):243-247.
[12]谢天保,雷西玲,刘昕.基于YUV颜色空间彩色图象水印技术的研究.微电子学与计算机.2001,6:49-51.
[13]牛夏牧,陆哲明,孙圣和.彩色数字水印嵌入技术.电子学报,2000,28(9):9-12.
[14]陆哲明,吴昊天,刘忠仁等.一种用于版权通知和保护的多功能彩色图像水印算法.电子学报.2004,32(5):77-80.
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[27]Weili Tang and Yoshinao AOKI."A DCT-Based Coding of Images in Watermarking." Proc.Of International Conference on Information,Communications and Signal Processing,1997,p.510-512.
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[31]Jana Dittmann,Mark Stabenau,and Ralf Steinmetz."Robust MPEG Video Technologies." Proc.Of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia,1998,p.71-80.
[32]Ingemar J.Cox,Joe Killian,F,Thomson,and Talal Shamoon."Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia." IEEE Trans.On Image Processing,Vol.6,No.12,1997,p.1673-1687.
[33]Xia Xiang-Gen,Charles G.Boncelet,and Gonzalo R.Arce."A Multiresolution Watermark for Digital Images." Proc.Of IEEE,1997,p. 548-551.
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[37]Ioannis Pitas."A Method for Watermark Casting on Digital Image." IEEE Trans.On Circuit and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.8,No.6,1998,p.775-780.
[38]I.Pitas."A Method for Signature Casting on Digital Image." Proc.Of International Conference on Image processing,Vol.3,1996,p.215-218.
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[40]Fabien A.P.Petitcolas,Ross J.Anderson,and Markus G.Kuhn."Attacks on Copyright Marking System." David Aucsmith,Ed.,Information Hiding,Second International Workshop,IH'98,1998,Proceedings,LNCS 1525,Springer-Verlag,p.219-239.
[41]Fabien A.P.Petitcolas and Ross J.Anderson."Evaluation of Copyright Marking Systems." Proc.Of IEEE multimedia Systems(ICMCS'99),Vol.1,1999,p.574-579,7-11.
[42]Cao Hanqiang,Zhu Guangxi,Zhu Yaoting,and Zhang Zhenbing."Embedding a signature in an Image Based on Fractal Compress Transformations." Journal of China Institute of Communications,Vol.19,No.5,1998,p.69-74.
[43]刘瑞祯,谭铁牛.“基于奇异值分解的数字图像水印算法.”电子学报,2001年2月,Vol.29 No.2,p.168-171.
[44]张春田,苏育挺,管晓康.“多媒体数字水印技术.”通信学报,Vol.21,No.9,September 2000.
[45]RUANA IDH J,PUM T.Rotation,translation and scale invariant digital image watermarking[J].in Proceedings of IEEE ICIP'97,1997:536-539
[46]陈明奇,钮心忻,杨义先.“数字水印的研究进展和应用.”通信学报,Vol.22,No.5,May 2001,p.71-79.
[47]Schyndel van R.G.,Tirkel A.Z.,ans Osborne C F."A digital watermark." In:Int Conf on Image Processing,1994(2):86-90.
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[49]J.Brassil,S.Low,N.Maxemchuk,and L.O'Gorman."Electronic marking and identification techniques to discourage document copying." In Proc.Inforcom'94,1994,p.1278-1287.
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[51]J.Brassil,S.Low,N.Maxemchuk,and L.O'Gorman."Copyright protection for the electronic distribution of text document." Proc.IEEE,No.7,July 1999,p.1181-1196.
[52]Koch E and Zhao J."Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models[J]."IEEE Hournal on Special Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):p.525-539.
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[64]王秋生.变换域数字水印嵌入算法研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,2002.
[2]冯登国,卿斯汉编著.信息安全:核心理论与实践.北京:国防工业出版社,2000.
[3]孙圣和,陆哲明,牛夏牧.数字水印技术及应用.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[4]贾伟.基于视觉模型的图像数字水印技术研究.合肥工业大学硕士研究生学位论文,2004.
[5]Cox I.J.等著,王颖等译.数字水印.北京:电子工业出版社.2003.
[6]黄继武、俞时权:数字水印技术与版权保护.微计算机应用 2001 Vol.22 No.2p.79-83
[7]S.C.Chu,J.F.Roddick、Z.M.Lu and J.S.Pan:A Digital image watermarking method based on conference on image processing,Oct.26-29,1997,1:524-527
[8]H.T.Ge、F.L.Su and Y.Zhu:Color Image text watermarking using wavelet transform and erroreorrecting code.6th international conference on signal processing,Aug,26-30,2002,2:1584-1587
[9]贾伟,张佑生,周庆松等.基于边缘检测的块分类水印算法.合肥工业大学学报,2004.2,27(2):168-171.
[10]黄继武,Shi Yun Q,姚若河.基于块分类的自适应图象水印算法.中国图象图形学报.1999.8(4):640-643.
[11]王向阳,杨红颖.DCT域自适应彩色图像二维数字水印算法研究.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004.16(2):243-247.
[12]谢天保,雷西玲,刘昕.基于YUV颜色空间彩色图象水印技术的研究.微电子学与计算机.2001,6:49-51.
[13]牛夏牧,陆哲明,孙圣和.彩色数字水印嵌入技术.电子学报,2000,28(9):9-12.
[14]陆哲明,吴昊天,刘忠仁等.一种用于版权通知和保护的多功能彩色图像水印算法.电子学报.2004,32(5):77-80.
[15]黄继武,Yun Q Shi,程卫东.DCT域图像水印:嵌入对策和算法[J].电子学报,2000,28(4):57-60.
[16]A J维特比著.CDMA扩频通信原理.北京,人民邮电出版社,2001.
[17]M.Barni,F.Bartolini,V.etal,DCT-domain System for robust image watermarking,Signal Processing,1998,66(3):357-372.
[18]H.Inoue,A.Miyazaki,T.Katsura "An Image Watermarking Method Based on the Wavelet Transform",Kyushu Multimedia System Research Laboratory.
[19]Chae,J.,and Manjunath,B.:'Data hiding in video'.Proc.Int.Conf.on Image processing(ICIP),Kobe,Japan,1999,pp.311-315
[20]C.Walker."Personal Communication." Muzak Corporation,June 2001.
[21]谢天保,刘昕.图像隐藏技术的研究.计算机应用研究.2002(1):69-70
[22]L.Holt,B.G.Maufe,and A.Wiener."Encoded Marking of a Recording Signal." U.L.Patent GB 2196167A,1988.
[23]A.Z.Tirkel,G.A.Rankin,R.M.van Schyndel,W.J.Ho,N.R.A.Mee,C.F.Osborne."Electronic Water Mark." DICTA-93.Macquarie University,Sydney,Decmeber 1993,pp.666-672.
[24]杨长生 编著.“图象与声音压缩技术.”浙江大学出版社.2000.4,p.264-269.
[25]M.Barni,F.Bartolini,V.Cappellini,and A.Piva."Robust Watermarking of Still Images for Copyright Protection." Proc.Of Digital Signal Processing,1997,p.499-502.
[26]Chiou-Ting Hsu and Ja-Ling Wu."Hidden Digital Watermarking in Images."IEEE Trans.On Image Processing,Vol.8,No.1,1998,p.58-68.
[27]Weili Tang and Yoshinao AOKI."A DCT-Based Coding of Images in Watermarking." Proc.Of International Conference on Information,Communications and Signal Processing,1997,p.510-512.
[28]Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos."Digital Watermarking Using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition." In Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP '98,volume 5,pages 2969 - 2972,Seattle,WA,USA,May 1998.
[29]A Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos."Robust Digital Image Watermarking Method using Wavelet-Based Fusion." In International Conference on Image Processing,pages 544--547,Santa Barbara,California,USA,October 1997.IEEE.
[30]Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos."A Novel Blind Deconvolution Scheme for Image Restoration Using Recursive Filtering." IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING,VOL.46,NO.2,FEBRUARY 1998.
[31]Jana Dittmann,Mark Stabenau,and Ralf Steinmetz."Robust MPEG Video Technologies." Proc.Of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia,1998,p.71-80.
[32]Ingemar J.Cox,Joe Killian,F,Thomson,and Talal Shamoon."Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia." IEEE Trans.On Image Processing,Vol.6,No.12,1997,p.1673-1687.
[33]Xia Xiang-Gen,Charles G.Boncelet,and Gonzalo R.Arce."A Multiresolution Watermark for Digital Images." Proc.Of IEEE,1997,p. 548-551.
[34]Zeng Wndjun and Liu Bede."On Resolving Rightful Ownerships for Digital Images by Invisible Watermarks." Proc.Of IEEE,1997,p.552-555.
[35]Christine I.Podichuk and Wenjun Zeng."Image-Adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,Vol.16,No.4,1998,p.525-539.
[36]Wengwu Zhu,Zixiang Xiong,and Ya-Qin Zhang."Multiresolution Watermarking for Images and Video:A Unified Approach." Proc.Of International Conference on Image Processing,1998,Vol.1,p.465-468.
[37]Ioannis Pitas."A Method for Watermark Casting on Digital Image." IEEE Trans.On Circuit and Systems for Video Technology,Vol.8,No.6,1998,p.775-780.
[38]I.Pitas."A Method for Signature Casting on Digital Image." Proc.Of International Conference on Image processing,Vol.3,1996,p.215-218.
[39]G.Voyatzis and I.Pitas."Chaotic Watermarks for Embedding in the Spatial Digital Image Domain." Proc.Of the IEEE,1998,p.432-436.
[40]Fabien A.P.Petitcolas,Ross J.Anderson,and Markus G.Kuhn."Attacks on Copyright Marking System." David Aucsmith,Ed.,Information Hiding,Second International Workshop,IH'98,1998,Proceedings,LNCS 1525,Springer-Verlag,p.219-239.
[41]Fabien A.P.Petitcolas and Ross J.Anderson."Evaluation of Copyright Marking Systems." Proc.Of IEEE multimedia Systems(ICMCS'99),Vol.1,1999,p.574-579,7-11.
[42]Cao Hanqiang,Zhu Guangxi,Zhu Yaoting,and Zhang Zhenbing."Embedding a signature in an Image Based on Fractal Compress Transformations." Journal of China Institute of Communications,Vol.19,No.5,1998,p.69-74.
[43]刘瑞祯,谭铁牛.“基于奇异值分解的数字图像水印算法.”电子学报,2001年2月,Vol.29 No.2,p.168-171.
[44]张春田,苏育挺,管晓康.“多媒体数字水印技术.”通信学报,Vol.21,No.9,September 2000.
[45]RUANA IDH J,PUM T.Rotation,translation and scale invariant digital image watermarking[J].in Proceedings of IEEE ICIP'97,1997:536-539
[46]陈明奇,钮心忻,杨义先.“数字水印的研究进展和应用.”通信学报,Vol.22,No.5,May 2001,p.71-79.
[47]Schyndel van R.G.,Tirkel A.Z.,ans Osborne C F."A digital watermark." In:Int Conf on Image Processing,1994(2):86-90.
[48]W.Bender,D.Gruhl,and N.Morimoto."Techniques for Data Hiding." IBM Syst.J.,Vol.35,nos.3-4,p.313-336,1996.
[49]J.Brassil,S.Low,N.Maxemchuk,and L.O'Gorman."Electronic marking and identification techniques to discourage document copying." In Proc.Inforcom'94,1994,p.1278-1287.
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