不同均质滤料直接过滤性能试验研究
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摘要
深床过滤在给水和废水处理中是一个非常重要的处理单元，滤料的种类和
性能对过滤操作过程起至关重要的作用。水质指标的提高也要求提高处理水的
质量，因此，研究滤料的特性有利于优化过滤操作过程。
本试验采用粗、细石英砂、陶粒、无烟煤四种净水材料作为滤料进行直接
过滤性能研究，根据流动电流原理对滤料的τ电位进行了测定，并测定了滤料
的其它物理参数。
在每组对比试验中，比较过滤性能好坏时，均以硫酸铝作混凝剂，在滤层
滤料的表面积相等的情况下进行。通过大量实验和数据分析得出以下结论：
（1）滤层的比截留量范围为10~(－3)～10~(-2)数量级，可通过滤层比截留量分布情况
判断过滤性能的好坏；（2）对不同过滤模型与试验数据进行分析得出球型滤料
比表面模型在本试验中较适用；（3）粗、细两种石英砂在整个滤层滤料表面积
相等的情况下，过滤出水浊度相同，滤池过滤性能的评价采用单位面积滤层滤
料表面积更为准确；(4)粗粒径滤料的过滤性能，就水头损失而言，优于细粒
径滤料的过滤性能；（5）无烟煤滤料的过滤性能比细石英砂的过滤性能好；
(6)陶粒滤料的过滤水头损失小于粗石英砂滤料的过滤水头损失，出水浊度
是否优于粗石英砂过滤的出水浊度，因过滤操作条件不同而不同。另外，对过
滤连续性方程作了更合理地推导。
Deep bed filtration is a very important treatment unit for water and wastewater treatment. The
kind and quality of filter media are keys to filtration process. Stricter rules of water quality
promote higher treatment goal. Therefore, study on the characteristic of filter media is necessary
to optimization filtration process.
The main purpose of this thesis is to study direct filtration performance with uniform media, the
kinds of media include coarser and finer quartz sand, earthenware media, anthracite media. Based
on the streaming potential theory, a simple apparatus is provide to measure the zeta potential of
granular media. Other physics-chemical parameters of media are discussed also.
Contrast experiment of two pilot filter to removal kaolin by Al_2(SO_4)_3 is studied in the condition
of equivalent bed surface. Based on analysis and calculation, research results include:
1. The order of specific deposit in filter bed is about 10~(-2)~l0~(-3), distribution of specific
deposit could be used to access the property of filter.
2. Specific surface model for spherical media is suitable in this research.
3. Specific surface per area media is a suitable index to evaluate property of filter.
4. Filter performance of coarser media is superior to finer media in view of head loss.
5. Filter performance of anthracite media is superior to finer quartz sand.
6. Head loss of earthenware media is less than coarser sand, contrast relation between
their effluent turbidity is varies with operational condition.
In addition, a more rational conservation equation is deduced for deep bed filtration.
性能对过滤操作过程起至关重要的作用。水质指标的提高也要求提高处理水的
质量，因此，研究滤料的特性有利于优化过滤操作过程。
本试验采用粗、细石英砂、陶粒、无烟煤四种净水材料作为滤料进行直接
过滤性能研究，根据流动电流原理对滤料的τ电位进行了测定，并测定了滤料
的其它物理参数。
在每组对比试验中，比较过滤性能好坏时，均以硫酸铝作混凝剂，在滤层
滤料的表面积相等的情况下进行。通过大量实验和数据分析得出以下结论：
（1）滤层的比截留量范围为10~(－3)～10~(-2)数量级，可通过滤层比截留量分布情况
判断过滤性能的好坏；（2）对不同过滤模型与试验数据进行分析得出球型滤料
比表面模型在本试验中较适用；（3）粗、细两种石英砂在整个滤层滤料表面积
相等的情况下，过滤出水浊度相同，滤池过滤性能的评价采用单位面积滤层滤
料表面积更为准确；(4)粗粒径滤料的过滤性能，就水头损失而言，优于细粒
径滤料的过滤性能；（5）无烟煤滤料的过滤性能比细石英砂的过滤性能好；
(6)陶粒滤料的过滤水头损失小于粗石英砂滤料的过滤水头损失，出水浊度
是否优于粗石英砂过滤的出水浊度，因过滤操作条件不同而不同。另外，对过
滤连续性方程作了更合理地推导。
Deep bed filtration is a very important treatment unit for water and wastewater treatment. The
kind and quality of filter media are keys to filtration process. Stricter rules of water quality
promote higher treatment goal. Therefore, study on the characteristic of filter media is necessary
to optimization filtration process.
The main purpose of this thesis is to study direct filtration performance with uniform media, the
kinds of media include coarser and finer quartz sand, earthenware media, anthracite media. Based
on the streaming potential theory, a simple apparatus is provide to measure the zeta potential of
granular media. Other physics-chemical parameters of media are discussed also.
Contrast experiment of two pilot filter to removal kaolin by Al_2(SO_4)_3 is studied in the condition
of equivalent bed surface. Based on analysis and calculation, research results include:
1. The order of specific deposit in filter bed is about 10~(-2)~l0~(-3), distribution of specific
deposit could be used to access the property of filter.
2. Specific surface model for spherical media is suitable in this research.
3. Specific surface per area media is a suitable index to evaluate property of filter.
4. Filter performance of coarser media is superior to finer media in view of head loss.
5. Filter performance of anthracite media is superior to finer quartz sand.
6. Head loss of earthenware media is less than coarser sand, contrast relation between
their effluent turbidity is varies with operational condition.
In addition, a more rational conservation equation is deduced for deep bed filtration.
引文
[1] 刘鸿亮等，中国水环境预测与对策概论，中国环境科学出版社，1988
[2] 龙腾锐等，水科学工程的出现是社会发展的必然结果，给水排水，1998，24(4)；61
[3] 给水与废水处理国际会论文集，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
[4] 栾兆坤等，微絮凝—深床过滤理论与应用的研究，环境化学，1997，16(6)，590
[5] Villermaux J. David R. Recent Advance in the understanding of micron Phenomena in stirred Reactor. chem. engrg, comman, 1983, 21:105
[6] B. Petmsevski, A. N. Van Brebemen &. G. J Alaerts. Optimisation of coagulation conditions for Direct Filtration of Impounded Surface Water Aqua 1995, 44 (2): 93
[7] Amirtharajah A, AseeM, Trusler S. L, Destabilization. of particles by Turbulent Mixing, JEED——ASCE 1986, 112:1085
[8] 徐广祥，净水材料分析方法，中国建筑工业出版社，1986
[9] 许保玖，安鼎年，给水处理理论与设计，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[10] 张亚杰等译，水的净化新概念，中国建筑工业出版社，1982
[11] (法)德格雷蒙公司，水处理手册，中国建筑工业出版社，1983
[12] 严煦世等，给水工程，第三版，中国建筑工业出版社，195
[13] Russell.L.Culp: Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1977, 69 (7): 375
[14] Committee Report: The states of Direct Filtration, JAWWA 1980, 72 (7): 405
[15] Richard Ford Mccorinick & P.H.King. Factors that Affect.use of Direct.filtration in Treating Surface Water, JAWWA, 1992, 74 (5):234
[16] Crak K, Direet Filtration: An Australian Study, JAWWA, 1985, 77(12): 56
[17] Lnrikman K.D.An overview of Filtration, JAWWA, 1987 79(12): 2
[18] Amirtharajah. A. Some theoretical and conceptual views of Filtration, JAWWA, 1988, 80(4): 36
[19] Tobiason J.E.o'Melia C.R.Phisicochemical spects of Particle Removal in Depth Filtration, JAWWA,1988, 80(4): 405
[20] Logsdon G.S, Testing Direct Filtration for the Treatment of High Turbidity Water, JAWWA, 1993, 85(12): 39
[21] Mastsui Y, Tambo N. Mathmatical Description of Deep—Filter performance Aqua 1995, 44 (5): 166
[22] Russell L.Clup: Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1977, 69(7): 375
[23] Adin, A & Rubhum, M High—Rate Contact Flocculation—Filtration with Cationic Polyelectrolytes, JAWWA, 1974, 66(2): 109
[24] By.S.E.Truesdail G.B. Westermann—Clark, and D.O.Shah JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DECEMBER, 1998:1228
[25] 曹(羽中)，水的过滤，西安冶金建筑学院，1987．9
[26] Kunio Ebie & FU Sheng Li. Analysis of the Behavior of Kao Lin partical coagulation with Alumin Direct Sand Filtration by the three—way classification Method.Deep Bed Filtration.6.Th world Filtration congress, Nagoya, 1993, 46—202
[27] K.J.Ives, Progress in Filtration, JAWWA, 1964, 59(9): 1225
[28] Litterman RD, An overview of filtration, JAWWA (1987, 39 (12): 2
[29] Clarles M..Spink, J.T.Monscvitz, Desing and Operation of a200—mgd Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1974,66 (2):127
[30] W. Hutchison, D.D.Foley, Operational and Experimental Results of Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1974,66(2): 79
[31] H.Bemhardt, H.Schell, Energy—Import—Controlled direct filtration to control progressive eutrophication, JAWWA, 1982, 74 (5): 261
[32] David L.pcterson, Frank X. Schleppen.bach, studies of As Bestos Removal by Direct Filtration of a lake Superior Water, JAWWA, 1980, 72 (3): 155
[33] Amirtharajah A, Asce M, Trusler S.L, Destabilization of particle by turbulent Mixing, .J.Envir, Engeg. Div—ASCE, 1986, 112:1085
[34] AWWA Coagulation CommitteeReport: Coagulation as An Intergruted Water Process, .J.AWWA, 1989,81(10): 72
[35] 王绍文等，混凝动力学的涡旋理论探讨(上)，中国给水排水，1991，7(1)：4
[36] 钟淳昌主编，净水厂设计，中国建筑工业出版社，1984
[37] Letterman R.D Iyer D.R.. Modelling Effects of Hydrolyzed Alum and Solution Chemistry on Flocculation Kinetics Environ.. Sci.& Technol. 1985, 19(8). 673
[38] Dentel S.K, Application of the Precipitation—Charge Neutralization Model of Coagulation Environ.sci.&Technol. 1988, 22 (7): 825
[39] 许保玖，当代给水与废水处理原理讲义，清华大学出版社，1983
[40] Reymond D.letlerman, Filtration Strategies to Meet the Surface Water Treatment Rule, AWWA
[41] Chem.Eng. & Tech, 1970 (4): 135
[42] K.J.Ives, The Scientific Basis of Filtration, A.w. SIJTHOFF INTERNATIONAL.PUBLISHING CO.1975
[43] Envir, Sci & Tech, 1970, (4): 135
[44] JAWWA, 1937, (29): 1591
[45] 顾夏声，黄铭荣，王占生等，水处理工程，清华大学出版社，1985
[46] Thomas M.Ginh Jr. Appiah Amirtharajah and philip R.karr. Effects of particle Detachment in Granular Media Filtration, JAWWA, 1992, 84 (2): 66
[47] Mintz, D.M, Modem Theory of Rapid Filtration Special Report International Water Supply Comgress and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 1966.10
[48] R.L.Culp, Direct Filtration, JAWWA 1977, 69 (7): 375
[49] 李冬梅，石英砂均质滤料直接过滤性能研究，西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生论文，1999．3
[50] 陈永，阳离子型高分子絮凝剂直接过滤性能研究，西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生论文，2000．3
[51] Kenneth J.Ives, Progress in Filtration, JAWWA, 1964.10
[52] Hutchison, W and Foley, P.D, Operational and Experiment Results of Direct filtration, JAWWA, 1974.2
[53] TOD.lekkes: A Modified Filtrability Index for Granular Bed Water Filter Filtration & Separation, 1981
[54] JOURNAL OFENVIROMENAL ENGINEERING, 1998.12:1228
[2] 龙腾锐等，水科学工程的出现是社会发展的必然结果，给水排水，1998，24(4)；61
[3] 给水与废水处理国际会论文集，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
[4] 栾兆坤等，微絮凝—深床过滤理论与应用的研究，环境化学，1997，16(6)，590
[5] Villermaux J. David R. Recent Advance in the understanding of micron Phenomena in stirred Reactor. chem. engrg, comman, 1983, 21:105
[6] B. Petmsevski, A. N. Van Brebemen &. G. J Alaerts. Optimisation of coagulation conditions for Direct Filtration of Impounded Surface Water Aqua 1995, 44 (2): 93
[7] Amirtharajah A, AseeM, Trusler S. L, Destabilization. of particles by Turbulent Mixing, JEED——ASCE 1986, 112:1085
[8] 徐广祥，净水材料分析方法，中国建筑工业出版社，1986
[9] 许保玖，安鼎年，给水处理理论与设计，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
[10] 张亚杰等译，水的净化新概念，中国建筑工业出版社，1982
[11] (法)德格雷蒙公司，水处理手册，中国建筑工业出版社，1983
[12] 严煦世等，给水工程，第三版，中国建筑工业出版社，195
[13] Russell.L.Culp: Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1977, 69 (7): 375
[14] Committee Report: The states of Direct Filtration, JAWWA 1980, 72 (7): 405
[15] Richard Ford Mccorinick & P.H.King. Factors that Affect.use of Direct.filtration in Treating Surface Water, JAWWA, 1992, 74 (5):234
[16] Crak K, Direet Filtration: An Australian Study, JAWWA, 1985, 77(12): 56
[17] Lnrikman K.D.An overview of Filtration, JAWWA, 1987 79(12): 2
[18] Amirtharajah. A. Some theoretical and conceptual views of Filtration, JAWWA, 1988, 80(4): 36
[19] Tobiason J.E.o'Melia C.R.Phisicochemical spects of Particle Removal in Depth Filtration, JAWWA,1988, 80(4): 405
[20] Logsdon G.S, Testing Direct Filtration for the Treatment of High Turbidity Water, JAWWA, 1993, 85(12): 39
[21] Mastsui Y, Tambo N. Mathmatical Description of Deep—Filter performance Aqua 1995, 44 (5): 166
[22] Russell L.Clup: Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1977, 69(7): 375
[23] Adin, A & Rubhum, M High—Rate Contact Flocculation—Filtration with Cationic Polyelectrolytes, JAWWA, 1974, 66(2): 109
[24] By.S.E.Truesdail G.B. Westermann—Clark, and D.O.Shah JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DECEMBER, 1998:1228
[25] 曹(羽中)，水的过滤，西安冶金建筑学院，1987．9
[26] Kunio Ebie & FU Sheng Li. Analysis of the Behavior of Kao Lin partical coagulation with Alumin Direct Sand Filtration by the three—way classification Method.Deep Bed Filtration.6.Th world Filtration congress, Nagoya, 1993, 46—202
[27] K.J.Ives, Progress in Filtration, JAWWA, 1964, 59(9): 1225
[28] Litterman RD, An overview of filtration, JAWWA (1987, 39 (12): 2
[29] Clarles M..Spink, J.T.Monscvitz, Desing and Operation of a200—mgd Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1974,66 (2):127
[30] W. Hutchison, D.D.Foley, Operational and Experimental Results of Direct Filtration, JAWWA, 1974,66(2): 79
[31] H.Bemhardt, H.Schell, Energy—Import—Controlled direct filtration to control progressive eutrophication, JAWWA, 1982, 74 (5): 261
[32] David L.pcterson, Frank X. Schleppen.bach, studies of As Bestos Removal by Direct Filtration of a lake Superior Water, JAWWA, 1980, 72 (3): 155
[33] Amirtharajah A, Asce M, Trusler S.L, Destabilization of particle by turbulent Mixing, .J.Envir, Engeg. Div—ASCE, 1986, 112:1085
[34] AWWA Coagulation CommitteeReport: Coagulation as An Intergruted Water Process, .J.AWWA, 1989,81(10): 72
[35] 王绍文等，混凝动力学的涡旋理论探讨(上)，中国给水排水，1991，7(1)：4
[36] 钟淳昌主编，净水厂设计，中国建筑工业出版社，1984
[37] Letterman R.D Iyer D.R.. Modelling Effects of Hydrolyzed Alum and Solution Chemistry on Flocculation Kinetics Environ.. Sci.& Technol. 1985, 19(8). 673
[38] Dentel S.K, Application of the Precipitation—Charge Neutralization Model of Coagulation Environ.sci.&Technol. 1988, 22 (7): 825
[39] 许保玖，当代给水与废水处理原理讲义，清华大学出版社，1983
[40] Reymond D.letlerman, Filtration Strategies to Meet the Surface Water Treatment Rule, AWWA
[41] Chem.Eng. & Tech, 1970 (4): 135
[42] K.J.Ives, The Scientific Basis of Filtration, A.w. SIJTHOFF INTERNATIONAL.PUBLISHING CO.1975
[43] Envir, Sci & Tech, 1970, (4): 135
[44] JAWWA, 1937, (29): 1591
[45] 顾夏声，黄铭荣，王占生等，水处理工程，清华大学出版社，1985
[46] Thomas M.Ginh Jr. Appiah Amirtharajah and philip R.karr. Effects of particle Detachment in Granular Media Filtration, JAWWA, 1992, 84 (2): 66
[47] Mintz, D.M, Modem Theory of Rapid Filtration Special Report International Water Supply Comgress and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 1966.10
[48] R.L.Culp, Direct Filtration, JAWWA 1977, 69 (7): 375
[49] 李冬梅，石英砂均质滤料直接过滤性能研究，西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生论文，1999．3
[50] 陈永，阳离子型高分子絮凝剂直接过滤性能研究，西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生论文，2000．3
[51] Kenneth J.Ives, Progress in Filtration, JAWWA, 1964.10
[52] Hutchison, W and Foley, P.D, Operational and Experiment Results of Direct filtration, JAWWA, 1974.2
[53] TOD.lekkes: A Modified Filtrability Index for Granular Bed Water Filter Filtration & Separation, 1981
[54] JOURNAL OFENVIROMENAL ENGINEERING, 1998.12:1228