基于传感器数据融合的小通道气液两相流参数测量新方法研究
|
摘要
随着微加工技术和新材料技术的迅速发展,工业设备微型化、小型化的趋势日益明显,小通道尺度下的气液两相流参数测量已成为当前两相流研究领域的热点,相关参数检测方法的研究对小通道气液两相流参数测量有着十分重要的意义。本文以小通道中的气液两相流为研究对象,基于光学位置传感器和电容耦合式非接触电导测量(Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection, C4D)传感器,结合信息处理技术、传感器数据融合技术对小通道气液两相流流型、相含率的在线测量方法进行了研究。
本学位论文的主要工作和创新点如下：
1.研发了新型光学位置传感器和新型C4D传感器,并建立了一套基于光学位置传感器和C4D传感器的小通道气液两相流参数在线测量系统。研究结果表明,所研发的新型光学位置传感器和新型C4D传感器是成功的,均可有效用于小通道气液两相流参数测量。
2.基于光学位置传感器,研究了小通道气液两相流流型辨识和相含率测量问题。首先,利用所获得的光学信号,对比研究了三种不同特征提取方法：1)采用统计分析进行特征提取；2)采用统计分析和小波分解进行特征提取；3)采用统计分析和经验模态分解(EMD)进行特征提取,并利用流型辨识实验对三种特征提取方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,三种特征提取方法用于流型辨识均是有效的。其中,采用统计分析的特征提取方法具有更好的实时性,且流型辨识结果也令人满意。在内径为4.0mm,3.0mm和1.8mm水平小通道下,典型流型的辨识准确率分别高于85.0%、75.0%和83.0%。其次,利用所获得的光学信号,分别结合物理模型分析和LS-SVM回归方法,建立了两种段塞流的相含率测量模型,并利用动态实验对所建立的模型进行了验证。实验结果表明,所建立的两种段塞流相含率测量模型均是有效的。其中,基于LS-SVM建立的段塞流相含率测量模型具有更高的测量准确率(基于LS-SVM模型的测量最大绝对误差为5.0%,基于物理模型的测量最大绝对误差为10.0%)。
3、基于C4D传感器,研究了小通道气液两相流流型辨识和相含率测量问题。首先,利用C4D传感器获得的信号,并结合统计分析的特征提取方法,对不同管径下的气液两相流进行了流型辨识。然后,利用C4D传感器获得的信号,并结合LS-SVM回归方法,针对不同流型建立了典型流型下的相含率测量模型,并利用动态实验对所建立模型进行了验证。研究结果表明,所研发的C4D传感器用于流型辨识和相含率测量均为有效的。在内径为4.0mm,3.0mm和1.8mm水平小通道下的典型流型辨识准确率分别高于78.0%、88.0%和83.0%。在内径为3.0mm的水平小通道中,段塞流,泡状流,层状流和环状流下的相含率测量最大绝对误差分别为10.0%、3.5%、3.0%和5.0%。
4.基于传感器数据融合技术,并结合光学位置传感器和C4D传感器测量信号,提出了小通道气液两相流的流型辨识和相含率测量新方法。所提出的流型辨识新方法为：首先分别利用光学位置传感器和C4D传感器的测量信号进行流型辨识,然后运用D-S证据理论对两种传感器的辨识结果进行融合进而获得流型。所提出的相含率测量新方法为：先判断当前流型,再根据流型选择相应的相含率测量模型(若为段塞流,则选择基于光学位置传感器的LS-SVM相含率测量模型,若为其他几种流型,则选择基于C4D传感器的LS-SVM相含率测量模型)进行相含率计算。研究结果表明,所提出的流型辨识新方法和相含率测量新方法均是有效的。基于传感器融合技术,三种管径下的流型辨识的准确率和相含率测量精度均有所提高,在内径为4.0mm,3.0mm和1.8mm水平小通道下的流型辨识准确率分别高于85.0%、97.0%和88.0%。在内径为3.0mm的水平小通道中,段塞流,泡状流,层状流和环状流下的相含率测量最大绝对误差分别为5.0%、3.5%、3.0%和5.0%。所提出的流型辨识新方法和相含率测量新方法充分利用了两种传感器在不同流型下测量信息的互补性,提高了流型辨识的准确率和相含率测量精度。
With the rapid development of micro-fabrication technology and new material technology, the miniaturized tendency of the industrial equipment becomes increasingly obvious. The study on gas-liquid two-phase flow parameter measurement in small channels has become a popular field in current two-phase flow research. This dissertation mainly aims at the online measurement of the flow pattern, void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channels. Based on an optical position sensitive detector and a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection(C4D) sensor, and by using the information processing technology, the sensor data fusion technology, the research work on these parameters measurement are carried out.
The main work and innovations are listed as follows:
1. A new optical position sensitive detector and a new C4D sensor are developed, and an online parameter measurement system is built for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. Research results show that the developed optical position sensitive detector and the developed C D sensor are successful, and they are both suitable for the parameter measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel.
2. Based on the optical position sensitive detector, flow pattern identification and void fraction measurement are studied for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. First, using the obtained optical signal, three feature extraction methods are compared:1) using statistical analysis method for feature extraction;2) using the combination of statistical analysis and wavelet decomposition method for feature extraction;3)using the combination of statistical analysis and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method for feature extraction. Then, the effectiveness of these three feature extraction methods are verified by flow pattern identification experiment. Research results show that, these three feature extraction methods are all effective for flow pattern identification. The method which uses statistical analysis for feature extraction has good real-time performance, and the identification results using this method are satisfactory. In three pipes with the inner diameters of4.0mm,3.0mm and1.8mm, the identification accuracies for typical flow patterns are higher than85.0%,75.0%and83.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, based on the obtained optical signals, two void fraction measurement models are developed for slug flow based on physical model and LS-SVM regression method, respectively, and the effectiveness of the void fraction measurement models are testified by dynamic experiments. Experiment results show that these two developed void fraction measurement models are both effective. The measurement model based on LS-SVM can obtain higher accuracy of void fraction measurement (the maximum error are is than5.0%based on LS-SVM regression model, while the maximum errors is less than10.0%based on physical model).
3. Based on C4D sensor, flow pattern identification and void fraction measurement are studied for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. First, using the C4D sensor's signals, flow pattern identification are carried out in different pipes based on the statistical analysis method. Then, using the C4D sensor's signals, void fraction measurement models for typical flow patterns are developed, and the effectiveness of the models are verified by dynamic experiments. Research results show that the developed C4D sensor is effective for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. In the pipes with the inner diameters of4.0mm,3.0mm and1.8mm, the identification accuracies for typical flow patterns are higher than78.0%,88.0%and83.0%, respectively. Besides, in the pipe with the inner diameter of3.0mm, the maximum errors of void fraction measurement under typical flow patterns (slug flow, bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow) are all less than10.0%,3.5%,3.0%and5.0%, respectively.
4. Based on sensor data fusion technique, and combing with the optical position detector and C4D sensor, a new flow pattern identification method and a new void fraction measurement method are proposed for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. The proposed flow pattern identification method using the signals from the optical position detector and C4D sensor to identify the flow pattern respectively, and then the identification results obtained by two sensors are fused based on D-S theory, finally the flow pattern are determined. The proposed void fraction measurement method determines the current flow pattern firstly, and then selecting the proper void fraction measurement model according to the flow pattern identification results (if the flow pattern is slug flow, the LS-SVM model based on optical position detector is selected, else, the LS-SVM model based on C4D sensor is selected), finnally the void fraction is predicted by the selected model. Research results show that the proposed flow pattern identification method and the void fraction measurement method are both effective. Based on sensor data fusion technique, the performance of the flow pattern identification and the void fraction measurement are improved. In the pipes with the inner diameters of4.0mm,3.0mm and1.8mm, the identification accuracies for typical flow patterns are higher than85.0%,97.0%and88.0%, respectively. Besides, in the pipe with the inner diameter of3.0mm, the maximum errors of void fraction measurement under typical flow patterns (slug flow, bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow) are all less than5.0%,3.5%,3.0%and5.0%, respectively. As the proposed flow pattern identification method and the void fraction method can sufficiently using the complementarity of the two sensors, the performance of the flow pattern identification and the void fraction measurement are improved.
本学位论文的主要工作和创新点如下：
1.研发了新型光学位置传感器和新型C4D传感器,并建立了一套基于光学位置传感器和C4D传感器的小通道气液两相流参数在线测量系统。研究结果表明,所研发的新型光学位置传感器和新型C4D传感器是成功的,均可有效用于小通道气液两相流参数测量。
2.基于光学位置传感器,研究了小通道气液两相流流型辨识和相含率测量问题。首先,利用所获得的光学信号,对比研究了三种不同特征提取方法：1)采用统计分析进行特征提取；2)采用统计分析和小波分解进行特征提取；3)采用统计分析和经验模态分解(EMD)进行特征提取,并利用流型辨识实验对三种特征提取方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,三种特征提取方法用于流型辨识均是有效的。其中,采用统计分析的特征提取方法具有更好的实时性,且流型辨识结果也令人满意。在内径为4.0mm,3.0mm和1.8mm水平小通道下,典型流型的辨识准确率分别高于85.0%、75.0%和83.0%。其次,利用所获得的光学信号,分别结合物理模型分析和LS-SVM回归方法,建立了两种段塞流的相含率测量模型,并利用动态实验对所建立的模型进行了验证。实验结果表明,所建立的两种段塞流相含率测量模型均是有效的。其中,基于LS-SVM建立的段塞流相含率测量模型具有更高的测量准确率(基于LS-SVM模型的测量最大绝对误差为5.0%,基于物理模型的测量最大绝对误差为10.0%)。
3、基于C4D传感器,研究了小通道气液两相流流型辨识和相含率测量问题。首先,利用C4D传感器获得的信号,并结合统计分析的特征提取方法,对不同管径下的气液两相流进行了流型辨识。然后,利用C4D传感器获得的信号,并结合LS-SVM回归方法,针对不同流型建立了典型流型下的相含率测量模型,并利用动态实验对所建立模型进行了验证。研究结果表明,所研发的C4D传感器用于流型辨识和相含率测量均为有效的。在内径为4.0mm,3.0mm和1.8mm水平小通道下的典型流型辨识准确率分别高于78.0%、88.0%和83.0%。在内径为3.0mm的水平小通道中,段塞流,泡状流,层状流和环状流下的相含率测量最大绝对误差分别为10.0%、3.5%、3.0%和5.0%。
4.基于传感器数据融合技术,并结合光学位置传感器和C4D传感器测量信号,提出了小通道气液两相流的流型辨识和相含率测量新方法。所提出的流型辨识新方法为：首先分别利用光学位置传感器和C4D传感器的测量信号进行流型辨识,然后运用D-S证据理论对两种传感器的辨识结果进行融合进而获得流型。所提出的相含率测量新方法为：先判断当前流型,再根据流型选择相应的相含率测量模型(若为段塞流,则选择基于光学位置传感器的LS-SVM相含率测量模型,若为其他几种流型,则选择基于C4D传感器的LS-SVM相含率测量模型)进行相含率计算。研究结果表明,所提出的流型辨识新方法和相含率测量新方法均是有效的。基于传感器融合技术,三种管径下的流型辨识的准确率和相含率测量精度均有所提高,在内径为4.0mm,3.0mm和1.8mm水平小通道下的流型辨识准确率分别高于85.0%、97.0%和88.0%。在内径为3.0mm的水平小通道中,段塞流,泡状流,层状流和环状流下的相含率测量最大绝对误差分别为5.0%、3.5%、3.0%和5.0%。所提出的流型辨识新方法和相含率测量新方法充分利用了两种传感器在不同流型下测量信息的互补性,提高了流型辨识的准确率和相含率测量精度。
With the rapid development of micro-fabrication technology and new material technology, the miniaturized tendency of the industrial equipment becomes increasingly obvious. The study on gas-liquid two-phase flow parameter measurement in small channels has become a popular field in current two-phase flow research. This dissertation mainly aims at the online measurement of the flow pattern, void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channels. Based on an optical position sensitive detector and a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection(C4D) sensor, and by using the information processing technology, the sensor data fusion technology, the research work on these parameters measurement are carried out.
The main work and innovations are listed as follows:
1. A new optical position sensitive detector and a new C4D sensor are developed, and an online parameter measurement system is built for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. Research results show that the developed optical position sensitive detector and the developed C D sensor are successful, and they are both suitable for the parameter measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel.
2. Based on the optical position sensitive detector, flow pattern identification and void fraction measurement are studied for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. First, using the obtained optical signal, three feature extraction methods are compared:1) using statistical analysis method for feature extraction;2) using the combination of statistical analysis and wavelet decomposition method for feature extraction;3)using the combination of statistical analysis and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method for feature extraction. Then, the effectiveness of these three feature extraction methods are verified by flow pattern identification experiment. Research results show that, these three feature extraction methods are all effective for flow pattern identification. The method which uses statistical analysis for feature extraction has good real-time performance, and the identification results using this method are satisfactory. In three pipes with the inner diameters of4.0mm,3.0mm and1.8mm, the identification accuracies for typical flow patterns are higher than85.0%,75.0%and83.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, based on the obtained optical signals, two void fraction measurement models are developed for slug flow based on physical model and LS-SVM regression method, respectively, and the effectiveness of the void fraction measurement models are testified by dynamic experiments. Experiment results show that these two developed void fraction measurement models are both effective. The measurement model based on LS-SVM can obtain higher accuracy of void fraction measurement (the maximum error are is than5.0%based on LS-SVM regression model, while the maximum errors is less than10.0%based on physical model).
3. Based on C4D sensor, flow pattern identification and void fraction measurement are studied for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. First, using the C4D sensor's signals, flow pattern identification are carried out in different pipes based on the statistical analysis method. Then, using the C4D sensor's signals, void fraction measurement models for typical flow patterns are developed, and the effectiveness of the models are verified by dynamic experiments. Research results show that the developed C4D sensor is effective for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurement of gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. In the pipes with the inner diameters of4.0mm,3.0mm and1.8mm, the identification accuracies for typical flow patterns are higher than78.0%,88.0%and83.0%, respectively. Besides, in the pipe with the inner diameter of3.0mm, the maximum errors of void fraction measurement under typical flow patterns (slug flow, bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow) are all less than10.0%,3.5%,3.0%and5.0%, respectively.
4. Based on sensor data fusion technique, and combing with the optical position detector and C4D sensor, a new flow pattern identification method and a new void fraction measurement method are proposed for gas-liquid two-phase flow in small channel. The proposed flow pattern identification method using the signals from the optical position detector and C4D sensor to identify the flow pattern respectively, and then the identification results obtained by two sensors are fused based on D-S theory, finally the flow pattern are determined. The proposed void fraction measurement method determines the current flow pattern firstly, and then selecting the proper void fraction measurement model according to the flow pattern identification results (if the flow pattern is slug flow, the LS-SVM model based on optical position detector is selected, else, the LS-SVM model based on C4D sensor is selected), finnally the void fraction is predicted by the selected model. Research results show that the proposed flow pattern identification method and the void fraction measurement method are both effective. Based on sensor data fusion technique, the performance of the flow pattern identification and the void fraction measurement are improved. In the pipes with the inner diameters of4.0mm,3.0mm and1.8mm, the identification accuracies for typical flow patterns are higher than85.0%,97.0%and88.0%, respectively. Besides, in the pipe with the inner diameter of3.0mm, the maximum errors of void fraction measurement under typical flow patterns (slug flow, bubble flow, stratified flow and annular flow) are all less than5.0%,3.5%,3.0%and5.0%, respectively. As the proposed flow pattern identification method and the void fraction method can sufficiently using the complementarity of the two sensors, the performance of the flow pattern identification and the void fraction measurement are improved.
引文
[1]Hewitt G F. Measurement of two phase flow parameters[M]. London:Academic Press, 1978.
[2]Hetsroni G. Handbook of multiphase systems[M]. Washington:Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,1982.
[3]李海青.两相流参数检测及应用[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,1991.
[4]林宗虎.气液两相流和沸腾传热学[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2003.
[5]Gary O, Pearson J R A. Flow-rate measurement in two-phase flow[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2004,36:149-172.
[6]Crowe C T. Multiphase flow handbook[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press,2006.
[7]阎昌琪.气液两相流[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2007.
[8]车得福,李会雄.多相流及其应用[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2007.
[9]Rajan V S V, Rafa K G. Multiphase flow measurement techniques-a review[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology,1993,115(3):151-161.
[10]李海青,乔贺堂.多相流测试技术现状及趋势[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1996.
[11]董峰.多相流测量技术发展概况[J].国际学术动态,2002,5：13-14.
[12]刘强,郑莹娜.多相流多参数动态测量技术发展与应用[J].工业仪表与自动化装置,2000,6：52-54.
[13]林宗虎,王栋,王树众等.多相流的近期工程应用趋向[J].西安交通大学学报,2001,35(9)：886-890.
[14]Falcone G, Hewitt G F, Alimonti C, et al. Multiphase Flow Metering:Current Trends and Future Developments[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology,2002,54(4):77-84.
[15]郝丽,仇性启.两相流流动测试技术方法综述[J].通用机械,2006,(11)：66-68,81.
[16]Kawahara A, Chung P M, Kawaji M. Investigation of two-phase flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop in a microchannel[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2002, 28(9):1411-1435.
[17]Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-khalik S I. Two-phase flow in microchannels[M]. Chemistry and Biology of Hyaluronan, Elsevier,2001,34:2001.
[18]Saisorn S, Wongwises S. Flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop of two-phase air-water flow in a horizontal circular micro-channel[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2008,32(3):748-760.
[19]Dutkowski K. Two-phase pressure drop of air-water in minichannels[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2009,52(21-22):5185-5192.
[20]Kandlikar S G. Microchannels and minichannels-history, terminology, classification and current research needs:1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Rochester, New York, USA,2003[C]. ASME.
[21]Mehendale S S, Jacobi A M, Ahah R K. Fluid Flow and HeatTransfer at Micro-and Meso-Scales With Application to Heat Exchanger Design[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews.2000, 53(7):175-193.
[22]Suo M, Griffith P. Two-Phase Flow in Capillary Tubes[J]. J. Basic Eng.1964.
[23]Chen W L, Twu M C, Pan C. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in micro-channels[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2002,28(7):1235-1247.
[24]Brauner N, Maron D M. Identification of the range of small diameters conduits, regarding two-phase flow pattern transitions[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 1992,19(1):29-39.
[25]Revellin R, Dupont V, Ursenbacher T, et al. Characterization of diabatic two-phase flows in microchannels-Flow parameter results for R-134a in a 0.5 mm channel[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2006,32(7).
[26]Peter A K, Keith C. Correlations for the prediction of boiling heat transfer in small-diameter channels[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering.1997,17(8-10).
[27]Serizawa A, Feng Z, Kawara Z. Two-phase flow in microchannels[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2002,26(6-7):703-714.
[28]Triplett K A, Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-khalik S I, et al. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels Part I:two-phase flow patterns[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 1999,25(3):377-394.
[29]Akbar M K, Plummer D A, Ghiaasiaan S M. On gas-liquid two-phase flow regimes in microchannels[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2003,29(5):855-865.
[30]国家自然科学基金委员会.工程热物理与能源利用[M].北京：科学出版社,1995.
[31]Oddie G, Pearson J R A. Flow-rate measurement in two-phase flow[J]. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics,2004.36:149-172.
[32]Triplett K A, Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-khalik S I, et al. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels Part Ⅱ:void fraction and pressure drop[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1999,25(3):395-410.
[33]Bao Z Y, Bosnish M G, Haynes B S. Estimation of Void Fraction and Pressure Drop for Two-phase Flow in Fine Passages[J]. Transactions Inst. Chemical Engineering,1994,72(5): 625-632.
[34]Barnea D, Luninski T, Taitel Y. Flow Pattern in Horizontal and Vertical Two Phase Flow in Small Diameter Pipes[J]. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,1983,61(5):617-620.
[35]Mandhane J M, Gregory A, Aziz K. A flow pattern map for gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1974,1(4):537-553.
[36]Wang L, Fu S F, Ji H F, et al. A C4D-based measurement system of gas-liquid two-phase flow[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2011,32(8):1334-1336.
[37]白博峰,郭烈锦,陈学俊.气液两相流流型在线智能识别[J].中国电机工程学报,2001(07).
[38]Baker O. Simultaneous Flow of Oil and Gas[J]. Oil and Gas.1954,53:185-195.
[39]Barnea D. Transition from annular flow and from dispersed bubble flow-unified models for the whole range of pipe inclinations[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1986, 12(5):733-744.
[40]Yang C Y, Shieh C C. Flow pattern of air-water and two-phase R-134a in small circular tubes[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2001,27(7):1163-1177.
[41]Baker O. Pipelines for Simultaneous flow of oil and gas[J]. The Oil and Gas Journal,1954, 53(12):185-195.
[42]Scott D S. Properties of co-current gas-liquid flow[J]. Advances in Chemical Engineering, 1963,4:199-277.
[43]Weisman J, Kang S Y. Flow pattern transitions in vertical and upwardly inclining line[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1981,7:271-291.
[44]Taitel Y, Dukler A E. A model for predicting flow regime transitions in horizontal and near horizontal gas-liquid flow[J]. AIChE Journal,1976,22(1):47-55.
[45]Tabatabai A, Faghri A. A New Two-Phase Flow Map and Transition Boundary Accounting for Surface Tension Effects in Horizontal Miniature and Micro Tubes[J]. ASME J. Heat Transfer,2001,123(5):958-968.
[46]Grauso S, Mastrullo R, Mauro A W, et al. Flow pattern map, heat transfer and pressure drops during evaporation of R-1234ze (E) and R134a in a horizontal, circular smooth tube: Experiments and assessment of predictive methods[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2012.
[47]Wojtan L, Ursenbacher T, Thome J R. Investigation of flow boiling in horizontal tubes: Part Ⅰ—A new diabatic two-phase flow pattern map[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2005,48(14):2955-2969.
[48]Wongwises S, Pipathattakul M. Flow pattern, pressure drop and void fraction of two-phase gas-liquid flow in an inclined narrow annular channel[J]. Experimental thermal and fluid science,2006,30(4):345-354.
[49]Ekberg N P, Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-Khalik S I, et al. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in narrow horizontal annuli[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design,1999,192:59-80.
[50]Keska J K, Smith M D, Williams B E. Comparison study of a cluster of four dynamic flow pattern discrimination techniques for multi-phase flow[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation.1999,10(2):65-77.
[51]Huang Z, Jiang W, Zhou X, et al. A new method of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection based on series resonance[J]. Sensors and Actuators, B:Chemical, 2009,143(1):239-245.
[52]秦树人,季忠,尹爱军.工程信号处理[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2008.
[53]Lockhart R W, Martinelli R C. Proposed correlation of data for isothermal two-phase, two-component flow in pipe[J]. Chemical Engineering Process,1949,45(1):39-48.
[54]Koyama S, Lee J, Yonemoto R. An investigation on void fraction of vapor-liquid two-phase flow for smooth and microfin tubes with R134a at adiabatic condition[J]. International journal of multiphase flow,2004,30(3):291-310.
[55]Leppinen D M, Dalziel S B. A light attenuation technique for void fraction measurement of microbubbles[J]. Experiments in Fluids,2001,30(2):214-220.
[56]Shen X, Mishima K, Nakamura H. Error reduction, evaluation and correction for the intrusive optical four-sensor probe measurement in multi-dimensional two-phase flow[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2008,51(3-4):882-895.
[57]Barrau E, Riviere N, Poupot C, et al. Single and double optical probes in air-water two-phase flows:real time signal processing and sensor performance[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1999,25(2):229-256.
[58]Morris D, Teyssedou A, Lapierre J, et al. Optical fiber probe to measure local void fraction profiles[J]. Applied Optics,1987,26(21):4660-4664.
[59]Murzyn F, Mouaze D, Chaplin J R. Optical fibre probe measurements of bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2005,31(1):141-154.
[60]Van Hout R, Barnea D, Shemer L. Translational velocities of elongated bubbles in continuous slug flow[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2002,28(8):1333-1350.
[61]Guet S, Fortunati R V, Mudde R F, et al. Bubble velocity and size measurement with a four-point optical fiber probe[J]. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 2003,20(3):219-230.
[62]沈熊.激光多普勒测速技术及应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[63]Boerner T, Martin W W, Leutheusser H J. Comparative Measurements in Bubbly Two-phase Flow Using Laser-Doppler and Hot-Film Velocimetry[J]. Chemical Engineering Communications,1984,28(1-3):29-43.
[64]Chiva S, Mendez S, Munoz-Cobo J L, et al. Experimental study on the two-phase flow characteristics using conductivity probes and Laser Doppler Anemometry in a vertical pipe[J]. Multiphase Flow:The Ultimate Measurement Challenge, Proceedings,2007,914:100-106.
[65]Deshpande N S, Prasad C V, Kulkarni A A, et al. Hydrodynamic characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by laser Doppler velocimeter[J]. Chemical Engineering Research & Design,2000,78(A6):903-910.
[66]Chemloul N S, Benrabah O. Measurement of velocities in two-phase flow by laser velocimetry:Interaction between solid particles' motion and turbulence[J]. Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of the ASME,2008,130(0713017).
[67]Panidis T. The development of the structure of water-air bubble grid turbulence[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2011,37(6):565-575.
[68]Maru K, Hu L Y. Lu R S, et al. Two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter using polarized beams and 90 degrees phase shift for discrimination of velocity direction[J]. Optik, 2011,122(11):974-977.
[69]Oriol J, Leclerc J P, Jallut C, et al. Characterization of the two-phase flow regimes and liquid dispersion in horizontal and vertical tubes by using coloured tracer and non-intrusive optical detector[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2008,63(1):24-34.
[70]Revellin R, Agostini B, Thome J R. Elongated bubbles in microchannels. Part Ⅱ: Experimental study and modeling of bubble collisions[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2008,34(6):602-613.
[71]Rahim E, Revellin R, Thome J, et al. Characterization and prediction of two-phase flow regimes in miniature tubes[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2011,37(1):12-23.
[72]Revellin R, Agostini B, Ursenbacher T, et al. Experimental investigation of velocity and length of elongated bubbles for flow of R-134a in a 0.5mm microchannel[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2008,32(3):870-881.
[73]王保良,徐晓辉,冀海峰等.基于PSD原理的小管道两相流参数光学测量[J].工程热物理学报,2010(05)：801-804.
[74]Gas B, Demjanenko M, Vacik J. High-frequency contactless conductivity detection in isotachophoresis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,1980,192(2):253-257.
[75]Da S J A F, Do L C L. An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1998,70(20):4339-4343.
[76]Zemann A J, Schnell E, Volgger D, et al. Contactless Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1998,70(3):563-567.
[77]Kuban P, Hauser P C. A review of the recent achievements in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,607(1):15-29.
[78]Zemann A J. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis,2003,24(12-13):2125-2137.
[79]Pumera M. Contactless conductivity detection for microfluidics:Designs and applications[J]. Talanta,2007,74(3):358-364.
[80]Kuban P, Hauser P C. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques-recent developments[J]. Electrophoresis,2011,32(1):30-42.
[81]Gillespie E, Connolly D, Macka M, et al. Development of a contactless conductivity detector cell for 1.6 mm OD (1/16th inch) HPLC tubing and micro-bore columns with on-column detection[J]. Analyst,2008,133(8):1104-1110.
[82]Kuban P, Hauser P C. Fundamental aspects of contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Part Ⅰ:Frequency behavior and cell geometry[J]. Electrophoresis, 2004,25(20):3387-3397.
[83]Kuban P, Hauser P C. Fundamental aspects of contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Part Ⅱ:Signal-to-noise ratio and stray capacitance[J]. Electrophoresis, 2004,25(20):3398-3405.
[84]Wang L S, Zhang S F, Dang Z, et al. Running buffers for determination of chromium(Ⅵ)/(Ⅲ), cobalt(Ⅱ) and zinc(Ⅱ) in complex matrices by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection[J]. Talanta,2007,72(4):1342-1347.
[85]张水锋,王立世,党志等.方波激发非接触式电导检测器信噪比的影响因素研究[J].分析实验室,2008,27(2)：10-14.
[86]Kuban P, Karlberg B, Kuban V. Application of a contactless conductometric detector for the simultaneous determination of small anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis with dual-opposite end injection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2002,964(1-2):227-241.
[87]Fracassi D S J A, Guzman N, Do L C L. Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis:Hardware improvements and optimization of the input-signal amplitude and frequency[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2002,942(1-2):249-258.
[88]Tuma P, Opekar F, Stulik K. A contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis:Effects of the detection cell geometry on the detector performance[J]. Electrophoresis,2002,23(21):3718-3724.
[89]Mayrhofer K, Zemann A J, Schnell E, et al. Capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection of ions in narrow inner diameter capillaries[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1999,71 (17):3828-3833.
[90]Gas B, Zuska J, Coufal P, et al. Optimization of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis,2002,23(20):3520-3527.
[91]Kuban P, Hauser P C. A review of the recent achievements in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,607(1):15-29.
[92]Laugere F, Lubking G W, Berthold A, et al. Downscaling aspects of a conductivity detector for application in on-chip capillary electrophoresis[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,2001,92(1-3):109-114.
[93]Laugere F, Guijt R M, Bastemeijer J, et al. On-Chip Contactless Four-Electrode Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis Devices[J]. Analytical Chemistry,2003, 75(2):306-312.
[94]Shih C, Li W, Zheng S, et al. A Resonance-Induced Sensitivity Enhancement Method for Conductivity Sensors:Sensors,2006.5th IEEE Conference on, Daegu,2006[C]. IEEE.
[95]Kang Q, Shen D Z, Li Q L, et al. Reduction of the impedance of a contactless conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis:Compensation of the electrode impedance by addition of a series inductance from a piezoelectric quartz crystal[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2008,80(20):7826-7832.
[96]Jones J O, Zuber N. The interrelation between void fraction fluctuations and flow patterns in two-phase flow[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1975,2(3):273-306.
[97]Vince M A, Lahey J R. On the development of an objective flow regime indicator[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1982,8(2):93-124.
[98]杨福生.小波变换的工程分析与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
[99]张贤达.现代信号处理(第二版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[100]Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R, et al. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hubert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,1998,454(1971):903-995.
[101]Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R. A new view of nonlinear water waves:The Hilbert spectrum [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1999,31:417-457.
[102]Vapnik V N统计学习理论[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[103]Vapnik V N. An overview of statistical learning theory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,1999,10(5):988-999.
[104]Liu Y S, Rayens W. PLS and dimension reduction for classification[J]. Computational Statistics,2007,22(2):189-208.
[105]Cao L J, Chua K S, Chong W K, et al. A comparison of PCA, KPCA and ICA for dimensionality reduction in support vector machine[J]. Neurocomputing,2003,55(1-2): 321-336.
[106]边肇祺,张学工.模式识别[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2000.
[107]邓乃杨,田英杰.数据挖掘中的新方法——支持向量机[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[108]张学工.关于统计学习理论与支持向量机[J].自动化学报,2000,6(1)：32-42.
[109]Maimon O, Rokach L. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook(Second Edition)[M]. New York:Springer,2010.
[110]冼广铭,曾碧卿,冼广淋.支持向量机在分类和回归中的应用研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2008,44(27)：134-136.
[111]Suykens J A K, Vandewalle J. Least squares support vector machine classifiers[J]. Neural Processing Letters,1999,9(3):293-300.
[112]Suykens J A K, Vandewalle J. Recurrent least squares support vector machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,2000,47(7): 1109-1114.
[113]Wang H, Hu D. Comparison of SVM and LS-SVM for regression:Neural Networks and Brain,2005. ICNTM&B'05. International Conference on, Beijing,2005[C]. IEEE.
[114]何友,王国宏,陆大金等.多传感器信息融合及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2000.
[115]孙涛,张宏建.目标识别中的信息融合技术[J].自动化仪表,2001,22(2)：1-4.
[116]黄漫国,樊尚春,郑德智等.多传感器数据融合技术研究进展[J].传感器与微系统,2010(003)：5-8.
[117]Waltz E, Llinas J. Multisensor data fusion[M]. Artech House Norwood,1990.
[118]周鸣争,汪军.基于SVM的多传感器信息融合算法[J].仪器仪表学报,2005,26(4)：407-410.
[119]王耀南,李树涛.多传感器信息融合及其应用综述[J].控制与决策2001,16(5)：518-522.
[120]华鑫鹏,张辉宜,张岚.多传感器数据融合技术及其研究进展[J].中国仪器仪表,2008(5).
[121]高翔,王勇.数据融合技术综述[J].计算机测量与控制,2002,10(11).
[122]杨万海.多传感器数据融合及其应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[123]黄鹃,陈森发,亓霞等.基于粗集理论和支持向量机的多源信息融合方法及应用[J]. 模式识别与人工智能,2005,18(3)：354-358.
[124]冀海峰.小波分析技术在两相流检测中的应用研究[D].浙江大学控制科学与工程,2002.
[125]孙涛.基于数据融合技术的两相流流型辨识与流量测量方法研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2002.
[126]丁浩.新型信息处理技术在气液两相流流型辨识中的应用研究[D].浙江大学控制科学与工程,2005.
[127]Yao X, Liu Y. Fast evolution strategies[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Evolutionary Programming VI,1997,1213:149-161.
[128]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1999.
[l29]Back T, Schwefel H P. An overview of evolutionary algorithms for parameter optimization[J]. Evolutionary Computation,1993,1(1):1-23.
[130]Beyer H, Schwefel H. Evolution strategies-A comprehensive introduction[J]. Natural computing,2002,1 (1):3-52.
[131]Angeli P, Gavriilidis A. Hydrodynamics of Taylor flow in small channels:A review[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2008,222(5):737-751.
[132]Gupta R, Fletcher D, Haynes B. Taylor flow in microchannels:A review of experimental and computational work[J]. Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows,2010,2(1):1-31.
[133]Gupta R, Fletcher D F, Haynes B S. On the CFD modelling of Taylor flow in microchannels[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2009,64(12):2941-2950.
[134]Bretherton F P. The motion of long bubbles in tubes[J]. J. Fluid Mech.,1961,10:166-188.
[135]杨风暴,王肖霞.D-S证据理论的冲突证据合成方法[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2010.
[2]Hetsroni G. Handbook of multiphase systems[M]. Washington:Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,1982.
[3]李海青.两相流参数检测及应用[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,1991.
[4]林宗虎.气液两相流和沸腾传热学[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2003.
[5]Gary O, Pearson J R A. Flow-rate measurement in two-phase flow[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2004,36:149-172.
[6]Crowe C T. Multiphase flow handbook[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press,2006.
[7]阎昌琪.气液两相流[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2007.
[8]车得福,李会雄.多相流及其应用[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,2007.
[9]Rajan V S V, Rafa K G. Multiphase flow measurement techniques-a review[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology,1993,115(3):151-161.
[10]李海青,乔贺堂.多相流测试技术现状及趋势[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1996.
[11]董峰.多相流测量技术发展概况[J].国际学术动态,2002,5：13-14.
[12]刘强,郑莹娜.多相流多参数动态测量技术发展与应用[J].工业仪表与自动化装置,2000,6：52-54.
[13]林宗虎,王栋,王树众等.多相流的近期工程应用趋向[J].西安交通大学学报,2001,35(9)：886-890.
[14]Falcone G, Hewitt G F, Alimonti C, et al. Multiphase Flow Metering:Current Trends and Future Developments[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology,2002,54(4):77-84.
[15]郝丽,仇性启.两相流流动测试技术方法综述[J].通用机械,2006,(11)：66-68,81.
[16]Kawahara A, Chung P M, Kawaji M. Investigation of two-phase flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop in a microchannel[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2002, 28(9):1411-1435.
[17]Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-khalik S I. Two-phase flow in microchannels[M]. Chemistry and Biology of Hyaluronan, Elsevier,2001,34:2001.
[18]Saisorn S, Wongwises S. Flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop of two-phase air-water flow in a horizontal circular micro-channel[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2008,32(3):748-760.
[19]Dutkowski K. Two-phase pressure drop of air-water in minichannels[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2009,52(21-22):5185-5192.
[20]Kandlikar S G. Microchannels and minichannels-history, terminology, classification and current research needs:1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Rochester, New York, USA,2003[C]. ASME.
[21]Mehendale S S, Jacobi A M, Ahah R K. Fluid Flow and HeatTransfer at Micro-and Meso-Scales With Application to Heat Exchanger Design[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews.2000, 53(7):175-193.
[22]Suo M, Griffith P. Two-Phase Flow in Capillary Tubes[J]. J. Basic Eng.1964.
[23]Chen W L, Twu M C, Pan C. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in micro-channels[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2002,28(7):1235-1247.
[24]Brauner N, Maron D M. Identification of the range of small diameters conduits, regarding two-phase flow pattern transitions[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 1992,19(1):29-39.
[25]Revellin R, Dupont V, Ursenbacher T, et al. Characterization of diabatic two-phase flows in microchannels-Flow parameter results for R-134a in a 0.5 mm channel[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2006,32(7).
[26]Peter A K, Keith C. Correlations for the prediction of boiling heat transfer in small-diameter channels[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering.1997,17(8-10).
[27]Serizawa A, Feng Z, Kawara Z. Two-phase flow in microchannels[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2002,26(6-7):703-714.
[28]Triplett K A, Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-khalik S I, et al. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels Part I:two-phase flow patterns[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 1999,25(3):377-394.
[29]Akbar M K, Plummer D A, Ghiaasiaan S M. On gas-liquid two-phase flow regimes in microchannels[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.2003,29(5):855-865.
[30]国家自然科学基金委员会.工程热物理与能源利用[M].北京：科学出版社,1995.
[31]Oddie G, Pearson J R A. Flow-rate measurement in two-phase flow[J]. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics,2004.36:149-172.
[32]Triplett K A, Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-khalik S I, et al. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels Part Ⅱ:void fraction and pressure drop[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1999,25(3):395-410.
[33]Bao Z Y, Bosnish M G, Haynes B S. Estimation of Void Fraction and Pressure Drop for Two-phase Flow in Fine Passages[J]. Transactions Inst. Chemical Engineering,1994,72(5): 625-632.
[34]Barnea D, Luninski T, Taitel Y. Flow Pattern in Horizontal and Vertical Two Phase Flow in Small Diameter Pipes[J]. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,1983,61(5):617-620.
[35]Mandhane J M, Gregory A, Aziz K. A flow pattern map for gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1974,1(4):537-553.
[36]Wang L, Fu S F, Ji H F, et al. A C4D-based measurement system of gas-liquid two-phase flow[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2011,32(8):1334-1336.
[37]白博峰,郭烈锦,陈学俊.气液两相流流型在线智能识别[J].中国电机工程学报,2001(07).
[38]Baker O. Simultaneous Flow of Oil and Gas[J]. Oil and Gas.1954,53:185-195.
[39]Barnea D. Transition from annular flow and from dispersed bubble flow-unified models for the whole range of pipe inclinations[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1986, 12(5):733-744.
[40]Yang C Y, Shieh C C. Flow pattern of air-water and two-phase R-134a in small circular tubes[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2001,27(7):1163-1177.
[41]Baker O. Pipelines for Simultaneous flow of oil and gas[J]. The Oil and Gas Journal,1954, 53(12):185-195.
[42]Scott D S. Properties of co-current gas-liquid flow[J]. Advances in Chemical Engineering, 1963,4:199-277.
[43]Weisman J, Kang S Y. Flow pattern transitions in vertical and upwardly inclining line[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1981,7:271-291.
[44]Taitel Y, Dukler A E. A model for predicting flow regime transitions in horizontal and near horizontal gas-liquid flow[J]. AIChE Journal,1976,22(1):47-55.
[45]Tabatabai A, Faghri A. A New Two-Phase Flow Map and Transition Boundary Accounting for Surface Tension Effects in Horizontal Miniature and Micro Tubes[J]. ASME J. Heat Transfer,2001,123(5):958-968.
[46]Grauso S, Mastrullo R, Mauro A W, et al. Flow pattern map, heat transfer and pressure drops during evaporation of R-1234ze (E) and R134a in a horizontal, circular smooth tube: Experiments and assessment of predictive methods[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2012.
[47]Wojtan L, Ursenbacher T, Thome J R. Investigation of flow boiling in horizontal tubes: Part Ⅰ—A new diabatic two-phase flow pattern map[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2005,48(14):2955-2969.
[48]Wongwises S, Pipathattakul M. Flow pattern, pressure drop and void fraction of two-phase gas-liquid flow in an inclined narrow annular channel[J]. Experimental thermal and fluid science,2006,30(4):345-354.
[49]Ekberg N P, Ghiaasiaan S M, Abdel-Khalik S I, et al. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in narrow horizontal annuli[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design,1999,192:59-80.
[50]Keska J K, Smith M D, Williams B E. Comparison study of a cluster of four dynamic flow pattern discrimination techniques for multi-phase flow[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation.1999,10(2):65-77.
[51]Huang Z, Jiang W, Zhou X, et al. A new method of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection based on series resonance[J]. Sensors and Actuators, B:Chemical, 2009,143(1):239-245.
[52]秦树人,季忠,尹爱军.工程信号处理[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2008.
[53]Lockhart R W, Martinelli R C. Proposed correlation of data for isothermal two-phase, two-component flow in pipe[J]. Chemical Engineering Process,1949,45(1):39-48.
[54]Koyama S, Lee J, Yonemoto R. An investigation on void fraction of vapor-liquid two-phase flow for smooth and microfin tubes with R134a at adiabatic condition[J]. International journal of multiphase flow,2004,30(3):291-310.
[55]Leppinen D M, Dalziel S B. A light attenuation technique for void fraction measurement of microbubbles[J]. Experiments in Fluids,2001,30(2):214-220.
[56]Shen X, Mishima K, Nakamura H. Error reduction, evaluation and correction for the intrusive optical four-sensor probe measurement in multi-dimensional two-phase flow[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2008,51(3-4):882-895.
[57]Barrau E, Riviere N, Poupot C, et al. Single and double optical probes in air-water two-phase flows:real time signal processing and sensor performance[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1999,25(2):229-256.
[58]Morris D, Teyssedou A, Lapierre J, et al. Optical fiber probe to measure local void fraction profiles[J]. Applied Optics,1987,26(21):4660-4664.
[59]Murzyn F, Mouaze D, Chaplin J R. Optical fibre probe measurements of bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2005,31(1):141-154.
[60]Van Hout R, Barnea D, Shemer L. Translational velocities of elongated bubbles in continuous slug flow[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2002,28(8):1333-1350.
[61]Guet S, Fortunati R V, Mudde R F, et al. Bubble velocity and size measurement with a four-point optical fiber probe[J]. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 2003,20(3):219-230.
[62]沈熊.激光多普勒测速技术及应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[63]Boerner T, Martin W W, Leutheusser H J. Comparative Measurements in Bubbly Two-phase Flow Using Laser-Doppler and Hot-Film Velocimetry[J]. Chemical Engineering Communications,1984,28(1-3):29-43.
[64]Chiva S, Mendez S, Munoz-Cobo J L, et al. Experimental study on the two-phase flow characteristics using conductivity probes and Laser Doppler Anemometry in a vertical pipe[J]. Multiphase Flow:The Ultimate Measurement Challenge, Proceedings,2007,914:100-106.
[65]Deshpande N S, Prasad C V, Kulkarni A A, et al. Hydrodynamic characterization of dispersed two-phase flows by laser Doppler velocimeter[J]. Chemical Engineering Research & Design,2000,78(A6):903-910.
[66]Chemloul N S, Benrabah O. Measurement of velocities in two-phase flow by laser velocimetry:Interaction between solid particles' motion and turbulence[J]. Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of the ASME,2008,130(0713017).
[67]Panidis T. The development of the structure of water-air bubble grid turbulence[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2011,37(6):565-575.
[68]Maru K, Hu L Y. Lu R S, et al. Two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter using polarized beams and 90 degrees phase shift for discrimination of velocity direction[J]. Optik, 2011,122(11):974-977.
[69]Oriol J, Leclerc J P, Jallut C, et al. Characterization of the two-phase flow regimes and liquid dispersion in horizontal and vertical tubes by using coloured tracer and non-intrusive optical detector[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2008,63(1):24-34.
[70]Revellin R, Agostini B, Thome J R. Elongated bubbles in microchannels. Part Ⅱ: Experimental study and modeling of bubble collisions[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2008,34(6):602-613.
[71]Rahim E, Revellin R, Thome J, et al. Characterization and prediction of two-phase flow regimes in miniature tubes[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2011,37(1):12-23.
[72]Revellin R, Agostini B, Ursenbacher T, et al. Experimental investigation of velocity and length of elongated bubbles for flow of R-134a in a 0.5mm microchannel[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.2008,32(3):870-881.
[73]王保良,徐晓辉,冀海峰等.基于PSD原理的小管道两相流参数光学测量[J].工程热物理学报,2010(05)：801-804.
[74]Gas B, Demjanenko M, Vacik J. High-frequency contactless conductivity detection in isotachophoresis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,1980,192(2):253-257.
[75]Da S J A F, Do L C L. An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1998,70(20):4339-4343.
[76]Zemann A J, Schnell E, Volgger D, et al. Contactless Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1998,70(3):563-567.
[77]Kuban P, Hauser P C. A review of the recent achievements in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,607(1):15-29.
[78]Zemann A J. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis,2003,24(12-13):2125-2137.
[79]Pumera M. Contactless conductivity detection for microfluidics:Designs and applications[J]. Talanta,2007,74(3):358-364.
[80]Kuban P, Hauser P C. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques-recent developments[J]. Electrophoresis,2011,32(1):30-42.
[81]Gillespie E, Connolly D, Macka M, et al. Development of a contactless conductivity detector cell for 1.6 mm OD (1/16th inch) HPLC tubing and micro-bore columns with on-column detection[J]. Analyst,2008,133(8):1104-1110.
[82]Kuban P, Hauser P C. Fundamental aspects of contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Part Ⅰ:Frequency behavior and cell geometry[J]. Electrophoresis, 2004,25(20):3387-3397.
[83]Kuban P, Hauser P C. Fundamental aspects of contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Part Ⅱ:Signal-to-noise ratio and stray capacitance[J]. Electrophoresis, 2004,25(20):3398-3405.
[84]Wang L S, Zhang S F, Dang Z, et al. Running buffers for determination of chromium(Ⅵ)/(Ⅲ), cobalt(Ⅱ) and zinc(Ⅱ) in complex matrices by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection[J]. Talanta,2007,72(4):1342-1347.
[85]张水锋,王立世,党志等.方波激发非接触式电导检测器信噪比的影响因素研究[J].分析实验室,2008,27(2)：10-14.
[86]Kuban P, Karlberg B, Kuban V. Application of a contactless conductometric detector for the simultaneous determination of small anions and cations by capillary electrophoresis with dual-opposite end injection[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2002,964(1-2):227-241.
[87]Fracassi D S J A, Guzman N, Do L C L. Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis:Hardware improvements and optimization of the input-signal amplitude and frequency[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2002,942(1-2):249-258.
[88]Tuma P, Opekar F, Stulik K. A contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis:Effects of the detection cell geometry on the detector performance[J]. Electrophoresis,2002,23(21):3718-3724.
[89]Mayrhofer K, Zemann A J, Schnell E, et al. Capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection of ions in narrow inner diameter capillaries[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1999,71 (17):3828-3833.
[90]Gas B, Zuska J, Coufal P, et al. Optimization of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis,2002,23(20):3520-3527.
[91]Kuban P, Hauser P C. A review of the recent achievements in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2008,607(1):15-29.
[92]Laugere F, Lubking G W, Berthold A, et al. Downscaling aspects of a conductivity detector for application in on-chip capillary electrophoresis[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical,2001,92(1-3):109-114.
[93]Laugere F, Guijt R M, Bastemeijer J, et al. On-Chip Contactless Four-Electrode Conductivity Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis Devices[J]. Analytical Chemistry,2003, 75(2):306-312.
[94]Shih C, Li W, Zheng S, et al. A Resonance-Induced Sensitivity Enhancement Method for Conductivity Sensors:Sensors,2006.5th IEEE Conference on, Daegu,2006[C]. IEEE.
[95]Kang Q, Shen D Z, Li Q L, et al. Reduction of the impedance of a contactless conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis:Compensation of the electrode impedance by addition of a series inductance from a piezoelectric quartz crystal[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2008,80(20):7826-7832.
[96]Jones J O, Zuber N. The interrelation between void fraction fluctuations and flow patterns in two-phase flow[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1975,2(3):273-306.
[97]Vince M A, Lahey J R. On the development of an objective flow regime indicator[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow.1982,8(2):93-124.
[98]杨福生.小波变换的工程分析与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1999.
[99]张贤达.现代信号处理(第二版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[100]Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R, et al. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hubert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,1998,454(1971):903-995.
[101]Huang N E, Shen Z, Long S R. A new view of nonlinear water waves:The Hilbert spectrum [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,1999,31:417-457.
[102]Vapnik V N统计学习理论[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[103]Vapnik V N. An overview of statistical learning theory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,1999,10(5):988-999.
[104]Liu Y S, Rayens W. PLS and dimension reduction for classification[J]. Computational Statistics,2007,22(2):189-208.
[105]Cao L J, Chua K S, Chong W K, et al. A comparison of PCA, KPCA and ICA for dimensionality reduction in support vector machine[J]. Neurocomputing,2003,55(1-2): 321-336.
[106]边肇祺,张学工.模式识别[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2000.
[107]邓乃杨,田英杰.数据挖掘中的新方法——支持向量机[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[108]张学工.关于统计学习理论与支持向量机[J].自动化学报,2000,6(1)：32-42.
[109]Maimon O, Rokach L. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook(Second Edition)[M]. New York:Springer,2010.
[110]冼广铭,曾碧卿,冼广淋.支持向量机在分类和回归中的应用研究[J].计算机工程与应用,2008,44(27)：134-136.
[111]Suykens J A K, Vandewalle J. Least squares support vector machine classifiers[J]. Neural Processing Letters,1999,9(3):293-300.
[112]Suykens J A K, Vandewalle J. Recurrent least squares support vector machines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,2000,47(7): 1109-1114.
[113]Wang H, Hu D. Comparison of SVM and LS-SVM for regression:Neural Networks and Brain,2005. ICNTM&B'05. International Conference on, Beijing,2005[C]. IEEE.
[114]何友,王国宏,陆大金等.多传感器信息融合及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2000.
[115]孙涛,张宏建.目标识别中的信息融合技术[J].自动化仪表,2001,22(2)：1-4.
[116]黄漫国,樊尚春,郑德智等.多传感器数据融合技术研究进展[J].传感器与微系统,2010(003)：5-8.
[117]Waltz E, Llinas J. Multisensor data fusion[M]. Artech House Norwood,1990.
[118]周鸣争,汪军.基于SVM的多传感器信息融合算法[J].仪器仪表学报,2005,26(4)：407-410.
[119]王耀南,李树涛.多传感器信息融合及其应用综述[J].控制与决策2001,16(5)：518-522.
[120]华鑫鹏,张辉宜,张岚.多传感器数据融合技术及其研究进展[J].中国仪器仪表,2008(5).
[121]高翔,王勇.数据融合技术综述[J].计算机测量与控制,2002,10(11).
[122]杨万海.多传感器数据融合及其应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004.
[123]黄鹃,陈森发,亓霞等.基于粗集理论和支持向量机的多源信息融合方法及应用[J]. 模式识别与人工智能,2005,18(3)：354-358.
[124]冀海峰.小波分析技术在两相流检测中的应用研究[D].浙江大学控制科学与工程,2002.
[125]孙涛.基于数据融合技术的两相流流型辨识与流量测量方法研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2002.
[126]丁浩.新型信息处理技术在气液两相流流型辨识中的应用研究[D].浙江大学控制科学与工程,2005.
[127]Yao X, Liu Y. Fast evolution strategies[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Evolutionary Programming VI,1997,1213:149-161.
[128]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1999.
[l29]Back T, Schwefel H P. An overview of evolutionary algorithms for parameter optimization[J]. Evolutionary Computation,1993,1(1):1-23.
[130]Beyer H, Schwefel H. Evolution strategies-A comprehensive introduction[J]. Natural computing,2002,1 (1):3-52.
[131]Angeli P, Gavriilidis A. Hydrodynamics of Taylor flow in small channels:A review[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2008,222(5):737-751.
[132]Gupta R, Fletcher D, Haynes B. Taylor flow in microchannels:A review of experimental and computational work[J]. Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows,2010,2(1):1-31.
[133]Gupta R, Fletcher D F, Haynes B S. On the CFD modelling of Taylor flow in microchannels[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2009,64(12):2941-2950.
[134]Bretherton F P. The motion of long bubbles in tubes[J]. J. Fluid Mech.,1961,10:166-188.
[135]杨风暴,王肖霞.D-S证据理论的冲突证据合成方法[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2010.