PVDF咀嚼力测试仪的研制及松动牙咀嚼生理功能的研究
|
摘要
修复牙列缺损不但要修复缺牙、恢复咀嚼功能，也要维护牙列的完整性、保护余留牙，尤其是可保留的松动牙的健康。松动牙由于牙槽骨吸收，患牙的咬合及邻接关系等发生变化，对力的耐受阈也降低，(牙合)力作用在患牙上易使牙周负担过重，加速牙周组织的破坏。然而，一些病变程度较轻或经适当处理的松动牙可以长期保留，甚至选作义齿基牙，这对避免过多拔牙、保存牙槽骨、减少磨切天然牙的数量、义齿设计简洁及取戴方便、舒适等有着非常重要的意义。松动牙的诊治及松动基牙的义齿设计是临床修复工作中较为棘手的问题之一。因此，正确评估松动牙的生理功能状况、合理设计义齿、减小松动牙在咀嚼过程中的受力是维护患牙健康、延长松动基牙寿命以及保证义齿长期有效地行使功能的关键。但是目前尚未有测量咀嚼运动中单个天然牙(牙合)面咀嚼力变化的测试仪器报道，有关松动牙最大(牙合)力与其影响因素的关系及松动牙咀嚼力变化特点的研究文献报道也较少。
为此，本研究通过临床调查，分析了牙齿松动后，最大(牙合)力值的变化规律以及影响松动牙受力因素，包括牙槽骨吸收程度、冠根比、邻接关系、(牙合)关系、牙齿磨耗程度等；采用PVDF压电薄膜作为传感元件，首次研制出适用于测量单个天然牙咀嚼力的测量系统，并对PVDF压电薄膜的刺激性、细胞毒性、致敏性、溶血性能作以初步评价；采用所研制的咀嚼力测量系统，分析了正常牙与松动牙在紧咬、叩齿、侧（牙合）等功能运动中咀
第四军医大学博士学位论文
嚼力变化的规律。
研究结果表明：
1．松动牙最大邪功值因个体间和牙位不同存在明显差异；最大邪功值与
牙槽骨吸收程度间有明显负相关关系；最大邪功值与冠根比值呈幂函
数相关，冠根比值增加，最大邪功值降低。
2．邪面磨耗程度与牙松动度有着密切的关系，松动牙多为l、2度磨耗，
未见4度磨耗：无明显松动与11、IH度松动者磨耗程度值间有显著差
异，11、Ill度松动之间无明显差异；松动之前牙磨耗点的位置与正常牙
一致，后牙磨耗点的位置呈不规则分布。
3．牙松动易于导致前牙覆邪探、超邪大的邪型；当相邻两牙均为1度松
动或有一牙超过11度松动时，邻接关系丧失。
4．PVDF压电薄膜具有良好的生物相容性；其面积的大小、弯曲程度对测
量结果影响较小；PVDF咀嚼力测试仪传感器测试头薄、性能稳定、动
态灵敏度高、信噪比较高、重复性好，适用于临床直接测定。
5．叩齿运动中正常牙的咀嚼力峰值平均为24～27kg，到达峰值的时间为
100～11 oms；紧咬运动的最大咀嚼力峰值为 27～30kg，到达峰值的时
间为800ms左右；侧贩动最大咀嚼力峰值为26～28kg，咀嚼力变化
可分为5个阶段。具有偏侧咀嚼习惯的受试者，在叩齿、紧咬和侧胎
运动中，主要功能侧的最大咀嚼力峰值大于非主要功能侧，到达峰值的
时间短。
6．叩齿、紧咬、侧邪运动中松动牙的最大咀嚼力峰值小于健侧，到达峰
值的时间长。因此，在咀嚼运动中，松动牙咀嚼力觎上升速度均比正
常牙要低。
由此提示，在临床义齿修复的口腔预备中，有必要对松动牙进行调邪
以减小咀嚼运动中所受到的侧向力，通过降粕以改善患牙的冠根比，减小
．二－
第四军医大学博士学位论文
根周应力；在义齿设计中，在松动牙上设置越能支托、邻间钩、高位卡
等，如有必要也可以采用牙周夹板，以起到固定松动牙、减小松动牙位移
的作用，使修复体获得良好的远期疗效。
The restoration of dentition meant not only to fill the missing teeth and increase the efficiency of mastication, but also to maintain the integrity of dentition and the health of residual teeth, especially loosen teeth that could be reserved. Bone resorption might lead to teeth mobility and the change of occlusal pattern and proximal relationship. Also, the endurant threshold to bite force decreased. Occlusal loads within the normal range to loosen teeth would lead to broken down of periodontal tissues. But by appropriate treatments, loosen teeth of low-grade could be used for a long term, and even took the part of abutments of dentures. This was very important, because of more teeth and bone tissues remained, less dental tissues cut, concise denture designs, more comfortable and convenience to denture wearers. The treatments and denture designs of patients with loosen teeth were a hot potato. So, precisely estimating the functional states of loosen teeth, dentures of suitably designed, decreasing the stress of periodontal tissues during functional movements were the crux of perennial curative effects of restoration. At present, there was no method reported to test the dynamic chewing forces of a single natural tooth in its physiological movements, and there were a limited number of studies about the maximal bite forces and influencing factors.
The aims of this study were to determine the rules of bite force changes and
some factors, including proximal contact, bone support level, crown to root ratio, occlusal relationship of anterior teeth and tooth wear of loosen teeth. For further studying of dynamic chewing forces, we developed a new system of PVDF-based, which could be used in natural teeth as well as dentures. The biological security, including thrill, cell toxicity, hypersusceptibility and hemolysis characteristics, were also examined. Then, we evaluated the chewing forces during three basal functional movements-tapping, biting and laterotrusion, using the new instrument. The following results were obtained:
1. The values of maximum bite force were various according to individuals and the sites of teeth in dental arches. Alveolar bone resorption resulted in decreasing of maximal bite force. There was an exponential relationship between maximal bite force and crown to root ratio.
2. There was a close relationship between tooth wear index and tooth mobility. The tooth wear indices of mobile teeth mainly ranged from 1 ~2. Stable teeth had different tooth wear indices to mobile teeth of II III degree, while tooth wear indices were similar between mobile teeth of II III degree. The locations of tooth wear facets of mobile anterior teeth were the same as health teeth; while those of posterior teeth were anomaly distributing.
3. Patients with loosen teeth inclined to have abnormal overbite and overjet relationships of anterior teeth. The proximal contacts lost if the mobilities of the neighboring two teeth were both I degree or one of them exceeded II degree.
4. The results of biological security evaluation indicated that the PVDF piezoelectricity film had good biocompatibility, which meant it was a secure and reliable material for clinical application. The size and bending shape had little effect on capability of PVDF-based transducer. The new system was stable and
sensitive to dynamic forces, and could be used in clinical examination.
5. The peak values during rhythmic tapping movements of natural first lower molars were 24 to 27 kg, to which 100 to 110 ms needed; in the movements of opening-closing with maximal forces, the peak values were 27 to 30 kg, 800 ms needed; in laterotrusions, the peak values were 26 to 28 kg, the courses of chewing forces patterns might be divided into 5 phases. The peak values of chewing forces in the working sides were higher than the other sides.
6. The peak values during rhythmic tapping movements, opening-closing movements, laterotrusions of loosen teeth were smaller than healthy teeth, and the times needed were longer.
In teeth
为此，本研究通过临床调查，分析了牙齿松动后，最大(牙合)力值的变化规律以及影响松动牙受力因素，包括牙槽骨吸收程度、冠根比、邻接关系、(牙合)关系、牙齿磨耗程度等；采用PVDF压电薄膜作为传感元件，首次研制出适用于测量单个天然牙咀嚼力的测量系统，并对PVDF压电薄膜的刺激性、细胞毒性、致敏性、溶血性能作以初步评价；采用所研制的咀嚼力测量系统，分析了正常牙与松动牙在紧咬、叩齿、侧（牙合）等功能运动中咀
第四军医大学博士学位论文
嚼力变化的规律。
研究结果表明：
1．松动牙最大邪功值因个体间和牙位不同存在明显差异；最大邪功值与
牙槽骨吸收程度间有明显负相关关系；最大邪功值与冠根比值呈幂函
数相关，冠根比值增加，最大邪功值降低。
2．邪面磨耗程度与牙松动度有着密切的关系，松动牙多为l、2度磨耗，
未见4度磨耗：无明显松动与11、IH度松动者磨耗程度值间有显著差
异，11、Ill度松动之间无明显差异；松动之前牙磨耗点的位置与正常牙
一致，后牙磨耗点的位置呈不规则分布。
3．牙松动易于导致前牙覆邪探、超邪大的邪型；当相邻两牙均为1度松
动或有一牙超过11度松动时，邻接关系丧失。
4．PVDF压电薄膜具有良好的生物相容性；其面积的大小、弯曲程度对测
量结果影响较小；PVDF咀嚼力测试仪传感器测试头薄、性能稳定、动
态灵敏度高、信噪比较高、重复性好，适用于临床直接测定。
5．叩齿运动中正常牙的咀嚼力峰值平均为24～27kg，到达峰值的时间为
100～11 oms；紧咬运动的最大咀嚼力峰值为 27～30kg，到达峰值的时
间为800ms左右；侧贩动最大咀嚼力峰值为26～28kg，咀嚼力变化
可分为5个阶段。具有偏侧咀嚼习惯的受试者，在叩齿、紧咬和侧胎
运动中，主要功能侧的最大咀嚼力峰值大于非主要功能侧，到达峰值的
时间短。
6．叩齿、紧咬、侧邪运动中松动牙的最大咀嚼力峰值小于健侧，到达峰
值的时间长。因此，在咀嚼运动中，松动牙咀嚼力觎上升速度均比正
常牙要低。
由此提示，在临床义齿修复的口腔预备中，有必要对松动牙进行调邪
以减小咀嚼运动中所受到的侧向力，通过降粕以改善患牙的冠根比，减小
．二－
第四军医大学博士学位论文
根周应力；在义齿设计中，在松动牙上设置越能支托、邻间钩、高位卡
等，如有必要也可以采用牙周夹板，以起到固定松动牙、减小松动牙位移
的作用，使修复体获得良好的远期疗效。
The restoration of dentition meant not only to fill the missing teeth and increase the efficiency of mastication, but also to maintain the integrity of dentition and the health of residual teeth, especially loosen teeth that could be reserved. Bone resorption might lead to teeth mobility and the change of occlusal pattern and proximal relationship. Also, the endurant threshold to bite force decreased. Occlusal loads within the normal range to loosen teeth would lead to broken down of periodontal tissues. But by appropriate treatments, loosen teeth of low-grade could be used for a long term, and even took the part of abutments of dentures. This was very important, because of more teeth and bone tissues remained, less dental tissues cut, concise denture designs, more comfortable and convenience to denture wearers. The treatments and denture designs of patients with loosen teeth were a hot potato. So, precisely estimating the functional states of loosen teeth, dentures of suitably designed, decreasing the stress of periodontal tissues during functional movements were the crux of perennial curative effects of restoration. At present, there was no method reported to test the dynamic chewing forces of a single natural tooth in its physiological movements, and there were a limited number of studies about the maximal bite forces and influencing factors.
The aims of this study were to determine the rules of bite force changes and
some factors, including proximal contact, bone support level, crown to root ratio, occlusal relationship of anterior teeth and tooth wear of loosen teeth. For further studying of dynamic chewing forces, we developed a new system of PVDF-based, which could be used in natural teeth as well as dentures. The biological security, including thrill, cell toxicity, hypersusceptibility and hemolysis characteristics, were also examined. Then, we evaluated the chewing forces during three basal functional movements-tapping, biting and laterotrusion, using the new instrument. The following results were obtained:
1. The values of maximum bite force were various according to individuals and the sites of teeth in dental arches. Alveolar bone resorption resulted in decreasing of maximal bite force. There was an exponential relationship between maximal bite force and crown to root ratio.
2. There was a close relationship between tooth wear index and tooth mobility. The tooth wear indices of mobile teeth mainly ranged from 1 ~2. Stable teeth had different tooth wear indices to mobile teeth of II III degree, while tooth wear indices were similar between mobile teeth of II III degree. The locations of tooth wear facets of mobile anterior teeth were the same as health teeth; while those of posterior teeth were anomaly distributing.
3. Patients with loosen teeth inclined to have abnormal overbite and overjet relationships of anterior teeth. The proximal contacts lost if the mobilities of the neighboring two teeth were both I degree or one of them exceeded II degree.
4. The results of biological security evaluation indicated that the PVDF piezoelectricity film had good biocompatibility, which meant it was a secure and reliable material for clinical application. The size and bending shape had little effect on capability of PVDF-based transducer. The new system was stable and
sensitive to dynamic forces, and could be used in clinical examination.
5. The peak values during rhythmic tapping movements of natural first lower molars were 24 to 27 kg, to which 100 to 110 ms needed; in the movements of opening-closing with maximal forces, the peak values were 27 to 30 kg, 800 ms needed; in laterotrusions, the peak values were 26 to 28 kg, the courses of chewing forces patterns might be divided into 5 phases. The peak values of chewing forces in the working sides were higher than the other sides.
6. The peak values during rhythmic tapping movements, opening-closing movements, laterotrusions of loosen teeth were smaller than healthy teeth, and the times needed were longer.
In teeth
引文
1．王惠芸主编．口腔解剖生理学(第二版)．第四军医大学．西安 1987
2.Jack DP. Glossary of prosthodonfic terms. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58(6):713～763
3．王惠芸主编．(牙合)学．人民卫生出版社，北京，1990
4.Wilding RJ. The association between chewing efficiency and overload contact area in man. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38(7):589～596
5．张建综述．咀嚼功能研究进展．国外医学口腔分册1986：3(13)：173～176
6．姚月玲等，微机化多功能(牙合)力仪的研制及应用．实用口腔医学杂志1996；12(1)：17～19
7.Paphangkorakit J and Osborn JW. Effects on human maximum bite force of biting on a softer or harder object. Arch Oral Biol 1998;43(11):833～839
8.Morimoto T, Abekura H, Tokuyama H, et al. Alteration in the bite force: An EMG activity with changes in the vertical dimension of edentulous subjects. J Oral Rehabil 1996;23(5):336～341
9.Prombonas A, Vlissidis D and Molyvdas P. The effect of altering the vertical dimension of occlusion on biting force. J Prosthet Dent 1994;71(2):139～143
10.Leenier TJ, Throckmorton GS and Ellis E. Effects of local anesthesia on bite force generation and electromyographic activity. J Oral Maxil Surg 1991; 49(4):360～365
11.Shiau YY, Peng CC and Hsu CW. Evaluation of biting performance with standardized test-foods. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(5):447～452
12．张来虎，王莉摘．年轻女性咬合力与全身状况及咀嚼活动量的评价[日]．国外医学口腔分册1999；26(2)：125
13.Braun S, Bantleon HP, Hnat WP, et al. A study of bite force. Part 1: relationship to various physical characteristics. Angle Orthod 1995;65(5):367～372
14.Bakke M, Holm B, Jensen BL, et al. Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8-68 year old women and men related to occlusal factors. Scand J Dent Res 1990;98(2): 149～158
15.Sato-S, Ohta-M, Sawatari-M, et al. Occlusal contact area, occlusal pressure, bite force, and masticatory efficiency in patients with anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(11):906～911
16.Carlsson GE. Bite force and chewing deficiency. In frontier of Oral Physiology Vol 1. 1974;265～292
17.Howell AH and Manly RS. An electronic strain gauge for measuring oral force. J Dent Res 1948;27(6):705～712
18.Howell AH and Brudevold F. Vertical forces used during chewing of food. J Dent Res 1950;29(2):133～139
19.Anderson DJ. A method of recording masficatory loads. J Dent Res 1953;32(6):785～789
20.Gibbs CH, Maham PE, Lundeen HL, et al. Occlusal forces during chewing and swallowing as measured by sound transmission. J Prosthet Dent 1981 ;46(4):443～449
21.Gibbs CH, Maham PE, Lundeen HL, et al. Occlusal forces during chewinginfluences of biting strength and food consistency. J Prosthet Dent 1981;46(5):561～567
22．杨宠莹，徐文俊，郝丽萍等．压电薄膜式(牙合)力测定仪(PEF-1型)的研制及临床初步应用．口腔医学1988；8(1)：18～20
23.Proffit WR and Fields HW. Occlusal forces In normal and long-face children. J Dent Res 1983;62(5):571～574
24．刘新明．袖珍式数字胎力计研制．中国医疗器械杂志1996；20(1)：34～35、37
25．黎向宇，刘新明．牙(牙合)力计的研制．北京生物医学工程1994；13(2)：103～106
26．王惠芸，施纪泽，颜朝云等．新(牙合)力仪及(牙合)力测定．实用口腔医学杂志 1987；3(2)：67～71
27．赵云凤，肖茂春，高宁等．MFB-1型(牙合)力仪的研制和应用．华西口腔医学杂志1991；9(2)：111～112
28．张加理，江淑贞，徐庐生等．MOF-1型(牙合)力微机测定系统．浙江医科大学学报1987；16(5)：226～228
29.Lundgren D and LaureU L. The occlusal force pattern in prosthetically restored dentitions: A methodological study. J Oral Rehabil 1984;11(1):29～37
30.Lundgren D and Laurell L. Occlusal force pattern during chewing and biting in dentitions restored with fixed bridges of cross-arch extension. 1. J Oral Rehabil 1986; 13(1):57～71
31.Laurell L and Lundgren D. A standardized program for studying the occlusal force pattern during chewing and biting in prosthetically restored dentitions. J Oral Rehabil 1984;11(1):39～44
32．姚月玲等．微型口内测力传感器的研制与临床应用．上海生物医学工程杂志 1995；16(2)：25
33．姚月玲等．不同垂直距离全口义齿的咀嚼力测试研究．上海口腔医学杂志 1997；6(增)：138～140
34.Bearn EM. Effect of different occlusal profiles on the masticatory forces transmitted by complete dentures. Br Dent J 1973;134(1):7～10
35.Cutright DE, Brudvik JS, Gay WD, et al. Tissue pressure under complete maxillary dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1976;35(2): 160～170
36.Watson CJ and Huggett R. Pressures recorded at the denture base-mucosal surface interface in complete denture wearers. J Oral Rehabil 1987;14(6):575
37.Michael CG, Jacids NS, Colaizzi FA, et al. Biting strength and chewing forces in complete denture wearers. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63(5):549～553
38.Watson CJ and Abdut WD. The development of an in expensive pressure transducer for use at the denture base-mucosal surface interface. Br Dent J 1984;156(4): 135～140
39． Ogata K. Clinical measurement of lateral forces exerted to abutment teeth in removable partial dentures-a preliminary report. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch 1983;23:179
40． Ogata-K and Satoh-M. Centre and magnitude of vertical forces in complete denture wearers. J Oral Rehabil 1995;22(2) :113-119
41． Halperin. Thickness, strength and plastic deformation of occlusal registration strips. J Prosthet Dent 1982;48:575-578
42． Proffit WR and Fields HW. Occlusal forces in normal and long-face adults. J Dent Res 1983;62(5) :566-570
43． Scott I and Ash MM. A six-channel intraoral transmitter for measuring occlusal forces. J Prosthet Dent 1966;16(1) :56-61
44． Mccall WD, Boever JAD, Ash MM, et al. Telemetry system to study functional occlusal forces. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40(1) :98-102
45． Boever JA, Mccall WD, Holden S, et al. Functional occlusal forces: An investigation by telemetry. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40(3) :326-333
46． Yamashita S and Mizutani H. Tooth contact patterns in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil 1991; 18(5) :431-437
47． Dawson PE and Arcan M. Attaining harmonic occlusion through visualized strain analysis. J Prosthet Dent 1981;46(6) :615-621
48． Hsu M, Palla S and Gallo LM. Sensitivity and reliability of the T-scan system for occlusal analysis. J Crani Disord Facial Oral Pain 1992;6(1) :17-23
49． Kazuyoshi Baba, Yoshihiro Tsukiyama and Glenn TC. Reliability, validity, and utility of various measurement methods and techniques. J Prosthet Dent 2000;83(1) :83-9
50． Finnegan FJ. Determination of maxillomandibular force generated during deglutition. J Prosthet Dent 1967;17(2) :134-143
51． 韩科综述．(？)力测量．国外医学口腔分册1989；16(5) ：279-281
52． Korioth TW, Waldrom TW, Versluis A, et al. Forces and moment generated at the dental incisors during forceful biting in humans. J Biomech 1997;30(6) :631-633
53． Gay T, Rendell J, Majoureau A, et al. Estimating human bite forces from the electromyogram/bite-force function. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39(2) : 111-115
54． 赵云凤，叶德临．不同年龄正常牙(？)力值的测定．华西医科大学学报 1994：25(4) ：414-417
55． Kiliaridis S, Kjellberg H, Wenneberg B, et al. The relationship between maximal bite force, bite force endurance, and facial morphology during growth. A cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand 1993;51(5) :323-331
56． Hidaka O, Iwasaki M and Saito. Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure. J Dent Res 1999;78(7) :1336-1344
57． Kikuchi M, Korioth TW and Hannam AG. The association among occlusal contact clenching effort, and bite force distribution in man. J Dent Res 1997;76(6) :1316-1325
58． Shinogaya T and Matsumoto M. Evaluation of prosthodontic treatment by occlusal force distribution: a methological study. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent 1998;6(3) :121-125
59． 程永喜，张雪华．全口义齿患者的咀嚼效率和最大咬合力．临床口腔医学杂志 1994；10(1) ：29-30
60． Michael CA, Javid NS and Colaizzi FA. Biting strength and chewing forces in complete denture wearers. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63(5) :549-553
61． Watanabe T. Study of masticatory forces of complete denture wearers. Kokubyo Gakkailasshi 1990;57(1) :16-31
62． Fontijin TEA, Slagter AP, Vants MA, et al. Bite forces with mandibular implant-retained overdentures. J Dent Res 1998; 77(10) : 1832-1839
63．王宝成译．ITI种植体用于部分牙缺失患者咬合力及口腔感觉的研究[日]．国外医学口腔分册1997；24(2)：123
64．张桂云，王雅北，张艺权．重度(牙合)磨损(牙合)重建患者的(牙合)力与肌电研究．实用口腔医学杂志1998；14(4)：305～306
65．王克伦，王淑英，杨朝晖．对磨牙症患者肌松弛治疗与(牙合)垫治疗的效果分析．中华口腔医学杂志1998；33(5)：300～302
66.Hamada T, Kotani H, Kawazoe Y, et al. Effects of occlusal splint on the EMG activity of masseter and temporal muscles In bruxism with clinical symptom. J Oral Rehabil 1982;9(1): 119～123
67.Mejias JE and Mehta NR. Subjective and objective evaluation of bmxisming patients under going short-term splint therapy. J Oral Rehabil 1982;9(2):279～289
68．吴织芬，万玲，颜朝云．牙周炎患者的咬合、颞颌关节与肌电的研究．实用口腔医学杂志1990；6(1)：39～41
69．吴织芬，王惠芸，万玲等．牙周炎患者的(牙合)力、肌功能及下颌运动轨迹描计．牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志 1994；4(2)：81～82
70.Mcguire MK and Nunn ME. Progress venus actual outcome. Ⅳ the effectiveness of clinical parameters and IL-1 genotype in accurately predicting progress and tooth survival. J Periodontal 1999;70(1):49～56
71.Mcguire MK and Nunn ME. Progress venus actual outcome.Ⅲthe effectiveness of clinical parameters in accurately predicting progress and tooth suvival. J Periodontal 1996;67(7):666～674
72.Mcguire MK and Nunn ME. Progress versus actual outcome. Ⅱthe effectiveness of clinical parameters in developing an accurate prognosis. J Periodontal 1996;67(7):658～665
73.Sato SJ, Ohta M, Sawatari M, et al. Occlusal contact area, occlusal pressure, bite force, and masficatory efficiency in patients with anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(11):906～911
74.Raadsheer MC, Eijden TM, Ginkel FC, et al. Contribution of jaw muscle size and craniofacial morphology to human bite force magnitude. J Dent Res 1999;78(1):31～ 42
75.Gay T, Rendell J, Majoureau A, et al. Estimating incisal bite forces from the electromyograrn/bite-force function. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39(2): 111～115
76．姚月玲，欧阳官，汪文骏等．无牙颌患者咀嚼肌肌电值与咬合力间的关系．第四军医大学学报1996；17(4)：295～297
77.Hiram H. An effect of the clenching speed on the method of calculating the bite force of patients by using electromyography. Tsummi Shigaku 1989; 15(1):211～233
78.Manns A, Miralles R and Guerrero F. The changes in electrical activity of the postural muscles of the mandible upon varying the vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1981; 45(4):438～445
79.Boucher LJ. Can biting force be used as a criterion for registering vertical dimension? J Prosthet Dent 1959;9(4):594～599
80.Tueller VM. The relationship between the vertical dimension of occlusion and forces generated by closing muscles of mastication. J Prosthet Dent 1969;22(3):284～288
81.Lindauer SJ, Gay T and Rendell J. Electromyographic-force characteristics in the assessment of oral function. J Dent Res 1991;70(11):1417～1421
82．姚月玲，欧阳官，郭天文等．(牙合)力与全口义齿垂直距离关系的研究-咬合力测试．实用口腔医学杂志1997；13(3)：209～210
83．韩科，王(每充)英，谭京等．对咀嚼压力的模拟以及对食物粉碎力的测定．口腔医学．1993；13(4)：169～170
84．徐君伍主编．口腔修复学(第三版)．北京．人民卫生出版社1994；293～295
85.Gher ME. Changing concepts: The effects of occlusion on periodontitis. Dent Clin Prosthet Dent 2000;83(4):480～481
North Am 1998;42(2) :285-99
86． Miyaura K, Matsuka Y, Morita M, et al. Comparison of biting forces in different age and sex groups: a study of biting efficiency with mobile and non-mobile teeth. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(3) :223-227
87． Kasahara K. Observations of interproximal contact relationship during function. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 1999;66(4) :370-381
88． Southard TE, Southard KA and Tolley EA. Variation of approximal tooth contact tightness with postural change. J Dent Res 1990;69(11) :1776-1779
89． Serio FG. Clinical rationale for tooth stabilization and splinting. Dent Clin North Am 1999;43(1) :1-6
90． 江信元，周鲸渊，沈文微等．永久性牙周夹板的光弹应力分析．中华口腔医学杂 志1987；22(3) ：171-174
91． Berg T and Caputo AA. Maxillary distal-extension removable partial denture abutments with reduced periodontal support. J Prosthet Dent 1993;70(3) :245-250
92． Pan S, Yin Y and Yeng H. Three-dimensional finite element analysis and camparison of stress distribution in overdentures supported with bar attachments and telescopic crowns. Chin J Dent Res 1999;2(1) :21-30
93． Suzuki T, Kumagai H, Yoshitomi, et al. Clinical evaluation of system of occlusal force. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 1994;61(3) :437-445
94． Ward HL and Weinberg LA. An evaluation of periodontal splinting. J.A.D.A 1961;63(1) :48-54
95． Pollack-RP. Non-crown and bridge stabilization of severely mobile, periodontally involved teeth. A 25-year perspective. Dent Clin North Am 1999;43(1) :77-103
96． 周书敏，朱希涛，高鹏飞等．牙周支持组织三维光弹性应力分析．中华口腔医学 杂志1987：22(6) ：313～316
97． Picton CA. Viscoelastic properties of the periodontal ligament and mucous membrane. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40(2) :263-272
98． Muhlemann HR, Sanih S and Klaus H. Tooth mobility its cause and significance. J Periodontol 1965;36(2) :148-153
99． Korber KH. Electric registration of tooth movements. Int Den J 1971;21(4) :466-477
100． Dombret J. Tooth mobility and containment. Rev Beige Med Dent 1989;44(2) :98-109
101． Parfitt GJ. Measurement of the physiological mobility of individual teeth in an axial direction. J Dent Res 1960;39(3) :608-618
102． Picton CA. The effect on normal vertical tooth mobility of the rate of thrust and time between thrusts. Archs Oral Biol 1963;8(3) :291-299
103． Muhlemann HR and Minneapolis. Tooth mobility the measuring method initial and secondary tooth mobility. J Periodontol 1954;25(1) :22-29
104． Muhlemann HR, Zander HA, Minncapolics, et al. Tooth mobility Ⅲ the mechanism of tooth mobility. J Periodontol 1954;25(2) :128-137
105． Svanberg G. Influence of trauma from occlussion of the periodontium of dogs with normal or inflamed gingival. Odontologisk Revy 1974;25:165-178
106． Lear SC, Mackey JS and Lower AA. Threshold levels of displacement in response to laterally directed forces. J Dent Res 1972;51(5) :1478-1482
107． Picton DC. Tooth mobility-an update. European J Orthodntics 1990;12(1) :109-115
108． Schulte W, Hoedt B, Lukas D, et al. Periotest for measuring periodontal characteristics-correlation with periodontal bone loss. J Periodont Res 1992;27(3) :184-190
109． Bennani V and Serre D. Radiographic stent for a quick and precise bone analysis. J
110.Yang HS, Chung HJ and Park YT. Stress analysis of a cantilevered FPD with normal and reduced bone support. J Prosthet dent 1996;76(4):424～430
111．朱希涛，周书敏，李伯芹．基牙牙槽骨高度异常的固定修复—牙周固定夹板生物力学原理的光弹性研究．中华口腔医学杂志 1986；21(2)：65～68
112．姚月玲，方军，张海霞等．军队老年干部缺牙与义齿修复的调查分析．实用老年医学1995；9(6)：276～277
113.Donachie MA and Wallst WG. Assessment of tooth wear in an ageingpopulation. J Dent 1995;23(3):157～164
114.Kelleher M and Bishop K. Tooth surface loss: An overview. Br Dent J 1999;186(1):61～66
115．史俊南，韩桃娟主编．口腔内科学．第四军医大学．西安，1987
116.Gourdon AM, Buyle YB, Woda A, et al. development of an abrasion index. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57(3):358～361
117.Smith BGN and Robb ND. The prevalence of toothwear in 1007 dent patients. J Oral Rehabil 1996;23(4):232～239
118.Pintado MR, Anderson GC and Delong R. Variation In tooth wear in young adults over a two-year period. J Prosthet dent 1997;77(3):313～320
119．吴织芬，王惠芸，万玲等．60例牙周炎患者的胎学研究．口腔医学纵横杂志 1994；10(1)：18～20
120.Robert EP and Jan HK Crown-to-root ratio: Its significance in restorative dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 1979;42(1):34～38
121.Korkud D, Hasin G, Hasan M, et al. Damping characteristics of teeth with periodontal breakdown: correlation of mobility meter values with bone and attachment loss. J Periodontol 1997;68(2): 166～171
122．张如一，沈观林，李朝弟主编．应变电测与传感器．清华大学出版社．北京，1998
123．王化祥，张淑英主编．传感器原理及应用(第二版)．天津大学出版社．天津，1999
124．余瑞芬主编．传感器原理(第二版)．航空工业出版社．北京，1995
125.Uchida M. Sensory receptors on oral thickness sensation. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 1999; 66(1):1～7
126.Ikeda T, Nakans M, Bando E, etd. The effect of light pressure occlusal contact on tooth pain threshold in humans. J Oral Rehabil 1998; 25(8): 589～595
127．梁卫东．细胞培养与评价生物材料生物相容性研究进展．生物医学工程学杂志 1999；16(1)：86～90
128．口腔材料生物学评价．中华人民共和国医药行业标准．国家医药管理局．1995；10～40
129．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价．口腔材料器械杂志 1995；4(1)：41～46
130.Mosmann T. Rapid calorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival. Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assay,. J Immunol Methods 1983; 65: 55
131．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告—牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅷ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1997；6(3)：147～152，158
132．司徒镇强，吴军正主编．细胞培养．世界图书出版公司．西安，1996；186～187
133．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅱ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1995；4(3)：139～141
134．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅳ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1996：5(1)：47～50
135．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅶ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1997；6(2)：86～88，89
136.Naeije M and Honee G. the reproducibility of movement parameters of the empty open-close-clench cycle in man and their dependency on the frequency of movements. J Oral Rehabil 1979;6(4):405～415
137.Munakata Y, Tsuji M and Kasai S. Occlusal force pattern during rhythmic human tapping movement. J Oral Rehabil 1991; 18(3):265～272
2.Jack DP. Glossary of prosthodonfic terms. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58(6):713～763
3．王惠芸主编．(牙合)学．人民卫生出版社，北京，1990
4.Wilding RJ. The association between chewing efficiency and overload contact area in man. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38(7):589～596
5．张建综述．咀嚼功能研究进展．国外医学口腔分册1986：3(13)：173～176
6．姚月玲等，微机化多功能(牙合)力仪的研制及应用．实用口腔医学杂志1996；12(1)：17～19
7.Paphangkorakit J and Osborn JW. Effects on human maximum bite force of biting on a softer or harder object. Arch Oral Biol 1998;43(11):833～839
8.Morimoto T, Abekura H, Tokuyama H, et al. Alteration in the bite force: An EMG activity with changes in the vertical dimension of edentulous subjects. J Oral Rehabil 1996;23(5):336～341
9.Prombonas A, Vlissidis D and Molyvdas P. The effect of altering the vertical dimension of occlusion on biting force. J Prosthet Dent 1994;71(2):139～143
10.Leenier TJ, Throckmorton GS and Ellis E. Effects of local anesthesia on bite force generation and electromyographic activity. J Oral Maxil Surg 1991; 49(4):360～365
11.Shiau YY, Peng CC and Hsu CW. Evaluation of biting performance with standardized test-foods. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(5):447～452
12．张来虎，王莉摘．年轻女性咬合力与全身状况及咀嚼活动量的评价[日]．国外医学口腔分册1999；26(2)：125
13.Braun S, Bantleon HP, Hnat WP, et al. A study of bite force. Part 1: relationship to various physical characteristics. Angle Orthod 1995;65(5):367～372
14.Bakke M, Holm B, Jensen BL, et al. Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8-68 year old women and men related to occlusal factors. Scand J Dent Res 1990;98(2): 149～158
15.Sato-S, Ohta-M, Sawatari-M, et al. Occlusal contact area, occlusal pressure, bite force, and masticatory efficiency in patients with anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(11):906～911
16.Carlsson GE. Bite force and chewing deficiency. In frontier of Oral Physiology Vol 1. 1974;265～292
17.Howell AH and Manly RS. An electronic strain gauge for measuring oral force. J Dent Res 1948;27(6):705～712
18.Howell AH and Brudevold F. Vertical forces used during chewing of food. J Dent Res 1950;29(2):133～139
19.Anderson DJ. A method of recording masficatory loads. J Dent Res 1953;32(6):785～789
20.Gibbs CH, Maham PE, Lundeen HL, et al. Occlusal forces during chewing and swallowing as measured by sound transmission. J Prosthet Dent 1981 ;46(4):443～449
21.Gibbs CH, Maham PE, Lundeen HL, et al. Occlusal forces during chewinginfluences of biting strength and food consistency. J Prosthet Dent 1981;46(5):561～567
22．杨宠莹，徐文俊，郝丽萍等．压电薄膜式(牙合)力测定仪(PEF-1型)的研制及临床初步应用．口腔医学1988；8(1)：18～20
23.Proffit WR and Fields HW. Occlusal forces In normal and long-face children. J Dent Res 1983;62(5):571～574
24．刘新明．袖珍式数字胎力计研制．中国医疗器械杂志1996；20(1)：34～35、37
25．黎向宇，刘新明．牙(牙合)力计的研制．北京生物医学工程1994；13(2)：103～106
26．王惠芸，施纪泽，颜朝云等．新(牙合)力仪及(牙合)力测定．实用口腔医学杂志 1987；3(2)：67～71
27．赵云凤，肖茂春，高宁等．MFB-1型(牙合)力仪的研制和应用．华西口腔医学杂志1991；9(2)：111～112
28．张加理，江淑贞，徐庐生等．MOF-1型(牙合)力微机测定系统．浙江医科大学学报1987；16(5)：226～228
29.Lundgren D and LaureU L. The occlusal force pattern in prosthetically restored dentitions: A methodological study. J Oral Rehabil 1984;11(1):29～37
30.Lundgren D and Laurell L. Occlusal force pattern during chewing and biting in dentitions restored with fixed bridges of cross-arch extension. 1. J Oral Rehabil 1986; 13(1):57～71
31.Laurell L and Lundgren D. A standardized program for studying the occlusal force pattern during chewing and biting in prosthetically restored dentitions. J Oral Rehabil 1984;11(1):39～44
32．姚月玲等．微型口内测力传感器的研制与临床应用．上海生物医学工程杂志 1995；16(2)：25
33．姚月玲等．不同垂直距离全口义齿的咀嚼力测试研究．上海口腔医学杂志 1997；6(增)：138～140
34.Bearn EM. Effect of different occlusal profiles on the masticatory forces transmitted by complete dentures. Br Dent J 1973;134(1):7～10
35.Cutright DE, Brudvik JS, Gay WD, et al. Tissue pressure under complete maxillary dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1976;35(2): 160～170
36.Watson CJ and Huggett R. Pressures recorded at the denture base-mucosal surface interface in complete denture wearers. J Oral Rehabil 1987;14(6):575
37.Michael CG, Jacids NS, Colaizzi FA, et al. Biting strength and chewing forces in complete denture wearers. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63(5):549～553
38.Watson CJ and Abdut WD. The development of an in expensive pressure transducer for use at the denture base-mucosal surface interface. Br Dent J 1984;156(4): 135～140
39． Ogata K. Clinical measurement of lateral forces exerted to abutment teeth in removable partial dentures-a preliminary report. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch 1983;23:179
40． Ogata-K and Satoh-M. Centre and magnitude of vertical forces in complete denture wearers. J Oral Rehabil 1995;22(2) :113-119
41． Halperin. Thickness, strength and plastic deformation of occlusal registration strips. J Prosthet Dent 1982;48:575-578
42． Proffit WR and Fields HW. Occlusal forces in normal and long-face adults. J Dent Res 1983;62(5) :566-570
43． Scott I and Ash MM. A six-channel intraoral transmitter for measuring occlusal forces. J Prosthet Dent 1966;16(1) :56-61
44． Mccall WD, Boever JAD, Ash MM, et al. Telemetry system to study functional occlusal forces. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40(1) :98-102
45． Boever JA, Mccall WD, Holden S, et al. Functional occlusal forces: An investigation by telemetry. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40(3) :326-333
46． Yamashita S and Mizutani H. Tooth contact patterns in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil 1991; 18(5) :431-437
47． Dawson PE and Arcan M. Attaining harmonic occlusion through visualized strain analysis. J Prosthet Dent 1981;46(6) :615-621
48． Hsu M, Palla S and Gallo LM. Sensitivity and reliability of the T-scan system for occlusal analysis. J Crani Disord Facial Oral Pain 1992;6(1) :17-23
49． Kazuyoshi Baba, Yoshihiro Tsukiyama and Glenn TC. Reliability, validity, and utility of various measurement methods and techniques. J Prosthet Dent 2000;83(1) :83-9
50． Finnegan FJ. Determination of maxillomandibular force generated during deglutition. J Prosthet Dent 1967;17(2) :134-143
51． 韩科综述．(？)力测量．国外医学口腔分册1989；16(5) ：279-281
52． Korioth TW, Waldrom TW, Versluis A, et al. Forces and moment generated at the dental incisors during forceful biting in humans. J Biomech 1997;30(6) :631-633
53． Gay T, Rendell J, Majoureau A, et al. Estimating human bite forces from the electromyogram/bite-force function. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39(2) : 111-115
54． 赵云凤，叶德临．不同年龄正常牙(？)力值的测定．华西医科大学学报 1994：25(4) ：414-417
55． Kiliaridis S, Kjellberg H, Wenneberg B, et al. The relationship between maximal bite force, bite force endurance, and facial morphology during growth. A cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand 1993;51(5) :323-331
56． Hidaka O, Iwasaki M and Saito. Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure. J Dent Res 1999;78(7) :1336-1344
57． Kikuchi M, Korioth TW and Hannam AG. The association among occlusal contact clenching effort, and bite force distribution in man. J Dent Res 1997;76(6) :1316-1325
58． Shinogaya T and Matsumoto M. Evaluation of prosthodontic treatment by occlusal force distribution: a methological study. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent 1998;6(3) :121-125
59． 程永喜，张雪华．全口义齿患者的咀嚼效率和最大咬合力．临床口腔医学杂志 1994；10(1) ：29-30
60． Michael CA, Javid NS and Colaizzi FA. Biting strength and chewing forces in complete denture wearers. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63(5) :549-553
61． Watanabe T. Study of masticatory forces of complete denture wearers. Kokubyo Gakkailasshi 1990;57(1) :16-31
62． Fontijin TEA, Slagter AP, Vants MA, et al. Bite forces with mandibular implant-retained overdentures. J Dent Res 1998; 77(10) : 1832-1839
63．王宝成译．ITI种植体用于部分牙缺失患者咬合力及口腔感觉的研究[日]．国外医学口腔分册1997；24(2)：123
64．张桂云，王雅北，张艺权．重度(牙合)磨损(牙合)重建患者的(牙合)力与肌电研究．实用口腔医学杂志1998；14(4)：305～306
65．王克伦，王淑英，杨朝晖．对磨牙症患者肌松弛治疗与(牙合)垫治疗的效果分析．中华口腔医学杂志1998；33(5)：300～302
66.Hamada T, Kotani H, Kawazoe Y, et al. Effects of occlusal splint on the EMG activity of masseter and temporal muscles In bruxism with clinical symptom. J Oral Rehabil 1982;9(1): 119～123
67.Mejias JE and Mehta NR. Subjective and objective evaluation of bmxisming patients under going short-term splint therapy. J Oral Rehabil 1982;9(2):279～289
68．吴织芬，万玲，颜朝云．牙周炎患者的咬合、颞颌关节与肌电的研究．实用口腔医学杂志1990；6(1)：39～41
69．吴织芬，王惠芸，万玲等．牙周炎患者的(牙合)力、肌功能及下颌运动轨迹描计．牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志 1994；4(2)：81～82
70.Mcguire MK and Nunn ME. Progress venus actual outcome. Ⅳ the effectiveness of clinical parameters and IL-1 genotype in accurately predicting progress and tooth survival. J Periodontal 1999;70(1):49～56
71.Mcguire MK and Nunn ME. Progress venus actual outcome.Ⅲthe effectiveness of clinical parameters in accurately predicting progress and tooth suvival. J Periodontal 1996;67(7):666～674
72.Mcguire MK and Nunn ME. Progress versus actual outcome. Ⅱthe effectiveness of clinical parameters in developing an accurate prognosis. J Periodontal 1996;67(7):658～665
73.Sato SJ, Ohta M, Sawatari M, et al. Occlusal contact area, occlusal pressure, bite force, and masficatory efficiency in patients with anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(11):906～911
74.Raadsheer MC, Eijden TM, Ginkel FC, et al. Contribution of jaw muscle size and craniofacial morphology to human bite force magnitude. J Dent Res 1999;78(1):31～ 42
75.Gay T, Rendell J, Majoureau A, et al. Estimating incisal bite forces from the electromyograrn/bite-force function. Arch Oral Biol 1994;39(2): 111～115
76．姚月玲，欧阳官，汪文骏等．无牙颌患者咀嚼肌肌电值与咬合力间的关系．第四军医大学学报1996；17(4)：295～297
77.Hiram H. An effect of the clenching speed on the method of calculating the bite force of patients by using electromyography. Tsummi Shigaku 1989; 15(1):211～233
78.Manns A, Miralles R and Guerrero F. The changes in electrical activity of the postural muscles of the mandible upon varying the vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1981; 45(4):438～445
79.Boucher LJ. Can biting force be used as a criterion for registering vertical dimension? J Prosthet Dent 1959;9(4):594～599
80.Tueller VM. The relationship between the vertical dimension of occlusion and forces generated by closing muscles of mastication. J Prosthet Dent 1969;22(3):284～288
81.Lindauer SJ, Gay T and Rendell J. Electromyographic-force characteristics in the assessment of oral function. J Dent Res 1991;70(11):1417～1421
82．姚月玲，欧阳官，郭天文等．(牙合)力与全口义齿垂直距离关系的研究-咬合力测试．实用口腔医学杂志1997；13(3)：209～210
83．韩科，王(每充)英，谭京等．对咀嚼压力的模拟以及对食物粉碎力的测定．口腔医学．1993；13(4)：169～170
84．徐君伍主编．口腔修复学(第三版)．北京．人民卫生出版社1994；293～295
85.Gher ME. Changing concepts: The effects of occlusion on periodontitis. Dent Clin Prosthet Dent 2000;83(4):480～481
North Am 1998;42(2) :285-99
86． Miyaura K, Matsuka Y, Morita M, et al. Comparison of biting forces in different age and sex groups: a study of biting efficiency with mobile and non-mobile teeth. J Oral Rehabil 1999;26(3) :223-227
87． Kasahara K. Observations of interproximal contact relationship during function. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 1999;66(4) :370-381
88． Southard TE, Southard KA and Tolley EA. Variation of approximal tooth contact tightness with postural change. J Dent Res 1990;69(11) :1776-1779
89． Serio FG. Clinical rationale for tooth stabilization and splinting. Dent Clin North Am 1999;43(1) :1-6
90． 江信元，周鲸渊，沈文微等．永久性牙周夹板的光弹应力分析．中华口腔医学杂 志1987；22(3) ：171-174
91． Berg T and Caputo AA. Maxillary distal-extension removable partial denture abutments with reduced periodontal support. J Prosthet Dent 1993;70(3) :245-250
92． Pan S, Yin Y and Yeng H. Three-dimensional finite element analysis and camparison of stress distribution in overdentures supported with bar attachments and telescopic crowns. Chin J Dent Res 1999;2(1) :21-30
93． Suzuki T, Kumagai H, Yoshitomi, et al. Clinical evaluation of system of occlusal force. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 1994;61(3) :437-445
94． Ward HL and Weinberg LA. An evaluation of periodontal splinting. J.A.D.A 1961;63(1) :48-54
95． Pollack-RP. Non-crown and bridge stabilization of severely mobile, periodontally involved teeth. A 25-year perspective. Dent Clin North Am 1999;43(1) :77-103
96． 周书敏，朱希涛，高鹏飞等．牙周支持组织三维光弹性应力分析．中华口腔医学 杂志1987：22(6) ：313～316
97． Picton CA. Viscoelastic properties of the periodontal ligament and mucous membrane. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40(2) :263-272
98． Muhlemann HR, Sanih S and Klaus H. Tooth mobility its cause and significance. J Periodontol 1965;36(2) :148-153
99． Korber KH. Electric registration of tooth movements. Int Den J 1971;21(4) :466-477
100． Dombret J. Tooth mobility and containment. Rev Beige Med Dent 1989;44(2) :98-109
101． Parfitt GJ. Measurement of the physiological mobility of individual teeth in an axial direction. J Dent Res 1960;39(3) :608-618
102． Picton CA. The effect on normal vertical tooth mobility of the rate of thrust and time between thrusts. Archs Oral Biol 1963;8(3) :291-299
103． Muhlemann HR and Minneapolis. Tooth mobility the measuring method initial and secondary tooth mobility. J Periodontol 1954;25(1) :22-29
104． Muhlemann HR, Zander HA, Minncapolics, et al. Tooth mobility Ⅲ the mechanism of tooth mobility. J Periodontol 1954;25(2) :128-137
105． Svanberg G. Influence of trauma from occlussion of the periodontium of dogs with normal or inflamed gingival. Odontologisk Revy 1974;25:165-178
106． Lear SC, Mackey JS and Lower AA. Threshold levels of displacement in response to laterally directed forces. J Dent Res 1972;51(5) :1478-1482
107． Picton DC. Tooth mobility-an update. European J Orthodntics 1990;12(1) :109-115
108． Schulte W, Hoedt B, Lukas D, et al. Periotest for measuring periodontal characteristics-correlation with periodontal bone loss. J Periodont Res 1992;27(3) :184-190
109． Bennani V and Serre D. Radiographic stent for a quick and precise bone analysis. J
110.Yang HS, Chung HJ and Park YT. Stress analysis of a cantilevered FPD with normal and reduced bone support. J Prosthet dent 1996;76(4):424～430
111．朱希涛，周书敏，李伯芹．基牙牙槽骨高度异常的固定修复—牙周固定夹板生物力学原理的光弹性研究．中华口腔医学杂志 1986；21(2)：65～68
112．姚月玲，方军，张海霞等．军队老年干部缺牙与义齿修复的调查分析．实用老年医学1995；9(6)：276～277
113.Donachie MA and Wallst WG. Assessment of tooth wear in an ageingpopulation. J Dent 1995;23(3):157～164
114.Kelleher M and Bishop K. Tooth surface loss: An overview. Br Dent J 1999;186(1):61～66
115．史俊南，韩桃娟主编．口腔内科学．第四军医大学．西安，1987
116.Gourdon AM, Buyle YB, Woda A, et al. development of an abrasion index. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57(3):358～361
117.Smith BGN and Robb ND. The prevalence of toothwear in 1007 dent patients. J Oral Rehabil 1996;23(4):232～239
118.Pintado MR, Anderson GC and Delong R. Variation In tooth wear in young adults over a two-year period. J Prosthet dent 1997;77(3):313～320
119．吴织芬，王惠芸，万玲等．60例牙周炎患者的胎学研究．口腔医学纵横杂志 1994；10(1)：18～20
120.Robert EP and Jan HK Crown-to-root ratio: Its significance in restorative dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 1979;42(1):34～38
121.Korkud D, Hasin G, Hasan M, et al. Damping characteristics of teeth with periodontal breakdown: correlation of mobility meter values with bone and attachment loss. J Periodontol 1997;68(2): 166～171
122．张如一，沈观林，李朝弟主编．应变电测与传感器．清华大学出版社．北京，1998
123．王化祥，张淑英主编．传感器原理及应用(第二版)．天津大学出版社．天津，1999
124．余瑞芬主编．传感器原理(第二版)．航空工业出版社．北京，1995
125.Uchida M. Sensory receptors on oral thickness sensation. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi 1999; 66(1):1～7
126.Ikeda T, Nakans M, Bando E, etd. The effect of light pressure occlusal contact on tooth pain threshold in humans. J Oral Rehabil 1998; 25(8): 589～595
127．梁卫东．细胞培养与评价生物材料生物相容性研究进展．生物医学工程学杂志 1999；16(1)：86～90
128．口腔材料生物学评价．中华人民共和国医药行业标准．国家医药管理局．1995；10～40
129．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价．口腔材料器械杂志 1995；4(1)：41～46
130.Mosmann T. Rapid calorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival. Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assay,. J Immunol Methods 1983; 65: 55
131．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告—牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅷ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1997；6(3)：147～152，158
132．司徒镇强，吴军正主编．细胞培养．世界图书出版公司．西安，1996；186～187
133．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅱ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1995；4(3)：139～141
134．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅳ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1996：5(1)：47～50
135．上海第二医科大学口腔医院材料教研室、上海生物材料研究测试中心译．国际标准化组织 7405 技术报告-牙科材料的生物学评价(续Ⅶ)．口腔材料器械杂志 1997；6(2)：86～88，89
136.Naeije M and Honee G. the reproducibility of movement parameters of the empty open-close-clench cycle in man and their dependency on the frequency of movements. J Oral Rehabil 1979;6(4):405～415
137.Munakata Y, Tsuji M and Kasai S. Occlusal force pattern during rhythmic human tapping movement. J Oral Rehabil 1991; 18(3):265～272