思想实验认知机制探究
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摘要
论文的核心思想是基于科学和哲学中盛行的思想实验来探讨认知机制的问题。论文从阐述思想实验的历史渊源着手,尝试理清思想实验的发展脉络和演进过程；重在分析思想实验的来源、表现形式和功能；阐明思想实验的认知理论基础,并从认知角度解读科学上思想实验的典型案例；着重对认知科学中思想实验的认知机制进行研究；通过探究思想实验的认知机制,最终提出基于思想实验的认知模型。该模型是由外在条件和内在因素构成,外在条件涉及有待论证的命题和现有的实际条件,内在因素包括构思者当下的一种思考和想象的设计状态,并就该模型的特征、作用及认知机制展开细致的解释和论述。基于全文的论证分析,以恰当的视域指出思想实验认知模型存在的局限性,并展望思想实验的发展趋势。
论文采用了认知历史比较分析法、语境分析法和历史与逻辑法。分七个部分展开论述。
第一部分是导论部分,主要阐述了选题的意义和价值、国内外相关文献综述、研究内容和主要框架结构,以及研究方法、创新和不足之处。
第一章顺着思想实验的历史脉络,叙述了思想实验的内涵与判别。首先在1.1澄清了思想实验概念的来源,并追溯了该术语的历史渊源；1.2则辨析了思想实验与假说等相关概念,并提出思想实验的五种表现形式(非实际的可操作性、非现实情景再现性、情景的虚拟性、过程的似真性和展现的直接性)；1.3则重在讨论思想实验是怎样运作的,并提出思想实验的四个功能。
第二章探讨了思想实验的认知理论基础,特别以笛卡儿松果腺、洛克心灵容器、休谟的联想原则、拉美特利的“人是机器”以及康德的超验自我为例,揭示其所蕴含的认知思想,如认知本体(实体)、认知结构、认知方法、认知隐喻与认知能力。
第三章列举三个不同历史阶段思想实验的典型案例进行解析。3.1探讨了16、17世纪伽利略思想实验的认知启示和牛顿水桶实验的认知判断；3.2指出18、19世纪法拉第圆盘实验和麦克斯韦妖实验的认知假想；3.3就20世纪薛定谔猫思想实验及爱因斯坦的思想实验进行分析。通过这些案例的分析,提出典型案例的三种认知模式：论据证明模式、仿真实验推理模式和论据实验兼容的认知模式。
第四章阐述了认知科学中思想实验的认知机制。4.1重在分析人工智能带有思想实验色彩的符号系统假说的认知功能,并讨论了中文屋论证与认知理解；4.2心灵哲学与脑科学中的思想实验,分别就孪生地球、缸中之脑与认知表征问题以及黑箱与大脑认知进行探讨；4.3认知心理学与思想实验,旨在分析艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线、巴特利特和明斯基的认知图式；4.4认知语言学与思想实验,展开陈述了语言的认知语境,并提出语言的一般认知模式和语境认知模型。
第五章是论文的核心部分。在前四章研究论证的基础上,试探性地提出基于思想实验的认知模型。5.1说明了该认知模型的构成和三个特征,即回想内省描述、逆向转换联结和整合推理,并于5.2引出了该模型的三个作用,即解释的一致性、模拟潜在的操作假设及大脑认知和心理变化的融合；5.3指出架构该模型的两种机制：思想实验者的心理模拟、文本的叙述与框架的构建；5.4就该模型蕴含的局限性展开讨论。
最后是论文的结束语部分,综述了文章的写作内容、写作脉络、研究结果、以及没能深入研究的部分。以独特的视域审视思想实验,探究思想实验认知模型的理论意义与应用价值,从而展望思想实验的发展趋势。
论文的意义是以认知科学的学科性质为背景。首先从理论层面上理清思想实验在哲学史、科学史与认知科学中的发展过程,有利于辨明什么是思想实验,什么不是思想实验,以及它们所蕴涵的哲学意义和认知机制,从而凸显思想实验在不同领域中的重要性。其次借助思想实验的典型案例和认知科学家们对这些思想实验的评论,理解构建以思想实验为基础的认知推理模型。通过相互之间的比较研究,有利于在跨学科的层面上探讨认知语言学、脑科学、认知心理学、人工智能、心灵哲学中思想实验认知机制的问题。此外,论文凭借对思想实验认知模型的研究,试图把握认知哲学发展的新方向。
Thought experiments flourish in science and in philosophy. Some fields have many more thought experiments than others. Because it may have something to do with the personalities or the scientific styles of those who do physics and philosophy. According recent research, many more authors begin to think much of thought experiments. Thought experiments become object of research from silent corner. There are various types of thought experiments in different fields. Or it may be the rapid development of cognitive science and philosophy responds to it.
Different thought experiments made surprising impression. Thus researching thought experiments can begin at many different points of view, while predicting well some phenomena and things. We can explain something that we observed through them. The first, I expatiate on the history of thought experiments, attempt to see developmental path and evolutive process on them. Analysing the origin, connotation, representation forms on this concept thought experiment. I will expatiate on famous thought experiments from cognitive linguistics, cognitive psychology, brain science, artificial intelligence (AI) and philosophy of mind. Based on synthesis and analytic analogy, I will discuss relation of thought experiments and cognition, so that find out the philosophical problems which they imply. When exploring them, I will present the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments, explain rationally its character, function and its cognitive mechanism. We must treat and understand thought experiments because they might imply philosophical problems. We shall expect their development in future.
Therefore, my theme has the theoretic signification and the practical importance. First of all, if we make sense thought experiments in cognitive science and the history of philosophy and science, it's useful to grasp their philosophic implication and cognitive mechanism, while it is helpful for us to understand their importance in the different fields. Secondly, To understand the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments, I shall provide some famous thought experiments and some cognitive scientists'comments. Finally, I show the new direction of cognitive philosophy by virtue of this research for the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments,
There are seven parts in my dissertation. Part one is introduction. It includes four contents, the first is the significance and the values of choosing theme. The second is Domestic and international research status. The third is the research contents and frameworks. Finally, I will refer to the research methods and innovation. In chapter one, I narrate the origin and content of thought experiments. They involve the historical background of thought experiments, the characters and representation of thought experiments, the main research contents and fields on thought experiments (application to methodology tools on thought experiments, functions and applied values to thought experiments, on cognitive mechanism of thought experiments). In chapter two, I continue to elaborate foundation of cognitive theory on thought experiments. They are views of cognitive entity on Descartes'pineal gland, the cognitive structure on Locke's mind container, the cognitive approach on Hume's association of ideas, the cognitive metaphor on La Mettrie L'Homme Machine, and the cognitive control on Kant's transcendent ego. Chapter three is the philosophical foundation of thought experiments. To illustrate this thesis I refer to three main contents and six examples, they partly come from three special periods and three very different kinds of status. The first is thought experiments and cognitive inference in16and17centuries, where they are the cognitive insight on Galileo's thought experiments and the cognitive judgement on Newton's Bucket. The second is thought experiments and cognitive models in18and19centuries, where they are the cognitive assumption on Faraday's disc and the cognitive hypothesis on Maxwell's demon. Finally, I discuss thought experiments and construction of cognitive models, where they are Schrodinger's cat and Einstein's thought experiments. Chapter four is the cognitive mechanism of thought experiments in the cognitive science. There are four sections. The first section of this chapter lays out thought experiments in AI, outlining the cognitive function on Symbol System Hypothesis, and the cognitive understanding on argument of Chinese Room. Section4.2introduce thought Experiments in Philosophy of Mind and Brain Science, where they are the cognitive representation on Twin Earth and Brain in vats, and black box and the cognition of brain. Section4.3introduce thought experiments in cognitive science and cognitive mechanism, present two examples, Schema on Ebbinghaus'forgetting curves, Bartlett's schema theory and Minsky's schema. Section4.4gives cognitive linguistics and thought experiments. I will discuss three problems. The first is cognitive context of language. The second is the general cognitive models of language. The third is the cognitive models of the context. I shall account for the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments in last chapter. Section5.1suggests three characters on the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments. They are the description on recollection and introspection, Link of converse diversion and the incorporating reason. Similarly, I discuss three functions of the model of cognitive inference in section5.2. The first function is advancing explanatory coherence. The second function is simulating potential working hypothesis. Last one is introjecting the cognition of brain and mental changes. Section5.3is cognitive mechanism on the model of cognitive inference. On the one hand, it involves metal simulation of experimenters; on the other hand, it is on the narrative of the text and construction of framework. I think that there are some philosophic problems in the models of cognitive inference in the section5.4. In general, we are difficult to bound rations among thought experiments, real experiments and the others. Understanding the model requires to know insufficiency of the model of cognitive inference.
In addition, I shall predict developmental direction of thought experiments.
I apply three kinds of methods. A method is analytics on cognitive history, for example, we can compare thought experiments between philosophy and cognitive science, because they have sameness and differentia. I also use context method, from especially different periods, and with very different kinds of status. I will use deduction and induction in order to trace history of thought experiments, so that I can research theoretic interesting and applications on the model.
There are some innovations in this thesis. They are systematic view, interdisciplinary methods. I develop firstly the new model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments.
论文采用了认知历史比较分析法、语境分析法和历史与逻辑法。分七个部分展开论述。
第一部分是导论部分,主要阐述了选题的意义和价值、国内外相关文献综述、研究内容和主要框架结构,以及研究方法、创新和不足之处。
第一章顺着思想实验的历史脉络,叙述了思想实验的内涵与判别。首先在1.1澄清了思想实验概念的来源,并追溯了该术语的历史渊源；1.2则辨析了思想实验与假说等相关概念,并提出思想实验的五种表现形式(非实际的可操作性、非现实情景再现性、情景的虚拟性、过程的似真性和展现的直接性)；1.3则重在讨论思想实验是怎样运作的,并提出思想实验的四个功能。
第二章探讨了思想实验的认知理论基础,特别以笛卡儿松果腺、洛克心灵容器、休谟的联想原则、拉美特利的“人是机器”以及康德的超验自我为例,揭示其所蕴含的认知思想,如认知本体(实体)、认知结构、认知方法、认知隐喻与认知能力。
第三章列举三个不同历史阶段思想实验的典型案例进行解析。3.1探讨了16、17世纪伽利略思想实验的认知启示和牛顿水桶实验的认知判断；3.2指出18、19世纪法拉第圆盘实验和麦克斯韦妖实验的认知假想；3.3就20世纪薛定谔猫思想实验及爱因斯坦的思想实验进行分析。通过这些案例的分析,提出典型案例的三种认知模式：论据证明模式、仿真实验推理模式和论据实验兼容的认知模式。
第四章阐述了认知科学中思想实验的认知机制。4.1重在分析人工智能带有思想实验色彩的符号系统假说的认知功能,并讨论了中文屋论证与认知理解；4.2心灵哲学与脑科学中的思想实验,分别就孪生地球、缸中之脑与认知表征问题以及黑箱与大脑认知进行探讨；4.3认知心理学与思想实验,旨在分析艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线、巴特利特和明斯基的认知图式；4.4认知语言学与思想实验,展开陈述了语言的认知语境,并提出语言的一般认知模式和语境认知模型。
第五章是论文的核心部分。在前四章研究论证的基础上,试探性地提出基于思想实验的认知模型。5.1说明了该认知模型的构成和三个特征,即回想内省描述、逆向转换联结和整合推理,并于5.2引出了该模型的三个作用,即解释的一致性、模拟潜在的操作假设及大脑认知和心理变化的融合；5.3指出架构该模型的两种机制：思想实验者的心理模拟、文本的叙述与框架的构建；5.4就该模型蕴含的局限性展开讨论。
最后是论文的结束语部分,综述了文章的写作内容、写作脉络、研究结果、以及没能深入研究的部分。以独特的视域审视思想实验,探究思想实验认知模型的理论意义与应用价值,从而展望思想实验的发展趋势。
论文的意义是以认知科学的学科性质为背景。首先从理论层面上理清思想实验在哲学史、科学史与认知科学中的发展过程,有利于辨明什么是思想实验,什么不是思想实验,以及它们所蕴涵的哲学意义和认知机制,从而凸显思想实验在不同领域中的重要性。其次借助思想实验的典型案例和认知科学家们对这些思想实验的评论,理解构建以思想实验为基础的认知推理模型。通过相互之间的比较研究,有利于在跨学科的层面上探讨认知语言学、脑科学、认知心理学、人工智能、心灵哲学中思想实验认知机制的问题。此外,论文凭借对思想实验认知模型的研究,试图把握认知哲学发展的新方向。
Thought experiments flourish in science and in philosophy. Some fields have many more thought experiments than others. Because it may have something to do with the personalities or the scientific styles of those who do physics and philosophy. According recent research, many more authors begin to think much of thought experiments. Thought experiments become object of research from silent corner. There are various types of thought experiments in different fields. Or it may be the rapid development of cognitive science and philosophy responds to it.
Different thought experiments made surprising impression. Thus researching thought experiments can begin at many different points of view, while predicting well some phenomena and things. We can explain something that we observed through them. The first, I expatiate on the history of thought experiments, attempt to see developmental path and evolutive process on them. Analysing the origin, connotation, representation forms on this concept thought experiment. I will expatiate on famous thought experiments from cognitive linguistics, cognitive psychology, brain science, artificial intelligence (AI) and philosophy of mind. Based on synthesis and analytic analogy, I will discuss relation of thought experiments and cognition, so that find out the philosophical problems which they imply. When exploring them, I will present the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments, explain rationally its character, function and its cognitive mechanism. We must treat and understand thought experiments because they might imply philosophical problems. We shall expect their development in future.
Therefore, my theme has the theoretic signification and the practical importance. First of all, if we make sense thought experiments in cognitive science and the history of philosophy and science, it's useful to grasp their philosophic implication and cognitive mechanism, while it is helpful for us to understand their importance in the different fields. Secondly, To understand the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments, I shall provide some famous thought experiments and some cognitive scientists'comments. Finally, I show the new direction of cognitive philosophy by virtue of this research for the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments,
There are seven parts in my dissertation. Part one is introduction. It includes four contents, the first is the significance and the values of choosing theme. The second is Domestic and international research status. The third is the research contents and frameworks. Finally, I will refer to the research methods and innovation. In chapter one, I narrate the origin and content of thought experiments. They involve the historical background of thought experiments, the characters and representation of thought experiments, the main research contents and fields on thought experiments (application to methodology tools on thought experiments, functions and applied values to thought experiments, on cognitive mechanism of thought experiments). In chapter two, I continue to elaborate foundation of cognitive theory on thought experiments. They are views of cognitive entity on Descartes'pineal gland, the cognitive structure on Locke's mind container, the cognitive approach on Hume's association of ideas, the cognitive metaphor on La Mettrie L'Homme Machine, and the cognitive control on Kant's transcendent ego. Chapter three is the philosophical foundation of thought experiments. To illustrate this thesis I refer to three main contents and six examples, they partly come from three special periods and three very different kinds of status. The first is thought experiments and cognitive inference in16and17centuries, where they are the cognitive insight on Galileo's thought experiments and the cognitive judgement on Newton's Bucket. The second is thought experiments and cognitive models in18and19centuries, where they are the cognitive assumption on Faraday's disc and the cognitive hypothesis on Maxwell's demon. Finally, I discuss thought experiments and construction of cognitive models, where they are Schrodinger's cat and Einstein's thought experiments. Chapter four is the cognitive mechanism of thought experiments in the cognitive science. There are four sections. The first section of this chapter lays out thought experiments in AI, outlining the cognitive function on Symbol System Hypothesis, and the cognitive understanding on argument of Chinese Room. Section4.2introduce thought Experiments in Philosophy of Mind and Brain Science, where they are the cognitive representation on Twin Earth and Brain in vats, and black box and the cognition of brain. Section4.3introduce thought experiments in cognitive science and cognitive mechanism, present two examples, Schema on Ebbinghaus'forgetting curves, Bartlett's schema theory and Minsky's schema. Section4.4gives cognitive linguistics and thought experiments. I will discuss three problems. The first is cognitive context of language. The second is the general cognitive models of language. The third is the cognitive models of the context. I shall account for the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments in last chapter. Section5.1suggests three characters on the model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments. They are the description on recollection and introspection, Link of converse diversion and the incorporating reason. Similarly, I discuss three functions of the model of cognitive inference in section5.2. The first function is advancing explanatory coherence. The second function is simulating potential working hypothesis. Last one is introjecting the cognition of brain and mental changes. Section5.3is cognitive mechanism on the model of cognitive inference. On the one hand, it involves metal simulation of experimenters; on the other hand, it is on the narrative of the text and construction of framework. I think that there are some philosophic problems in the models of cognitive inference in the section5.4. In general, we are difficult to bound rations among thought experiments, real experiments and the others. Understanding the model requires to know insufficiency of the model of cognitive inference.
In addition, I shall predict developmental direction of thought experiments.
I apply three kinds of methods. A method is analytics on cognitive history, for example, we can compare thought experiments between philosophy and cognitive science, because they have sameness and differentia. I also use context method, from especially different periods, and with very different kinds of status. I will use deduction and induction in order to trace history of thought experiments, so that I can research theoretic interesting and applications on the model.
There are some innovations in this thesis. They are systematic view, interdisciplinary methods. I develop firstly the new model of cognitive inference based on thought experiments.
引文
Roy A. Sorensen. Thought Experiments. New York, Oxford University Press,1992,205.
①陈克晶.思想实验在科学认识中的作用.哲学研究,1985,10,32.
① Peter King. Mediaeval Thought-Experiments:The Metamethodology of mediaeval Science. Tamara Horowitz, Gerald J. Massey, Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman &Littlefield Publishers,1991,43.
① Gooding, D. What is Experimental about Thought Experiments? in D. Hull, M. Forbes and K. Okruhlik (eds), PSA:Proceedings of the 1992 Biennal Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vol.2, PSA, East Lansing, MI,1993,280.
① Witt-Hansen, J.1976. "H.C.Orsted, Immanuel Kant, and the Thought Experiment", Danish Yearbook of Philosophy 13,48.
②马赫.认识与谬误.李醒民泽.北京：商务印书馆,2007,204.
③ Nicholas Rescher. Thought Experimentation in Presocratic Philosophy. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey. Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman &Littlefield Publishers.1991, 31.
④Nicholas Rescher. Thought Experimentation in Presocratic Philosophy. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey. Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.1991, 31.
① Peter King. Mediaeval Thought-Experiments:The Metamethodology of mediaeval Science. Tamara Horowitz, Gerald J. Massey, Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman &Littlefield Publishers,1991,43.
②J.S.密尔著作集.第七卷,490.转引自布宁涂纪元编著,西方哲学英汉对照词典.北京：人民出版社,2000,454.
①Nicholas Rescher. Methodological Pragmatism. New York University Press,1977,115.
② Quine. Word and Object. Cambridge, MIT Press,1960,2.
③魏屹东.从哲学预设到科学前提——试论科学预设的合法化.文史哲,2008,5,135.
① It is a story. Roy A. Sorensen. Thought Experiments. New York, Oxford University Press,1992, 204.
②Roy A. Sorensen. Thought Experiments. New York, Oxford University Press,1992,205.
③Hofstadter, D. R. and D. C. Dennett.The Mind's I:Fantasies and Reflections of Self and Soul, Bantam Books, Toronto,1981,374.
④ James Robert Brown. The laboratory of the Mind. Routledge, London-New York,1991, 1.
①罗姆·哈瑞.认知科学导论.魏屹东译.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2006,29.
①Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey, Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,1991,132.
①Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey, Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,1991,133.
②James Robert Brown. The Laboratory of the Mind. Routledge, London-New York,1991,43.
① Andrew D. Irvine. On the Nature of Thought Experiments in Scientific Reasoning. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey. Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,1991,153.
② Aspasia S. Moue, Kyriakos A. Masavetas & Haido Karayianni. Tracing the Development of Thought Experiments in the Philosophy of Natural Sciences, Journal for General Philosophy of Science,2006,1,37.
① John Norton. Thought Experiments in Einstein's Work. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey. Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman &Littlefield Publishers,1991,142.
①Andrew D. Irvine. On the Nature of Thought Experiments in Scientific Reasoning. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey. Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman &Littlefield Publishers,1991,158.
② James Robert Brown. The laboratory of the Mind. Routledge, London-New York,1991,34.
③ James Robert Brown. The laboratory of the Mind. Routledge, London-New York,1991,45.
①Roy A. Sorensen. Thought Experiments. New York,Oxford University Press.1992.186.
①Roy A. Sorensen. Thought Experiments. New York,Oxford University Press.1992.6.
②Gooding, D.1990. Experiment and the Making of Meaning. Dordrecht, Kluwer.205.
Rachel. Cooper, Thought Experiments. Metaphilosophy.36.2005,337.
① John Norton. Thought Experiments in Einstein's Work. Tamara Horowitz & Gerald J. Massey. Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.1991,129.
② Roy A. Sorensen. Thought Experiments. New York, Oxford University Press,1992,205.
③同上,205.
①笛卡尔.哲学原理.第一部分,第51节.转引自布宁,涂纪元编著.西方哲学英汉对照词典.北京：人民出版社,2001,964.
①皮亚杰.发生认识论原理.王宪钿等译.北京：北京商务印书馆,1985,104.
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