松科1井北孔晚白垩世晚期至古新世早期轮藻化石组合
|
摘要
松辽盆地是晚白垩世亚洲古陆上面积最大的陆相淡水盆地之一，连续的湖相沉积为我们对大陆古环境和古气候的重建提供了良好的材料。盆地内部沉积岩系主要由碎屑岩组成，沉积物内包含了大量轮藻、腹足类、双壳类、介形类及脊椎动物化石。
本文的研究材料来源于松辽盆地“松科1井（北孔）”的轮藻化石。轮藻化石从下向上连续分布，共鉴定出27属52种（包括6个未定种）。在四方台组和明水组建立了四个化石组合，由下至上是：Atopochara ulanensis-Hornicharaanguangensis， Atopochara ulanensis-Raskyaechara gobica， Hornicharaprolixa-Gobichara deserta和Grovesichara changzhouensis-Neochara sinuolata化石组合。
本文将“松科1井（北孔）”的轮藻化石与同一时期的中国华北地区、华南地区，欧洲和南美等地做了对比，发现中国华南地区与欧洲、南美的轮藻分布较为相似，而松辽盆地的轮藻分布则与中国的华北地区和蒙古的戈壁盆地更为相似，具有标准化石意义的奇异轮藻亚科的晚期分子Atopochara ulanensis目前在全球仅发现于松辽盆地和蒙古戈壁盆地。根据轮藻化石及古地磁的证据，前三个化石组合年代为mid-Campanian至Maastrichtian期。第四个化石组合化石个体明显增大，顶部梅花形顶盖发育，侧壁具波状起伏，体现了一个完全不同于中生代面貌的生物群，其时代很有可能为古新世。因此，白垩系/古近系界线可能位于明水组二段上部。同时在明水组二段上部3个层位，我们还发现了发现9枚Ilyocyprissp.介形虫化石，似乎也预示着古新世的到来。
我们还尝试性的进行了轮藻碳氧稳定同位素的测试。基于前人的研究，我们得知轮藻“茎部”钙化过程的同位素分馏过程是不平衡的，而藏卵器的氧同位素分馏过程是平衡的或接近平衡的，因此我们可以根据轮藻氧同位素所提供的信息重建古环境。
Songliao Basin is one of the biggest lacustrine systems in Asia during Cretaceoustime. Well-preserved Cretaceous lacustrine deposits provide us with unique materialto study the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate of this period. Widespread deposits inthe basin are mainly composed of clastic sediments which contain abundant fossilsincluding charophytes, gastropods, bivalves, ostracods and vertebrates.
The drilling program (SK1) has yielded2485.89m of continuous cores (96.46%recovery) and provides significant charophytes material for Cretaceous research. Thefossil record of Charophyta revealed in this study includes46organ-species and6indeterminate organ-species in27genera. After detailed biostratigraphic study ofcharophytes,4assemblages have been recognized in Sifangtai and MingshuiFormations: Atopochara ulanensis-Hornichara anguangensis assemblage,Atopochara ulanensis-Raskyaechara gobica assemblage, Hornicharaprolixa-Gobichara desert assemblage and Grovesichara changzhouensis-Neocharasinuolata assemblage. Based on charophyte assemblages, the Sifangtai Formation islimited to middle Campanian; and the Mingshui Formation is late Campanian toMaastrichtian in age. The appearance of gyrogonites from the4th assemblage isdifferent from others, which is characterized by its larger size, curved ornamentationson cellular spirals and apical rosette. It is likely that the upper part of the MingshuiFormation belongs to Paleocene, the K/Pg boundary is, therefore, within the upperpart of the Mingshui Formation. What’s more, we have discovered a new specie ofostracoda, Ilyocypris sp., which is of great significance.
The study of stable C and O isotopes in lacustrine carbonates has led to insightsinto past climates. And we have collected some ostracodes and charophytes fossils tostudy for stable isotopes. Some experts have proved that the oxygen isotope ofcharophyte gerogonites is in equilibrium with that of water in which they live in for agiven temperature. Therefore, we can use them to elucidate the geochemistry of theancient water body in which they lived.
本文的研究材料来源于松辽盆地“松科1井（北孔）”的轮藻化石。轮藻化石从下向上连续分布，共鉴定出27属52种（包括6个未定种）。在四方台组和明水组建立了四个化石组合，由下至上是：Atopochara ulanensis-Hornicharaanguangensis， Atopochara ulanensis-Raskyaechara gobica， Hornicharaprolixa-Gobichara deserta和Grovesichara changzhouensis-Neochara sinuolata化石组合。
本文将“松科1井（北孔）”的轮藻化石与同一时期的中国华北地区、华南地区，欧洲和南美等地做了对比，发现中国华南地区与欧洲、南美的轮藻分布较为相似，而松辽盆地的轮藻分布则与中国的华北地区和蒙古的戈壁盆地更为相似，具有标准化石意义的奇异轮藻亚科的晚期分子Atopochara ulanensis目前在全球仅发现于松辽盆地和蒙古戈壁盆地。根据轮藻化石及古地磁的证据，前三个化石组合年代为mid-Campanian至Maastrichtian期。第四个化石组合化石个体明显增大，顶部梅花形顶盖发育，侧壁具波状起伏，体现了一个完全不同于中生代面貌的生物群，其时代很有可能为古新世。因此，白垩系/古近系界线可能位于明水组二段上部。同时在明水组二段上部3个层位，我们还发现了发现9枚Ilyocyprissp.介形虫化石，似乎也预示着古新世的到来。
我们还尝试性的进行了轮藻碳氧稳定同位素的测试。基于前人的研究，我们得知轮藻“茎部”钙化过程的同位素分馏过程是不平衡的，而藏卵器的氧同位素分馏过程是平衡的或接近平衡的，因此我们可以根据轮藻氧同位素所提供的信息重建古环境。
Songliao Basin is one of the biggest lacustrine systems in Asia during Cretaceoustime. Well-preserved Cretaceous lacustrine deposits provide us with unique materialto study the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate of this period. Widespread deposits inthe basin are mainly composed of clastic sediments which contain abundant fossilsincluding charophytes, gastropods, bivalves, ostracods and vertebrates.
The drilling program (SK1) has yielded2485.89m of continuous cores (96.46%recovery) and provides significant charophytes material for Cretaceous research. Thefossil record of Charophyta revealed in this study includes46organ-species and6indeterminate organ-species in27genera. After detailed biostratigraphic study ofcharophytes,4assemblages have been recognized in Sifangtai and MingshuiFormations: Atopochara ulanensis-Hornichara anguangensis assemblage,Atopochara ulanensis-Raskyaechara gobica assemblage, Hornicharaprolixa-Gobichara desert assemblage and Grovesichara changzhouensis-Neocharasinuolata assemblage. Based on charophyte assemblages, the Sifangtai Formation islimited to middle Campanian; and the Mingshui Formation is late Campanian toMaastrichtian in age. The appearance of gyrogonites from the4th assemblage isdifferent from others, which is characterized by its larger size, curved ornamentationson cellular spirals and apical rosette. It is likely that the upper part of the MingshuiFormation belongs to Paleocene, the K/Pg boundary is, therefore, within the upperpart of the Mingshui Formation. What’s more, we have discovered a new specie ofostracoda, Ilyocypris sp., which is of great significance.
The study of stable C and O isotopes in lacustrine carbonates has led to insightsinto past climates. And we have collected some ostracodes and charophytes fossils tostudy for stable isotopes. Some experts have proved that the oxygen isotope ofcharophyte gerogonites is in equilibrium with that of water in which they live in for agiven temperature. Therefore, we can use them to elucidate the geochemistry of theancient water body in which they lived.
引文
Anadon P., Utrilla R., Vazquez A.,2002. Mineralogy and Sr/Mg geochemistry ofcharophyte carbonates: a new tool for palaeolimnological research. Earth Planet.Sci. Lett.197,205～214.
Andrews J. E., Coletta P., Pentecost A., et al.,2003. Equilibrium and disequilibriumstable isotope effects in modern charophyte calcites: implications forpalaeoenvironmental studies. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.204,101～114.
Andrews J. E., Riding R., Dennis P. F.,1993. Stable isotopic compositions of Recentfreshwater cyanobacterial carbonates from the British Isles: local and regionalenvironmental controls. Sedimentology40,303～314.
Barrera E.,1994. Global environmental changes preceding the Cretaceous-Tertiaryboundary: Early-late Maastrichtian transition. Geology22,877~880.
Becker D., Picot L., Berger J. P.,2001. Stable isotopes(δ13C and δ18O) ofcharophyte gyrogonites: example from the Brochene Fluh section(LateOligocene-Early Miocene, Switzerland). Geobios35,89～97.
Coletta P., Pentecost A., Spiro B.,2001. Stable isotopes in charophyte incrustations:relationships with climate and water chemistry. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.Palaeoecol.173,9～19.
Croft W. N.,1952. A new Trochiliscus (Charophyta) from the Downtonian of Podolia.Bull. Br. Mus.(Nat. Hist.) Dep. Geol.1,189～220.
Drummond C. N., Wilkinson B. H., Lohmann K. C., et al.,1993. Effect of regionaltopography and hydrology on the lacustrine isotopic record of Miocenepaleoclimate in the Rocky Mountains. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimate,Palaeoecology101,67~79.
Eberth D. A.,1993. Depositional environments and facies transitions ofdinosaur~bearing upper cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu(Inner Mongolia).Canadian Journal of Earth Science30,2196~2213.
Eduardo A. M.,2000. Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Cretaceous charophytesfrom South America. Cretaceous Research21,211~220.
Galbrun B., Feist M., Colombo F., et al.,1993. Magnetostratigraphy andbiostratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary continental deposits, Ager Basin, Provinceof Lerida, Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology102,41~52.
Hasegawa H., Ichinnorov N., Chuluun M.,2009. Lithostratigraphy and depositionalenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ulan Nuur basin,southern Mongolia, and its paleoclimatic implication. Journal of Asian EarthSciences35,13~26.
Hondt S. D., Zachos J.C.,1998. Cretaceous Foraminifera and the evolution history ofplanktic photosymbiosis. Paleobiology24,512~523.
Huber B. T., Norris R. D., Macleod K. G.,2002. Deep-sea paleotemperature record ofextreme warmth during the Cretaceous. Geology20,123~126.
Itterbeeck J. V., Horne D. J., Bultynck P., et al.,2005. Stratigraphy andpalaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren DabasuFormation, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China. Cretaceous Research26,699~725.
Jerzykiewic T., Currie P. J., Eberth D. A.,1993. Djadokhta Formation correlativestrata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentarygeology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-AltaiGobi, Canada Journal of Earth Science30,2180~2195.
Jerzykiewicz T., Russell D. A.,1991. Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates ofthe Gobi basin. Cretaceous Research12,345~377.
Jianguo Li, David J. B., Yiyong Zhang,2010. Palynological record from a compositecore through Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene deposites in the Songliao Basin,Northeast China and its biostratigraphic implications. Cretaceous Research,1~12.
Jones T. P., Fourtier S. M., Pentecost A., Collinson M.,1996. Stable carbon andoxygen isotopic compositions of Recent charophyte oosporangia and water fromMalham Tarn, UK: palaeontological implications. Biogeochemistry34,99~112.
KARCZEWSKA J., KYANSEP-ROMASCHKINA N. P.,1979. Revision of LateCretaceous genus Mongolichara KYANSEP-ROMASCHKINA. Palaeont. Pol.24(4),423~427.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1983. Age of the uppercretaceous nemget formation(Mongolia) on charophytan evidence. Palaeont. Pol.28,137~146.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1969. Upper Cretaceouscharophyta from the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert. Palaeont. Pol.21,121~144.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1972. Lower tertiarycharophyta from the nemegt basin, Gobi Desert. Palaeont. Pol.27,51~81.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1981. New UpperCretaceous charophyta from the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Deserta. Palaeont. Pol.42,97~146.
K osowski S., Tomaszewicz G. H., Tomaszewicz H.,2006. The expansion and declineof charophyte communities in lakes within the Sejny Lake District (north-easternPoland) and changes in water chemistry. Limnologica-Ecology and Management ofInland Waters36,234~240.
Leitch, A.R.,1991. Calcification of the charophyte oosporangium. In: Riding R., ed.Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites. Springer, Berlin,204~216.
Leng M. J., Marshall J. D.,2003. Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable isotope datafrom lake sediment archives. Quaternary Science23,811~831.
McConnaughey T.,1989a. Biomineralization mechanisms. In: Crick R. E., ed. Origin,Evolution and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals.Plenum Press, New York,57~73.
McConnaughey T.,1989b.13C and18O isotopic disequilibium in biologicalcarbonates: I. Patterns. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53,151~162.
McConnaughey, T.,1989c.13C and18O isotopic disequilibrium in biologicalcarbonates: II. In vitro simulation of kinetic isotope e ects. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta53,163~171.
Peck R. E.,1938. A new family of Charophyta from the lower cretaceous of Texas.Jour. Paleont.12(2),173~176.
Peck R. E.,1957. North American Mesozoic Charophyta. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Papers294A,1~44.
Pentecost, A.,1984. The growth of Chara globularis and its relationship to calciumcarbonate deposition in Malham Tarn. Fld. Stud.6,53~58.
Peter M. S., Patricia J. C., David E. F.,1996. Biotic selectivity during the K/T andLate Ordovician extinction events. Geological Society of America. Special Paper307.
Ravizza G., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B.,2003. Chemostratigraphic Evidence of DeccanVolcanism from the Marine Osmium Isotope Record. Science32,1392~1395.
Schmieder K., Werner S., Bauer H.G.,2006. Submersed macrophytes as a food sourcefor wintering waterbirds at Lake Constance. Aquatic Botany84,245~250.
Schulte P., Alegret L., Arenillas I., et al.,2010. The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact andMass Extinction at the Cretaceous~Paleogene Boundary. Science327,1214~1218.
Sepkoski J. J.,1988. Alpha, beta, or gramma: Where does all the diversity go?Paleobiology14,221~234.
Shackleton N. J., Chappell J.,1974. Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between oceanwater and the benthonic foraminifera genus Uvigerina: isotopic changes in theocean during the last glacial. Int. CNRS.
Shackleton N. J., Chappell J.,1986. Oxygen isotopes and sea level. Nature324,137~140.
Shackleton N. J., Opdyke N. D.,1973. Oxygen isotope and palaeomagneticstratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific core V28~238: Oxygen isotope temperatures andice volumes on a105year and106year scale. Quaternary research3,39~55.
Shashi B BHATIA,2003. Charophytes from the Miocene~Pliocene Transitions in theSiwalic~Churia Group of the Himalayan Foreland Basin: Palaeobiogeographic andpalaeoecologic implications. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica20(2),150~155.
Talbot M. R.,1990. A review of the palaeohydrological interpretation of carbon andoxygen isotopic rations in primary lacustrine carbonates. Geology80,261~279.
Wilf P., Johnson K. R., Huber B. T.,2003. Correlated terrestrial and marine evidencefor global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogeneboundary. PNAS100,599–604.
William C. C., Suyin Ting, Kathryn E. S., et al.,2010. New Paleomagnetic andStable~Isotope Results from the Nanxiong Basin, China: Implications for the K/TBoundary and the Timing of Paleocene Mammalian Turnover. The Journal ofGeology118,131~143.
付国斌，宋健兴，2002.吐鲁番盆地侏罗纪轮藻生物群及地层与环境.吐哈油气.第7卷，第4期
郝诒纯，阮培华，周修高，宋其善，杨国栋，程淑薇，魏真鑫，1983.西宁、民和盆地中侏罗世～第三纪地层及介形虫、轮藻化石.地球科学—武汉地质学院学报，地层古生物专辑Ⅱ(23)：1～210
胡济民，曾德敏，1982.轮藻化石.见:湖南古生物图册.北京：地质出版社.543～594
黄仁金，1979.广东南雄盆地晚白垩世—早第三纪轮藻化石.见:华南中、新生代红层.北京：科学出版社.190～205
黄仁金，1985.四川白垩纪—早第三纪轮藻.微体古生物学报，2（1）：77～91
黄仁金，1988.广东南雄盆地白垩系与第三系界线及轮藻化石.古生物学报，27（4）：457～474
黄仁金，张捷芳，1984.广东三水盆地晚白垩世—早第三纪轮藻.中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所丛刊，第九号：169～217
黄仁金，赵正忠，1989.苏北盆地泰州组和阜宁组一段轮藻及时代.见：江苏石油勘探局地质科学研究院、中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所著，苏北盆地泰州、阜宁组一段地层古生物.南京：南京大学出版社.111～127
李华南，1989.冀中及其邻区白垩纪至早第三纪轮藻.北京：石油工业出版社.1～106
李伟同，刘耕武，Dennis R. Braman等，2010.湖北当阳陆相白垩系～古近系界线层型问题值得深入研究.地层学杂志.第34卷，第2期
刘俊英，1984.轮藻.华北地区古生物图册（三）.微体古生物分册.北京：地质出版社.265～313
刘俊英，1987.内蒙古萨拉木伦地区晚白垩世—第三纪轮藻.地层古生物论文集，19：129～154
刘俊英，吴新莹，1990.新疆北部地区白垩系—第三系轮藻化石的研究.见：青海、新疆部分地区白垩纪—第三纪含油盆地微古植物群的研究.中国环境科学出版社.181～229
王振，1977.轮藻化石概论.北京大学地质地理系古生物地层教研室.1～118
王水，黄仁金，王振，林晓东，张泽润，徐锡林，1982.江苏地区白垩纪—第四纪轮藻化石.北京：地质出版社.1～66
王水，黄仁金，杨臣琼，李华南，1978.渤海沿岸地区早第三纪轮藻.北京：科学出版社.1～49
王振，1978.江汉盆地白垩纪轮藻类的研究兼论Porocharaceae和Characeae的分类.中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所集刊，第九号.北京:科学出版社.61～100
王振，1978.江汉盆地早第三纪轮藻.中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所集刊，第九号.北京:科学出版社.101～128
王振，黄仁金，王水，1976.云南中、新生代轮藻化石.见：云南中生代化石（上册）.北京：科学出版社.65～86
王振，卢辉楠，赵传本，1985.松辽盆地及其邻区白垩纪轮藻类.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社.1～80
王振，袁佩鑫，赵正忠，1983.赤山组及轮藻化石.古生物学报，22（5）：493～503
杨景林，王启飞，卢辉楠，2005.准噶尔盆地南缘呼2井晚白垩世、古新世轮藻植物群的发现及其意义.微体古生物学报，22（3）：251～268
杨景林，王启飞，卢辉楠，2008.准噶尔盆地白垩纪轮藻化石组合序列.微体古生物学报，25（4）：345～363
叶得泉，钟筱春，姚益民等，1993.中国油气区第三系.（I）：总论.北京：石油工业出版社.1～407
张捷芳，1993.从轮藻探讨南海北部大陆架的地层划分对比.地质论评.第39卷第1期
张捷芳，卢辉楠，张振来，高琴琴，1978.轮藻纲.见：中南地区古生物图册（四）.北京：地质出版社.325～382，709～722
中原石油勘探局勘探开发研究院，中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所，1988.东濮地区早第三纪轮藻.北京：石油工业出版社.1～58
Andrews J. E., Coletta P., Pentecost A., et al.,2003. Equilibrium and disequilibriumstable isotope effects in modern charophyte calcites: implications forpalaeoenvironmental studies. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.204,101～114.
Andrews J. E., Riding R., Dennis P. F.,1993. Stable isotopic compositions of Recentfreshwater cyanobacterial carbonates from the British Isles: local and regionalenvironmental controls. Sedimentology40,303～314.
Barrera E.,1994. Global environmental changes preceding the Cretaceous-Tertiaryboundary: Early-late Maastrichtian transition. Geology22,877~880.
Becker D., Picot L., Berger J. P.,2001. Stable isotopes(δ13C and δ18O) ofcharophyte gyrogonites: example from the Brochene Fluh section(LateOligocene-Early Miocene, Switzerland). Geobios35,89～97.
Coletta P., Pentecost A., Spiro B.,2001. Stable isotopes in charophyte incrustations:relationships with climate and water chemistry. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.Palaeoecol.173,9～19.
Croft W. N.,1952. A new Trochiliscus (Charophyta) from the Downtonian of Podolia.Bull. Br. Mus.(Nat. Hist.) Dep. Geol.1,189～220.
Drummond C. N., Wilkinson B. H., Lohmann K. C., et al.,1993. Effect of regionaltopography and hydrology on the lacustrine isotopic record of Miocenepaleoclimate in the Rocky Mountains. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimate,Palaeoecology101,67~79.
Eberth D. A.,1993. Depositional environments and facies transitions ofdinosaur~bearing upper cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu(Inner Mongolia).Canadian Journal of Earth Science30,2196~2213.
Eduardo A. M.,2000. Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Cretaceous charophytesfrom South America. Cretaceous Research21,211~220.
Galbrun B., Feist M., Colombo F., et al.,1993. Magnetostratigraphy andbiostratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary continental deposits, Ager Basin, Provinceof Lerida, Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology102,41~52.
Hasegawa H., Ichinnorov N., Chuluun M.,2009. Lithostratigraphy and depositionalenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ulan Nuur basin,southern Mongolia, and its paleoclimatic implication. Journal of Asian EarthSciences35,13~26.
Hondt S. D., Zachos J.C.,1998. Cretaceous Foraminifera and the evolution history ofplanktic photosymbiosis. Paleobiology24,512~523.
Huber B. T., Norris R. D., Macleod K. G.,2002. Deep-sea paleotemperature record ofextreme warmth during the Cretaceous. Geology20,123~126.
Itterbeeck J. V., Horne D. J., Bultynck P., et al.,2005. Stratigraphy andpalaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren DabasuFormation, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China. Cretaceous Research26,699~725.
Jerzykiewic T., Currie P. J., Eberth D. A.,1993. Djadokhta Formation correlativestrata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentarygeology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-AltaiGobi, Canada Journal of Earth Science30,2180~2195.
Jerzykiewicz T., Russell D. A.,1991. Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates ofthe Gobi basin. Cretaceous Research12,345~377.
Jianguo Li, David J. B., Yiyong Zhang,2010. Palynological record from a compositecore through Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene deposites in the Songliao Basin,Northeast China and its biostratigraphic implications. Cretaceous Research,1~12.
Jones T. P., Fourtier S. M., Pentecost A., Collinson M.,1996. Stable carbon andoxygen isotopic compositions of Recent charophyte oosporangia and water fromMalham Tarn, UK: palaeontological implications. Biogeochemistry34,99~112.
KARCZEWSKA J., KYANSEP-ROMASCHKINA N. P.,1979. Revision of LateCretaceous genus Mongolichara KYANSEP-ROMASCHKINA. Palaeont. Pol.24(4),423~427.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1983. Age of the uppercretaceous nemget formation(Mongolia) on charophytan evidence. Palaeont. Pol.28,137~146.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1969. Upper Cretaceouscharophyta from the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert. Palaeont. Pol.21,121~144.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1972. Lower tertiarycharophyta from the nemegt basin, Gobi Desert. Palaeont. Pol.27,51~81.
KARCZEWSKA J., ZIEMBIN′SKA-TWORZYDL′O M.,1981. New UpperCretaceous charophyta from the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Deserta. Palaeont. Pol.42,97~146.
K osowski S., Tomaszewicz G. H., Tomaszewicz H.,2006. The expansion and declineof charophyte communities in lakes within the Sejny Lake District (north-easternPoland) and changes in water chemistry. Limnologica-Ecology and Management ofInland Waters36,234~240.
Leitch, A.R.,1991. Calcification of the charophyte oosporangium. In: Riding R., ed.Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites. Springer, Berlin,204~216.
Leng M. J., Marshall J. D.,2003. Palaeoclimate interpretation of stable isotope datafrom lake sediment archives. Quaternary Science23,811~831.
McConnaughey T.,1989a. Biomineralization mechanisms. In: Crick R. E., ed. Origin,Evolution and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals.Plenum Press, New York,57~73.
McConnaughey T.,1989b.13C and18O isotopic disequilibium in biologicalcarbonates: I. Patterns. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53,151~162.
McConnaughey, T.,1989c.13C and18O isotopic disequilibrium in biologicalcarbonates: II. In vitro simulation of kinetic isotope e ects. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta53,163~171.
Peck R. E.,1938. A new family of Charophyta from the lower cretaceous of Texas.Jour. Paleont.12(2),173~176.
Peck R. E.,1957. North American Mesozoic Charophyta. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Papers294A,1~44.
Pentecost, A.,1984. The growth of Chara globularis and its relationship to calciumcarbonate deposition in Malham Tarn. Fld. Stud.6,53~58.
Peter M. S., Patricia J. C., David E. F.,1996. Biotic selectivity during the K/T andLate Ordovician extinction events. Geological Society of America. Special Paper307.
Ravizza G., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B.,2003. Chemostratigraphic Evidence of DeccanVolcanism from the Marine Osmium Isotope Record. Science32,1392~1395.
Schmieder K., Werner S., Bauer H.G.,2006. Submersed macrophytes as a food sourcefor wintering waterbirds at Lake Constance. Aquatic Botany84,245~250.
Schulte P., Alegret L., Arenillas I., et al.,2010. The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact andMass Extinction at the Cretaceous~Paleogene Boundary. Science327,1214~1218.
Sepkoski J. J.,1988. Alpha, beta, or gramma: Where does all the diversity go?Paleobiology14,221~234.
Shackleton N. J., Chappell J.,1974. Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between oceanwater and the benthonic foraminifera genus Uvigerina: isotopic changes in theocean during the last glacial. Int. CNRS.
Shackleton N. J., Chappell J.,1986. Oxygen isotopes and sea level. Nature324,137~140.
Shackleton N. J., Opdyke N. D.,1973. Oxygen isotope and palaeomagneticstratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific core V28~238: Oxygen isotope temperatures andice volumes on a105year and106year scale. Quaternary research3,39~55.
Shashi B BHATIA,2003. Charophytes from the Miocene~Pliocene Transitions in theSiwalic~Churia Group of the Himalayan Foreland Basin: Palaeobiogeographic andpalaeoecologic implications. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica20(2),150~155.
Talbot M. R.,1990. A review of the palaeohydrological interpretation of carbon andoxygen isotopic rations in primary lacustrine carbonates. Geology80,261~279.
Wilf P., Johnson K. R., Huber B. T.,2003. Correlated terrestrial and marine evidencefor global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogeneboundary. PNAS100,599–604.
William C. C., Suyin Ting, Kathryn E. S., et al.,2010. New Paleomagnetic andStable~Isotope Results from the Nanxiong Basin, China: Implications for the K/TBoundary and the Timing of Paleocene Mammalian Turnover. The Journal ofGeology118,131~143.
付国斌，宋健兴，2002.吐鲁番盆地侏罗纪轮藻生物群及地层与环境.吐哈油气.第7卷，第4期
郝诒纯，阮培华，周修高，宋其善，杨国栋，程淑薇，魏真鑫，1983.西宁、民和盆地中侏罗世～第三纪地层及介形虫、轮藻化石.地球科学—武汉地质学院学报，地层古生物专辑Ⅱ(23)：1～210
胡济民，曾德敏，1982.轮藻化石.见:湖南古生物图册.北京：地质出版社.543～594
黄仁金，1979.广东南雄盆地晚白垩世—早第三纪轮藻化石.见:华南中、新生代红层.北京：科学出版社.190～205
黄仁金，1985.四川白垩纪—早第三纪轮藻.微体古生物学报，2（1）：77～91
黄仁金，1988.广东南雄盆地白垩系与第三系界线及轮藻化石.古生物学报，27（4）：457～474
黄仁金，张捷芳，1984.广东三水盆地晚白垩世—早第三纪轮藻.中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所丛刊，第九号：169～217
黄仁金，赵正忠，1989.苏北盆地泰州组和阜宁组一段轮藻及时代.见：江苏石油勘探局地质科学研究院、中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所著，苏北盆地泰州、阜宁组一段地层古生物.南京：南京大学出版社.111～127
李华南，1989.冀中及其邻区白垩纪至早第三纪轮藻.北京：石油工业出版社.1～106
李伟同，刘耕武，Dennis R. Braman等，2010.湖北当阳陆相白垩系～古近系界线层型问题值得深入研究.地层学杂志.第34卷，第2期
刘俊英，1984.轮藻.华北地区古生物图册（三）.微体古生物分册.北京：地质出版社.265～313
刘俊英，1987.内蒙古萨拉木伦地区晚白垩世—第三纪轮藻.地层古生物论文集，19：129～154
刘俊英，吴新莹，1990.新疆北部地区白垩系—第三系轮藻化石的研究.见：青海、新疆部分地区白垩纪—第三纪含油盆地微古植物群的研究.中国环境科学出版社.181～229
王振，1977.轮藻化石概论.北京大学地质地理系古生物地层教研室.1～118
王水，黄仁金，王振，林晓东，张泽润，徐锡林，1982.江苏地区白垩纪—第四纪轮藻化石.北京：地质出版社.1～66
王水，黄仁金，杨臣琼，李华南，1978.渤海沿岸地区早第三纪轮藻.北京：科学出版社.1～49
王振，1978.江汉盆地白垩纪轮藻类的研究兼论Porocharaceae和Characeae的分类.中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所集刊，第九号.北京:科学出版社.61～100
王振，1978.江汉盆地早第三纪轮藻.中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所集刊，第九号.北京:科学出版社.101～128
王振，黄仁金，王水，1976.云南中、新生代轮藻化石.见：云南中生代化石（上册）.北京：科学出版社.65～86
王振，卢辉楠，赵传本，1985.松辽盆地及其邻区白垩纪轮藻类.哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社.1～80
王振，袁佩鑫，赵正忠，1983.赤山组及轮藻化石.古生物学报，22（5）：493～503
杨景林，王启飞，卢辉楠，2005.准噶尔盆地南缘呼2井晚白垩世、古新世轮藻植物群的发现及其意义.微体古生物学报，22（3）：251～268
杨景林，王启飞，卢辉楠，2008.准噶尔盆地白垩纪轮藻化石组合序列.微体古生物学报，25（4）：345～363
叶得泉，钟筱春，姚益民等，1993.中国油气区第三系.（I）：总论.北京：石油工业出版社.1～407
张捷芳，1993.从轮藻探讨南海北部大陆架的地层划分对比.地质论评.第39卷第1期
张捷芳，卢辉楠，张振来，高琴琴，1978.轮藻纲.见：中南地区古生物图册（四）.北京：地质出版社.325～382，709～722
中原石油勘探局勘探开发研究院，中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所，1988.东濮地区早第三纪轮藻.北京：石油工业出版社.1～58