泥石流作用下砌体结构的流—固耦合动力响应
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摘要
近年来，由于环境的受破坏程度越来越严重，泥石流灾害也愈加频繁和严重。它是一种全球性的自然灾害问题。给部分地区的人民生产和生活带来巨大损失，甚至威胁到人的生命安全。因此必须加深对泥石流暴发、运动及成灾机理等方面的认识和研究。近年来，各国研究学者和工程技术人员，从自身的学科领域和工作对象来研究和防治泥石流的，即试验研究加理论分析等传统研究手段。
随着近年来计算机水平不断提高，数值计算和模拟方法来研究泥石流动力学已经成为主流。本文使用了有限元分析软件ANSYSWORKBENCH13.0对泥石流发生过程中的流—固耦合问题进行分析研究。通过模拟分析，得到以下主要成果：
1)流场流动速度是结构的应力和变形变化的关键因素。流速越大对结构产生的应力和变形就越大。反之，流速小时，结构的应力和变形就会变小。
2)流场流体的前面部分，即与耦合面接触前的那部分流体，流速平稳基本与入口速度一致。但是在与耦合面接触后，此时它的流速快速增加。
3)通过本文的模拟可以看出泥石流对一般砌体结构的破坏力是巨大的。尤其是迎着流体方向的构件所产生的应力与其他方向上的构件有着鲜明的对比。
4)通过不同情况下的流—固耦合对比分析可以得出以下结论：泥石流流场越窄砌体结构产生的最大应力越大，砌体结构的高宽比越大产生的最大应力就越大，砌体结构的长宽比越大砌体结构的产生的应力越大，反之亦然。
Nowadays, for the environment destruction is more and more serious, also the debris flows isbecoming much more frequent and severe. And they are also global natural disasters. Huge losses arebrought to the people's production and life, and even a threat to the human life safeties. So theunderstanding and research about the mechanism of the debris flows should be deepen necessarily.In recent years, the researches and preventions of debris flows are studied by many research scholarsand engineering technicians of from their own subject areas and target audiences. Such as theexperimental study and the theory analysis traditional means, thus the debris flow motion laws cannot be explained by these methods reasonably and accurately. Apparently, these approaches areclearly lagged behind for the modern debris flow dynamics studies.
With continuously improvements of the computers, numerical calculation and simulationmethods have become mainstream ways for dynamics of debris flow researches. ANSYSWORKBENCH13.0, finite element analysis software is used to analysis the fluid-structureinteraction problems which occurred in debris flow.Main results are got as follows.
1) The flow velocity of fluid is the key factor for changes of the stress and deformation instructure. Faster speed leads greater stress and deformation. Conversely, slower speed goes withsmaller stress and deformation.
2) The front part of flow field, which is the part before contacting with the coupling surface,has a steady speed which is equal to inlet velocity basically. However, the speed increases sharplywhen contacting with the coupling surface.
3) The destructive power of debris flow on the general masonry structures is huge.Particularly, there are remarkable contrasts of components stress between the direction facing theflow and other directions.
4) After variously analysis of fluid-solid coupling conditions, the following conclusions aredrawn: the narrowest of field with the greater maximum stress of masonry structure, the biggeraspect ratio leads to the greater maximum stress; the greater length to width ratio goes with thegreater stress, and vice versa.
随着近年来计算机水平不断提高，数值计算和模拟方法来研究泥石流动力学已经成为主流。本文使用了有限元分析软件ANSYSWORKBENCH13.0对泥石流发生过程中的流—固耦合问题进行分析研究。通过模拟分析，得到以下主要成果：
1)流场流动速度是结构的应力和变形变化的关键因素。流速越大对结构产生的应力和变形就越大。反之，流速小时，结构的应力和变形就会变小。
2)流场流体的前面部分，即与耦合面接触前的那部分流体，流速平稳基本与入口速度一致。但是在与耦合面接触后，此时它的流速快速增加。
3)通过本文的模拟可以看出泥石流对一般砌体结构的破坏力是巨大的。尤其是迎着流体方向的构件所产生的应力与其他方向上的构件有着鲜明的对比。
4)通过不同情况下的流—固耦合对比分析可以得出以下结论：泥石流流场越窄砌体结构产生的最大应力越大，砌体结构的高宽比越大产生的最大应力就越大，砌体结构的长宽比越大砌体结构的产生的应力越大，反之亦然。
Nowadays, for the environment destruction is more and more serious, also the debris flows isbecoming much more frequent and severe. And they are also global natural disasters. Huge losses arebrought to the people's production and life, and even a threat to the human life safeties. So theunderstanding and research about the mechanism of the debris flows should be deepen necessarily.In recent years, the researches and preventions of debris flows are studied by many research scholarsand engineering technicians of from their own subject areas and target audiences. Such as theexperimental study and the theory analysis traditional means, thus the debris flow motion laws cannot be explained by these methods reasonably and accurately. Apparently, these approaches areclearly lagged behind for the modern debris flow dynamics studies.
With continuously improvements of the computers, numerical calculation and simulationmethods have become mainstream ways for dynamics of debris flow researches. ANSYSWORKBENCH13.0, finite element analysis software is used to analysis the fluid-structureinteraction problems which occurred in debris flow.Main results are got as follows.
1) The flow velocity of fluid is the key factor for changes of the stress and deformation instructure. Faster speed leads greater stress and deformation. Conversely, slower speed goes withsmaller stress and deformation.
2) The front part of flow field, which is the part before contacting with the coupling surface,has a steady speed which is equal to inlet velocity basically. However, the speed increases sharplywhen contacting with the coupling surface.
3) The destructive power of debris flow on the general masonry structures is huge.Particularly, there are remarkable contrasts of components stress between the direction facing theflow and other directions.
4) After variously analysis of fluid-solid coupling conditions, the following conclusions aredrawn: the narrowest of field with the greater maximum stress of masonry structure, the biggeraspect ratio leads to the greater maximum stress; the greater length to width ratio goes with thegreater stress, and vice versa.
引文
[1]陈洪凯,唐红梅,马永泰等.公路泥石流研究及治理[M].北京:人民交通出版社.2004.
[2]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社.1983.
[3]钱宁,万兆惠.高含沙水流运动[M].北京:科学出版社.1989.
[4]吴积善,田连权,康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社.1993.
[5]陈洪凯,唐红梅.吴四飞.公路特大型泥石流灾害控制技术研究[J].公路,2004.3:1-5.
[6] C.M.弗莱施曼(前苏联).泥石流[M].北京:科学出版社.1986.
[7]吴望一.流体力学[M].北京:北京大学出版社.1981.
[8]郑邦明,赵昕,计算水动力学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社.2001.
[9]姚德基,商向朝.国外泥石流研究中的若干基本理论问题泥石流论文集[M].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1981:142-15.
[10]中国科学院(中国自然地理)编辑委员会.中国自然地理地貌[M].北京:科学出版社,1981:30-31.
[11]钱宁,王兆印.泥石流运动机理的初步探讨[J].地理学报.1984,39(1):33-43.
[12]吴积善，田连权.论泥石流学[J].山地研究.1996,14(2):89-95.
[13]吴积善，田连权，康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[14] Fryxell F. M. and Herzberg L. Alpine mudflows in Grand Teton national park, Wyoming.Geological Society of America Bulletin.1943,54:457-472.
[15] Sharp R. P. and Nobles L. H. Mudflow of1941at Wright on, southern California. GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin.1953,64:547-560.
[16] Curry R.R. Observation of alpine mudflows in the Ten mile range, central Colorado. GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin.1966,77:771-776.
[17] Anderson D.M, Reynolds R. C, Brown J. Bent note debris flows in northern Alaska.Science.1969,164:173-174.
[18] Johnson, A.M, Rah P.H. Mobilization of debris flow. Zeitschrift for Geomorphologie.1970,9:168-186.
[19] Yano K, Daido A. Fundamental study on mudflow. Bull. Disaster Prev. Res. inst, KyotoUniv.Japan.1965,14, part2:69-83
[20] Takahashi T. Mechanical characteristics of debris flow[J]. Journal of the HydraulicsDivision.1978,104:1153-1169.
[21] Takahashi T. Debris flow on prismatic open channel. Journal of the HydraulicsDivision.1980,106(HY3):381-396.
[22]章书成.泥石流研究述评[J].力学进展.1989,19:365-374.
[23]刘希林.国外泥石流机理模型综述[J].灾害学.2002,17:1-6.
[24] Mc Tigue D.F. A nonlinear constitutive model for granular materials: application to gravity flow.Journal of Applied Mechanics ASME.1982,49(2):291-293.
[25] Johnson P.C. and Jackson R. Frictional-coalitional constitutive relations for granular materialswith applications to plane shearing. Journal of fluid mechanical.1987,176:67-93.
[26] Johnson P.C. Frictional-coalitional equations of motion for particulate flow and their applicationto chutes. Journal of fluid mechanical.1990,210:501-535.
[27] Chen, C.L. Generalized viscoplastic debris flow [J]. Herding, Proc. ASCE.1986,114(3):237-258.
[28] Chen, C.L. General Solutions for viscoplastic debris flow [J]. Herding, Proc. ASCE.1986,114(3):259-282.
[29] O'Brien J.S, Julian P.Y and Fullerton w. T. Tow dimensional water flood and mudflowsimulation.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.1993,119(2):244-261.
[30] Keefer D. K. Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall. Science.1987,238:921-925.
[31] Iverson R. M. The physics of debris flow [J]. Reviews of Geophysics.1997,35(3):245-296.
[32]费祥俊.高浓度浑水的宾汉极限剪应力[J].泥沙研究,1981,(3):19-28.
[33]费祥俊.高浓度浑水的年至系数（共度系数）[J].水利学报,1982,(3):57-63.
[34]费祥俊.泥石流的粘性及其测定方法[J].铁道工程学报,1985,(4):9-16.
[35]沈寿长.泥石流应力本构关系.水利学报,1998,(12):16-21.
[36]沈寿长,谢慎良.泥石流的结构模式和粗颗粒对浆体流变特性的影响[J].泥沙研究,1983,(3):12-19.
[37]熊刚,费祥俊.泥石流浆体屈服应力的计算方法[J].泥沙研究.1996,(1):56-66.
[38]王裕宜等.蒋家沟泥石流体静力特征[J].云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究.科学出版社,1990.
[39]王裕宜,邹仁元.泥石流浆体中沙粒间动摩擦力[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1998,9(4):1-7.
[40] CHEN Hong-Kai, TANG Hang-Mei. Essential Principle of Debris Flow [J].weans transactionson fluid mechanics2006,10(1):932-936.
[41]陈洪凯,唐红梅.泥石流两相冲击力及冲击时间计算方法[J].中国公路学报,2006,19(3):19-23.
[42]水源邦夫.关于泥石流规模预测的研究[J].戈素芬译.水土保持科技情报,1997,17(1):29-33.
[43] Fausto Guzzetti, Silvia Peruccacci, Mauro Rossi, et al. The rainfall intensity-duration controlof shallow landslides and debris flows: an update [J]. Landslides,2008,5:3-17.
[44] De Vita, P. Fenomenid’instabilita delle coperture p iroclastiche deiMonti Lattari, di Sarnoe diSalerno (Campania) ed analisi degli eventi p luviometrici determinanti [J]. Dudgeon Appl.2000,7(2):213-239.
[45] Sep l veda, SA, Rebolledo, S, Vargas, G.. Recent catastrophic debris flows in Chile: Geologicalhazard, climatic relationships and human response [J]. Quaternary international,2006,158:23-95.
[46] Parlini, M, Scantily, M. Frequency of debris flows and their relation with precipitation: A casestudy in the Central Alps, Italy [J]. Geomorphology,2008,101:721-730.
[47] Flotilla, F, Wilson, R. C. Rainfall induced debris flows in pyroclastic deposits, Campania(Southern Italy)[J].Engineering Geology,2004,75:263-289.
[48] Cannon S. H, Gartner J. E, Wilson R. C. Storm rainfall conditions for floods and debris flowsfrom recently burned areas in southwestern Colorado and southern California [J].Geomorphology,2008,96:250-269.
[49] LIU Xi-Lin, MO Duo-Wan, WANG Xiao-Dan. Regional vulnerability assessment of debrisflows [J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2001,12(2):7-11.
[50] ZHAO Yuan, LIU Xi-Lin. Assessment on debris flow disaster losses [J]. The Chinese Journal ofGeological Hazard and Control,2005,3:21-24.
[51]王勇智.固液两相泥石流运动计算力学:[重庆交通大学硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆交通大学,2008,1-2.
[52]娄涛.基于ANSYS的流—固耦合问题数值模拟:[兰州大学硕士学位论文].兰州:兰州大学,2008,18-19.
[53]周小彬.泥石流对桥梁工程的危害及其防治:[同济大学硕士学位论文].同济:同济大学,2006,19-28.
[54]龚成勇.粘性泥石流运动机理及数值模拟研究:[兰州理工大学硕士学位论文].兰州:兰州理工大学,2009,76-77.
[55]陈春光.泥石流与主河水流交汇模型及耦合计算方法:[西南交通大学博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2004,2-8.
[56]丁继新,杨志法,尚彦军,等.区域泥石流灾害的定量风险分析[J].岩土力学,2006,27(7):1071-1076.
[57] Jin, M, Freed, D. L.1D Modeling of Mud debris Unsteady Flows [J]. Journal of HydraulicEngineering, ASCE,1999,125(8):827-834.
[2]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社.1983.
[3]钱宁,万兆惠.高含沙水流运动[M].北京:科学出版社.1989.
[4]吴积善,田连权,康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社.1993.
[5]陈洪凯,唐红梅.吴四飞.公路特大型泥石流灾害控制技术研究[J].公路,2004.3:1-5.
[6] C.M.弗莱施曼(前苏联).泥石流[M].北京:科学出版社.1986.
[7]吴望一.流体力学[M].北京:北京大学出版社.1981.
[8]郑邦明,赵昕,计算水动力学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社.2001.
[9]姚德基,商向朝.国外泥石流研究中的若干基本理论问题泥石流论文集[M].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1981:142-15.
[10]中国科学院(中国自然地理)编辑委员会.中国自然地理地貌[M].北京:科学出版社,1981:30-31.
[11]钱宁,王兆印.泥石流运动机理的初步探讨[J].地理学报.1984,39(1):33-43.
[12]吴积善，田连权.论泥石流学[J].山地研究.1996,14(2):89-95.
[13]吴积善，田连权，康志成等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[14] Fryxell F. M. and Herzberg L. Alpine mudflows in Grand Teton national park, Wyoming.Geological Society of America Bulletin.1943,54:457-472.
[15] Sharp R. P. and Nobles L. H. Mudflow of1941at Wright on, southern California. GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin.1953,64:547-560.
[16] Curry R.R. Observation of alpine mudflows in the Ten mile range, central Colorado. GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin.1966,77:771-776.
[17] Anderson D.M, Reynolds R. C, Brown J. Bent note debris flows in northern Alaska.Science.1969,164:173-174.
[18] Johnson, A.M, Rah P.H. Mobilization of debris flow. Zeitschrift for Geomorphologie.1970,9:168-186.
[19] Yano K, Daido A. Fundamental study on mudflow. Bull. Disaster Prev. Res. inst, KyotoUniv.Japan.1965,14, part2:69-83
[20] Takahashi T. Mechanical characteristics of debris flow[J]. Journal of the HydraulicsDivision.1978,104:1153-1169.
[21] Takahashi T. Debris flow on prismatic open channel. Journal of the HydraulicsDivision.1980,106(HY3):381-396.
[22]章书成.泥石流研究述评[J].力学进展.1989,19:365-374.
[23]刘希林.国外泥石流机理模型综述[J].灾害学.2002,17:1-6.
[24] Mc Tigue D.F. A nonlinear constitutive model for granular materials: application to gravity flow.Journal of Applied Mechanics ASME.1982,49(2):291-293.
[25] Johnson P.C. and Jackson R. Frictional-coalitional constitutive relations for granular materialswith applications to plane shearing. Journal of fluid mechanical.1987,176:67-93.
[26] Johnson P.C. Frictional-coalitional equations of motion for particulate flow and their applicationto chutes. Journal of fluid mechanical.1990,210:501-535.
[27] Chen, C.L. Generalized viscoplastic debris flow [J]. Herding, Proc. ASCE.1986,114(3):237-258.
[28] Chen, C.L. General Solutions for viscoplastic debris flow [J]. Herding, Proc. ASCE.1986,114(3):259-282.
[29] O'Brien J.S, Julian P.Y and Fullerton w. T. Tow dimensional water flood and mudflowsimulation.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.1993,119(2):244-261.
[30] Keefer D. K. Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall. Science.1987,238:921-925.
[31] Iverson R. M. The physics of debris flow [J]. Reviews of Geophysics.1997,35(3):245-296.
[32]费祥俊.高浓度浑水的宾汉极限剪应力[J].泥沙研究,1981,(3):19-28.
[33]费祥俊.高浓度浑水的年至系数（共度系数）[J].水利学报,1982,(3):57-63.
[34]费祥俊.泥石流的粘性及其测定方法[J].铁道工程学报,1985,(4):9-16.
[35]沈寿长.泥石流应力本构关系.水利学报,1998,(12):16-21.
[36]沈寿长,谢慎良.泥石流的结构模式和粗颗粒对浆体流变特性的影响[J].泥沙研究,1983,(3):12-19.
[37]熊刚,费祥俊.泥石流浆体屈服应力的计算方法[J].泥沙研究.1996,(1):56-66.
[38]王裕宜等.蒋家沟泥石流体静力特征[J].云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究.科学出版社,1990.
[39]王裕宜,邹仁元.泥石流浆体中沙粒间动摩擦力[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报.1998,9(4):1-7.
[40] CHEN Hong-Kai, TANG Hang-Mei. Essential Principle of Debris Flow [J].weans transactionson fluid mechanics2006,10(1):932-936.
[41]陈洪凯,唐红梅.泥石流两相冲击力及冲击时间计算方法[J].中国公路学报,2006,19(3):19-23.
[42]水源邦夫.关于泥石流规模预测的研究[J].戈素芬译.水土保持科技情报,1997,17(1):29-33.
[43] Fausto Guzzetti, Silvia Peruccacci, Mauro Rossi, et al. The rainfall intensity-duration controlof shallow landslides and debris flows: an update [J]. Landslides,2008,5:3-17.
[44] De Vita, P. Fenomenid’instabilita delle coperture p iroclastiche deiMonti Lattari, di Sarnoe diSalerno (Campania) ed analisi degli eventi p luviometrici determinanti [J]. Dudgeon Appl.2000,7(2):213-239.
[45] Sep l veda, SA, Rebolledo, S, Vargas, G.. Recent catastrophic debris flows in Chile: Geologicalhazard, climatic relationships and human response [J]. Quaternary international,2006,158:23-95.
[46] Parlini, M, Scantily, M. Frequency of debris flows and their relation with precipitation: A casestudy in the Central Alps, Italy [J]. Geomorphology,2008,101:721-730.
[47] Flotilla, F, Wilson, R. C. Rainfall induced debris flows in pyroclastic deposits, Campania(Southern Italy)[J].Engineering Geology,2004,75:263-289.
[48] Cannon S. H, Gartner J. E, Wilson R. C. Storm rainfall conditions for floods and debris flowsfrom recently burned areas in southwestern Colorado and southern California [J].Geomorphology,2008,96:250-269.
[49] LIU Xi-Lin, MO Duo-Wan, WANG Xiao-Dan. Regional vulnerability assessment of debrisflows [J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2001,12(2):7-11.
[50] ZHAO Yuan, LIU Xi-Lin. Assessment on debris flow disaster losses [J]. The Chinese Journal ofGeological Hazard and Control,2005,3:21-24.
[51]王勇智.固液两相泥石流运动计算力学:[重庆交通大学硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆交通大学,2008,1-2.
[52]娄涛.基于ANSYS的流—固耦合问题数值模拟:[兰州大学硕士学位论文].兰州:兰州大学,2008,18-19.
[53]周小彬.泥石流对桥梁工程的危害及其防治:[同济大学硕士学位论文].同济:同济大学,2006,19-28.
[54]龚成勇.粘性泥石流运动机理及数值模拟研究:[兰州理工大学硕士学位论文].兰州:兰州理工大学,2009,76-77.
[55]陈春光.泥石流与主河水流交汇模型及耦合计算方法:[西南交通大学博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2004,2-8.
[56]丁继新,杨志法,尚彦军,等.区域泥石流灾害的定量风险分析[J].岩土力学,2006,27(7):1071-1076.
[57] Jin, M, Freed, D. L.1D Modeling of Mud debris Unsteady Flows [J]. Journal of HydraulicEngineering, ASCE,1999,125(8):827-834.