地震作用下地铁轨道抗震计算方法的研究
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摘要
地铁的抗震设计并不仅要保证结构的安全,而且要保证在地震时有一定的运行安全保证。在地震作用下,轨道产生的弯折、挠曲等变形、地震引起的震动幅值过大等,均可能使在上面行驶的列车脱轨造成事故。为了进行地震作用下列车安全性分析,本文主要从轨道结构在地震荷载下的变形和震动幅值等方面研究了地铁轨道的抗震计算问题。
(1)假定整体道床轨道与隧道结构共同变形,提出了地震作用下轨道结构抗震验算的方法,并分析了地震动强度、不同土层及隧道结构对轨道变形的影响。结果表明,地震动强度是影响轨道变形的主要因素,结构或土层的影响较小。
(2)以集中质量模型,建立了在地震作用下地铁轨道地震动响应和列车运行安全验算方法。分析了普通整体道床和不同减震道床轨道的地震响应特性。计算表明,轨下减震构件的弹性连接刚度阻尼越大,轨道的震动位移幅值越小,若是安装了减振器的轨道结构,轨道位移比没有安装时小1%左右。减振器不仅在日常使用中能减少列车行驶对轨道产生的振动,还能减轻地震荷载对轨道产生的冲击,抗震效果好。
(3)为进一步分析地震作用下列车运行安全,建立了车轨耦合相互作用模型,直接计算车轮对轨道的横向和垂向力,用于计算脱轨系数,并验算列车轨道的抗震性能。
最后为了说明前文中所述的计算方法,根据实际工程的资料给出了地震作用下轨道变形计算实例。
Anti-seismic design on subway track is not a deeply researched subject internal, so this paper just brings forth a simplified calculating method to calculate the deformation of the track under seismic, and limits some deformation value coin with the cope. This paper starts from three sides when researched:simplify calculated methods by the lengthways of the tunnel; analysis on vibration of the track; analysis on vehicle-track dynamic interaction.
(1) Track deformation analysis is assumed that track and tunnel structure is in common deformation, and make the displacement of the strata which the tunnel bottom in instead of the longitudinal deformation of the track when earthquake happened. Checking that what influence would different seismic intensity, strata and tunnel structure make to the deformation on above.
(2) The reason for track vibration response analysis is that most subway structures are based on ballastless monolithic concrete bed, and the influence to track vibration comes from tie plate under track while the bed embed roadbed without elastic connection between them. Stiffness of the cushion decides deformation of the track. Another new shock absorption track structure such as floating slab structure, etc, is different from ordinary structure in damping effect because of the increase steel spring below ballast, so explained separately.
(3) Vehicle-track dynamic interaction model. This is commonly used in orbit computation. The paper is mainly calculating influence from seismic to track structure, so it's also increased earthquake on this model and analyzes its corresponding reaction. The three methods explain the specific action of the track under seismic from simple to hard, and give different limited conditions to different action results for checking. Any structural design methods are aimed at certain design goal, and different design goal is to achieve different requirements, therefore, this paper also puts forward corresponding track structure anti-seismic performance requirements to adapt to the seismic design methods.
Finally to illustrate the former method, according to some actual project material lists the calculation process and explained in detail of the process. This is not in specific engineering calculation of its seismic response, but I hope the seismic design method of anti-seismic design of metro could play a role, which can reduce earthquake damage in a certain extent of underground rail transportation engineering.
(1)假定整体道床轨道与隧道结构共同变形,提出了地震作用下轨道结构抗震验算的方法,并分析了地震动强度、不同土层及隧道结构对轨道变形的影响。结果表明,地震动强度是影响轨道变形的主要因素,结构或土层的影响较小。
(2)以集中质量模型,建立了在地震作用下地铁轨道地震动响应和列车运行安全验算方法。分析了普通整体道床和不同减震道床轨道的地震响应特性。计算表明,轨下减震构件的弹性连接刚度阻尼越大,轨道的震动位移幅值越小,若是安装了减振器的轨道结构,轨道位移比没有安装时小1%左右。减振器不仅在日常使用中能减少列车行驶对轨道产生的振动,还能减轻地震荷载对轨道产生的冲击,抗震效果好。
(3)为进一步分析地震作用下列车运行安全,建立了车轨耦合相互作用模型,直接计算车轮对轨道的横向和垂向力,用于计算脱轨系数,并验算列车轨道的抗震性能。
最后为了说明前文中所述的计算方法,根据实际工程的资料给出了地震作用下轨道变形计算实例。
Anti-seismic design on subway track is not a deeply researched subject internal, so this paper just brings forth a simplified calculating method to calculate the deformation of the track under seismic, and limits some deformation value coin with the cope. This paper starts from three sides when researched:simplify calculated methods by the lengthways of the tunnel; analysis on vibration of the track; analysis on vehicle-track dynamic interaction.
(1) Track deformation analysis is assumed that track and tunnel structure is in common deformation, and make the displacement of the strata which the tunnel bottom in instead of the longitudinal deformation of the track when earthquake happened. Checking that what influence would different seismic intensity, strata and tunnel structure make to the deformation on above.
(2) The reason for track vibration response analysis is that most subway structures are based on ballastless monolithic concrete bed, and the influence to track vibration comes from tie plate under track while the bed embed roadbed without elastic connection between them. Stiffness of the cushion decides deformation of the track. Another new shock absorption track structure such as floating slab structure, etc, is different from ordinary structure in damping effect because of the increase steel spring below ballast, so explained separately.
(3) Vehicle-track dynamic interaction model. This is commonly used in orbit computation. The paper is mainly calculating influence from seismic to track structure, so it's also increased earthquake on this model and analyzes its corresponding reaction. The three methods explain the specific action of the track under seismic from simple to hard, and give different limited conditions to different action results for checking. Any structural design methods are aimed at certain design goal, and different design goal is to achieve different requirements, therefore, this paper also puts forward corresponding track structure anti-seismic performance requirements to adapt to the seismic design methods.
Finally to illustrate the former method, according to some actual project material lists the calculation process and explained in detail of the process. This is not in specific engineering calculation of its seismic response, but I hope the seismic design method of anti-seismic design of metro could play a role, which can reduce earthquake damage in a certain extent of underground rail transportation engineering.
引文
[1]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京：地震出版社,1988
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[5]夏禾、张楠.车辆与结构动力相互作用[M],北京：科学出版社,2005
[6]陶连金、边金、张印涛、李芳成,地下结构抗震设计方法的比较与分析[J],现代隧道技术,
2008,6(2)：50-54
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[9]于翔,陈启亮,等.地下结构抗震研究方法及现状[J].解放军理工大学学报,2000,1(5)：63-69
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[11]GB50157-2003地铁设计规范[S]
[12]Codes in Japan[S]
[13]NCHRP 12-49, Comprehensive Specification for the Seismic Design of Bridges[S]
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[15]An Xuehu-Shawky A Maekawa K Collapse mec. hanism of a subway station during the great Hanshin earthquake[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,1997,19(3):241-257
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[20]张玉娥,白宝鸿,张耀辉,等.地铁区间隧道震害特点、震害分析方法及减震措施的探讨[J].振动与冲击,2004,22(1)：70-74
[21]董鹏,周健.土与结构相互作用下的地下建筑物动力可靠性分析[J].建筑结构学报,2004,25(2)： 124-129
[22]毕继红,张鸿,邓艽.基于耦合分析法的地铁隧道抗震研究[J].岩土力学,2003,24(5)：800-803
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[24]孙绍平,韩阳.生命线地震工程研究述评[J].土木工程学报,2003,36(5)：97-104
[25]周健,胡晓燕.考虑行进波的地下建筑物动力反应分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(1)： 70-73
[26]高峰,关宝树.深圳地铁地震反应分析[J].西南交通大学学报,2001,36(4)：355-359
[27]宫全美,周顺华,方炽华.南京地铁地基地震液化规范判别的差异分析[J].岩土力学,2000,21(1)：141-144
[28]马险峰.地下结构的震害研究[D].上海：同济大学,2000
[29]刘晶波,李彬,谷音,等.地铁盾构隧道地震反应特性研究[J].现代隧道技术增刊,2004：251-257
[30]刘晶波,李彬,谷音.地铁盾构隧道地震反应分析[J].清华大学学报,2005,45(6)：757-760
[31]Liu Shu, Liu Jingbo, et al. A method for analyzing three-dimensional dynamic contact problems in visco-elastic media with kinetic and static friction[J]. Computers and Structures, 2003,81(24-25):2383-2394
[32]刘书,刘晶波,方鄂华.动接触问题及其数值模拟的研究进展[J].工程力学,1999,16(6),14—28
[33]廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论(第二版)[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[34]刘晶波,王振宇,杜修力.波动问题中的三维时域粘弹性人工边界[J].工程力学,2005,22(6)：46-51
[35]王振宇,刘晶波.成层地基非线性波动问题人工边界与波动输人研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(7)：1169-1173
[36]刘晶波,吕彦东.结构-地基动力相互作用问题分析的一种直接方法[J].土木工程学报,1998,31(3)：55-64
[37]刘汉龙.土动力学与岩土地震工程[C],／中国土木工程学会第九届土力学及岩土工程学术会议论文集.北京：清华大学出版社,2003,56-68
[38]张建民,张嘎.土体与结构物动力相互作用研究进展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001(增刊)：854-865
[39]杨志勇,何若全.高层钢结构弹塑性抗震分析静动力综合法[J].建筑结构学报,2003,24(3)： 25-32
[40]尹华伟,汪梦甫,周锡元.结构静力弹塑性分析方法的研究和改进[J].工程力学,2003,20(4)：4549
[41]Elnashai A s Advanced inelastic static(pushover)analysis for earthquake applications [J]. Structural Engineering and Mechanics,2001,12(1):51-69
[42]Chou Chung-Che, et al. A procedure for evaluating seismic energy demand of framed structures[J]. Earthquake Engineering& Structural Dynamics,2003,32(2):229-24
[43]施仲衡,王元湘.关于地铁工程抗震设计的若干问题[R].北京：北京城建设计研究院,2002
[44]刘爱文,张素灵,胡聿贤,等.地震断层作用下埋地管线的反应分析[J].地震工程与工程震动,2002,22(21)：22-27
[45]张素灵,许建东,等.地震断层作用对地下输油(气)管道破坏的分析[J].地震地质,2001,23(3)：432-438
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[51]刘晶波、李彬.地铁地下结构抗震分析及设计中的几个关键问题[J],土木工程学报,2006,39(6)：106-109
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[2]戚承志,张玉佳,等.地铁结构抗震研究中的若干问题[J],北京建筑工程学院学报,2007,23(1)： 1-5
[3]何海健、刘维宁.地下铁道抗震研究的现状与探讨[J],中国安全科学学报,2005,15(8)：3-7
[4]翟婉明.车辆-轨道耦合动力学[M],北京：科学出版社,2007
[5]夏禾、张楠.车辆与结构动力相互作用[M],北京：科学出版社,2005
[6]陶连金、边金、张印涛、李芳成,地下结构抗震设计方法的比较与分析[J],现代隧道技术,
2008,6(2)：50-54
[7]日本铁道构造物等设计标准·同解说耐震设计[S].东京：丸善株式会社,1999
[8]孙超、薄景山、齐文浩、兰景岩,地下结构抗震现状及展望[J],世界地震工程,2009,25(2)：94-98.
[9]于翔,陈启亮,等.地下结构抗震研究方法及现状[J].解放军理工大学学报,2000,1(5)：63-69
[10]周德培,地铁抗震设计准则[J].世界隧道,1995,(2)：36-45
[11]GB50157-2003地铁设计规范[S]
[12]Codes in Japan[S]
[13]NCHRP 12-49, Comprehensive Specification for the Seismic Design of Bridges[S]
[14]Samatas, OhuchiH'MatsudaT. Study of the damage of subway structures during the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,1997,19(3):223-239
[15]An Xuehu-Shawky A Maekawa K Collapse mec. hanism of a subway station during the great Hanshin earthquake[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites,1997,19(3):241-257
[16]曹炳政,罗奇峰,马硕,等.神户大开地铁车站的地震反应分析[J].地震工程与工程震动,2002,22(41)：102-107
[17]付鹏程,王刚,张建民.地铁地下结构在轴向传播剪切波作用下反应的简化计算方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(3)：45-50
[18]周健,董鹏,等.软土地下结构的地震土压力分析研究[J].岩土力学,2004,25(41)：554-559
[19]林志,朱合华,杨超,等.盾构区间隧道衬砌结构的抗震计算[J].同济大学学报,2004,32(5)：607-611
[20]张玉娥,白宝鸿,张耀辉,等.地铁区间隧道震害特点、震害分析方法及减震措施的探讨[J].振动与冲击,2004,22(1)：70-74
[21]董鹏,周健.土与结构相互作用下的地下建筑物动力可靠性分析[J].建筑结构学报,2004,25(2)： 124-129
[22]毕继红,张鸿,邓艽.基于耦合分析法的地铁隧道抗震研究[J].岩土力学,2003,24(5)：800-803
[23]杨林德,杨超,季倩倩,等.地铁车站的振动台试验与地震响应的计算方法[J].同济大学学报,2003,31(10)：1136-1140
[24]孙绍平,韩阳.生命线地震工程研究述评[J].土木工程学报,2003,36(5)：97-104
[25]周健,胡晓燕.考虑行进波的地下建筑物动力反应分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(1)： 70-73
[26]高峰,关宝树.深圳地铁地震反应分析[J].西南交通大学学报,2001,36(4)：355-359
[27]宫全美,周顺华,方炽华.南京地铁地基地震液化规范判别的差异分析[J].岩土力学,2000,21(1)：141-144
[28]马险峰.地下结构的震害研究[D].上海：同济大学,2000
[29]刘晶波,李彬,谷音,等.地铁盾构隧道地震反应特性研究[J].现代隧道技术增刊,2004：251-257
[30]刘晶波,李彬,谷音.地铁盾构隧道地震反应分析[J].清华大学学报,2005,45(6)：757-760
[31]Liu Shu, Liu Jingbo, et al. A method for analyzing three-dimensional dynamic contact problems in visco-elastic media with kinetic and static friction[J]. Computers and Structures, 2003,81(24-25):2383-2394
[32]刘书,刘晶波,方鄂华.动接触问题及其数值模拟的研究进展[J].工程力学,1999,16(6),14—28
[33]廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论(第二版)[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[34]刘晶波,王振宇,杜修力.波动问题中的三维时域粘弹性人工边界[J].工程力学,2005,22(6)：46-51
[35]王振宇,刘晶波.成层地基非线性波动问题人工边界与波动输人研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(7)：1169-1173
[36]刘晶波,吕彦东.结构-地基动力相互作用问题分析的一种直接方法[J].土木工程学报,1998,31(3)：55-64
[37]刘汉龙.土动力学与岩土地震工程[C],／中国土木工程学会第九届土力学及岩土工程学术会议论文集.北京：清华大学出版社,2003,56-68
[38]张建民,张嘎.土体与结构物动力相互作用研究进展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001(增刊)：854-865
[39]杨志勇,何若全.高层钢结构弹塑性抗震分析静动力综合法[J].建筑结构学报,2003,24(3)： 25-32
[40]尹华伟,汪梦甫,周锡元.结构静力弹塑性分析方法的研究和改进[J].工程力学,2003,20(4)：4549
[41]Elnashai A s Advanced inelastic static(pushover)analysis for earthquake applications [J]. Structural Engineering and Mechanics,2001,12(1):51-69
[42]Chou Chung-Che, et al. A procedure for evaluating seismic energy demand of framed structures[J]. Earthquake Engineering& Structural Dynamics,2003,32(2):229-24
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