吉林省射击运动员专项心理能力的构成与评价
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摘要
运动实践证明,科学训练已经取代传统的经验训练,怎样合理的选拔运动员,有效的提高运动员的竞技能力,避免在选材、培养、训练的方法不当而多走弯路等问题,已经成为国内外体育研究部门和教练员所关注的焦点,其中运动员的心理能力更是研究者所关注的焦点问题中的重点内容之一。
射击运动是历届全运会各省市代表队的夺金焦点,其运动项目一直都是吉林省竞技体育的优势项目,特别是近年来吉林省射击运动成绩稳步提高。目前,多内外研究人员多致力于运动员心理能力培养的研究,而关于不同项目运动员专项心理能力的构成及评估研究较少,特别缺乏对射击运动员专项心理能力的研究,这成为制约射击运动项目水平提高的关键因素之一。
本文采用文献资料法、测量法、调查法和数理统计法对以吉林省36名射击运动员(实验组)和吉林体育学院在校36名大学生(对照组)为研究对象,分别进行了用力感、简单反应能力、注意广度、复杂反应能力、动作稳定性、自信心、比赛动机、竞赛焦虑、心理健康水平、注意力集中能力、意志品质11项心理指标。统计结果显示:吉林省射击运动员专项心理能力由控制能力、反应能力和心理健康能力构成。研究发现实验组和对照组的控制能力因子和心理健康因子存在显著差异。不同性别的射击运动员专项心理能力的检验中只有动作稳定性这一指标的差异程度具有一定的显著性。不同运动等级的运动员在动作稳定性这一心理指标上存在显著差异。为了进一步研究和分析,笔者将不同等级的射击运动员专项心理能力进行多重比较,其结果显示,在动作稳定性这一指标的检验中,健将级运动员和一级运动员、二级运动员的动作稳定性存在显著差异,一级运动员和二级运动员没有显著差异。在用力感的检验中,健将级运动员与二级运动员在用力感这一指标中存在显著差异,一级运动员和二级运动员存在显著差异,而健将级运动员和一级运动员没有显著差异。在注意力集中能力检验中,健将级运动员与二级运动员在存在显著差异,一级运动员和二级运动员存在显著差异,健将级运动员和一级运动员没有显著差异。步枪和手枪训练的运动员三个主要因子所包含的8项心理指标的差异不具有显著特点。
本研究对影响吉林省射击运动员专项心理能力的因素进行分析的同时,为了对射击运动员心理能力水平的评价更加直观、方便,本研究以所测数据的平均值为基准值,以标准差为离散距,根据测试中高有指标和低优指标不同的评价方法,分别将射击运动员心理能力中受遗传因素影响较大和受后天教育、引导及训练等因素影响较大的指标评价标准划分为优、良、中、及、差5个等级,以便教练员和运动员在选材及训练中有所借鉴。
Scientific training has replaced the traditional training by experience according to sportive practices. How to reasonably select sportsmen, effectively improve their athletic ability and avoid detours becomes the focus of attention for domestic and international sports research departments as well as coaches, in which sportsmen’s special psychological capacity is one of the key contents. Many teams have attached importance to shooting, which has always been the advantage sports of Jilin Province, particularly its shooting achievements are improved steadily in recent years.
Currently, more and more researchers carry out training of sportsmen’s special psychological capacity, but there is little research on composition and evaluation of special psychological capacity for certain special sport, in particular lack of special psychological study on shooter, which becomes one of the key factors restricting the level of shooting sports.
In this study, 36 shooters in Jilin Province (experimental group) and 36 students in the Jilin Institute of Physical Education (control group) were taken as the subjects to study 11 psychological indicators, including perception of muscle force, simple reaction ability, attention span, complex reaction ability, movement stability, confidence, competition motivation, competitive anxiety, mental health level, concentration ability, and volitional quality based on literature, measurement, survey and statistics methods. Results showed: Jilin shooters’special psychological capacity consisted of control, response and mental health. Study found that the experimental group and control group had significant differences in control factors and mental health factors. As to different genders, only movement stability was different to some extent; and for different sportsman grades, the difference in movement stability was significant. In order to further research and analyze, this study conducted multiple comparisons to the special psychological capacity of shooters in different grades, the results showed that master sportsmen’s movement stability was significantly different from that of the first and second grade sportsman, but no significant difference in that between the first and second grade one. In the test of perception of muscle force, there was a significant difference between master sportsman and second grade sportsman, as well as between first and second grade sportsmen, but no significant difference between master sportsman and first grade sportsman. In the test of concentration ability, there was a significant difference between master sportsman and the second grade sportsman, as well as between first and second grade sportsmen, but no significant difference between master sportsman and first grade sportsman. Other eight psychological indicators in rifle and pistol training had no significant difference.
In addition to the analysis on the influencing factors of shooters’special psychological capacity, this study took the average of the measured data as the base value, standard deviation as the discrete distance according to the high- and low-priority indicators to make the evaluation more intuitive and convenient. The indicators influenced by genetic factors and the indicators influenced by acquired education, guidance and training are divided into five grades: excellent, good, fair, pass and poor, so coaches and sportsmen can use as a source of reference in the selection and training.
射击运动是历届全运会各省市代表队的夺金焦点,其运动项目一直都是吉林省竞技体育的优势项目,特别是近年来吉林省射击运动成绩稳步提高。目前,多内外研究人员多致力于运动员心理能力培养的研究,而关于不同项目运动员专项心理能力的构成及评估研究较少,特别缺乏对射击运动员专项心理能力的研究,这成为制约射击运动项目水平提高的关键因素之一。
本文采用文献资料法、测量法、调查法和数理统计法对以吉林省36名射击运动员(实验组)和吉林体育学院在校36名大学生(对照组)为研究对象,分别进行了用力感、简单反应能力、注意广度、复杂反应能力、动作稳定性、自信心、比赛动机、竞赛焦虑、心理健康水平、注意力集中能力、意志品质11项心理指标。统计结果显示:吉林省射击运动员专项心理能力由控制能力、反应能力和心理健康能力构成。研究发现实验组和对照组的控制能力因子和心理健康因子存在显著差异。不同性别的射击运动员专项心理能力的检验中只有动作稳定性这一指标的差异程度具有一定的显著性。不同运动等级的运动员在动作稳定性这一心理指标上存在显著差异。为了进一步研究和分析,笔者将不同等级的射击运动员专项心理能力进行多重比较,其结果显示,在动作稳定性这一指标的检验中,健将级运动员和一级运动员、二级运动员的动作稳定性存在显著差异,一级运动员和二级运动员没有显著差异。在用力感的检验中,健将级运动员与二级运动员在用力感这一指标中存在显著差异,一级运动员和二级运动员存在显著差异,而健将级运动员和一级运动员没有显著差异。在注意力集中能力检验中,健将级运动员与二级运动员在存在显著差异,一级运动员和二级运动员存在显著差异,健将级运动员和一级运动员没有显著差异。步枪和手枪训练的运动员三个主要因子所包含的8项心理指标的差异不具有显著特点。
本研究对影响吉林省射击运动员专项心理能力的因素进行分析的同时,为了对射击运动员心理能力水平的评价更加直观、方便,本研究以所测数据的平均值为基准值,以标准差为离散距,根据测试中高有指标和低优指标不同的评价方法,分别将射击运动员心理能力中受遗传因素影响较大和受后天教育、引导及训练等因素影响较大的指标评价标准划分为优、良、中、及、差5个等级,以便教练员和运动员在选材及训练中有所借鉴。
Scientific training has replaced the traditional training by experience according to sportive practices. How to reasonably select sportsmen, effectively improve their athletic ability and avoid detours becomes the focus of attention for domestic and international sports research departments as well as coaches, in which sportsmen’s special psychological capacity is one of the key contents. Many teams have attached importance to shooting, which has always been the advantage sports of Jilin Province, particularly its shooting achievements are improved steadily in recent years.
Currently, more and more researchers carry out training of sportsmen’s special psychological capacity, but there is little research on composition and evaluation of special psychological capacity for certain special sport, in particular lack of special psychological study on shooter, which becomes one of the key factors restricting the level of shooting sports.
In this study, 36 shooters in Jilin Province (experimental group) and 36 students in the Jilin Institute of Physical Education (control group) were taken as the subjects to study 11 psychological indicators, including perception of muscle force, simple reaction ability, attention span, complex reaction ability, movement stability, confidence, competition motivation, competitive anxiety, mental health level, concentration ability, and volitional quality based on literature, measurement, survey and statistics methods. Results showed: Jilin shooters’special psychological capacity consisted of control, response and mental health. Study found that the experimental group and control group had significant differences in control factors and mental health factors. As to different genders, only movement stability was different to some extent; and for different sportsman grades, the difference in movement stability was significant. In order to further research and analyze, this study conducted multiple comparisons to the special psychological capacity of shooters in different grades, the results showed that master sportsmen’s movement stability was significantly different from that of the first and second grade sportsman, but no significant difference in that between the first and second grade one. In the test of perception of muscle force, there was a significant difference between master sportsman and second grade sportsman, as well as between first and second grade sportsmen, but no significant difference between master sportsman and first grade sportsman. In the test of concentration ability, there was a significant difference between master sportsman and the second grade sportsman, as well as between first and second grade sportsmen, but no significant difference between master sportsman and first grade sportsman. Other eight psychological indicators in rifle and pistol training had no significant difference.
In addition to the analysis on the influencing factors of shooters’special psychological capacity, this study took the average of the measured data as the base value, standard deviation as the discrete distance according to the high- and low-priority indicators to make the evaluation more intuitive and convenient. The indicators influenced by genetic factors and the indicators influenced by acquired education, guidance and training are divided into five grades: excellent, good, fair, pass and poor, so coaches and sportsmen can use as a source of reference in the selection and training.
引文
[1]邱宜均.运动心理诊断学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1990:1-214.
[2]李东河,冯凤玲.青少年竞走运动员的心理诊断[J].体育学刊,2005,12(6):122-124.
[3]周游,杨杰.少年短道速度滑冰运动员专项心理能力评定的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(9):1196-1201.
[4]李玲.优秀散打运动员专项心理能力构成因素研究[J].西安体育学院学报,2008,25(6):129-131.
[5]侯卫东,陈立新,黄莉梅,康磊.优秀青少年女子足球运动员专项心理能力标准的综合研究[J].济宁师范专科学校学报,2004,25(6):27-29.
[6]柳慧玲.高校高水平足球运动员专项心理能力评价与选材研究[J].河北体育学院学报,2007,21(3):85-88.
[7]JohnM,Silva.CurrentTrendsandFutureDirectionsinSportPsychology.In:RobertSinge.HandbookofSportPsychology.NewYork,2001:823—832.
[8]GreenspanM&FeltzDF, Psychological interventions with athletes incompetitive situations: Areview [ J ].The sport Psychologist, 1989(3) :219～236.
[9]屠丽琴,许晓阳.心理技能训练在运动训练过程中的必要性和可行性[J].内蒙古体育科技,2006,19(2):28-32.
[10]任秀琪.对射击运动员心理因素的研究[J].西安联合大学学报,2005,8(1):91—93.
[11]矫丽华.网球运动员心理遗传素质与选材的相关分析[J].南京体育学院学报,2006年;20(2):101—102.
[12]毛磊.焦虑也遗传[N].新华每日电讯,2002-8-1(008版).
[13]刑尊明,姜立磊.现代竞技体育主导比赛心理能力向群化探索[J].广州体育学院学报,2006,26(6):45-48.
[14]胡望洋.运动员心理技能与流畅经验的关系研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2008,31(3):365-367.
[15]林东旭.大学生军用枪射击运动员的心理调节与控制[J].福建体育科技,2005,24(1):57—58.
[16]陈昱.高水平射击运动员心理选材指标的研究[J].首都体育学院学报,2003,15(3):95—97.
[17]沈富强,赵江华.基层射击运动员的心理咨询和训练策略浅析[J].科技信息,2009,(3):596.
[18]张小丹,周海平.青少年射击运动员的心理训练[J].辽宁体育科技,2004,26(3):94.
[19]赖永钦.射箭运动员心理特征和心理训练探讨[J].体育科技,2004,26(3):52—54.
[20]廖功飞,袁侠.射箭运动员心理素质测试与训练结果分析[J].深圳职业技术学院学报,2007,(2):74—77.
[21]杨鑫辉.射击运动员心理特性测试与反思[J].南京师大学报,1997,2:62—66.
[21]李群力.CUBA运动员运动心理技能研究[J].陕西师大体育学院学报,2007,22(3):127-129.
[22]丁元英,王洪妮.从“Choking”现象看竞技运动员心理技能培养模式[J].首都体育学院学报,2004,16(2):106-108.
[23]张力为,任未多.体育运动心理学研究进展[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000,285-306.
[24]张力为,毛志雄.体育科学常用量表评定手册[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2004:1-340.
[25]罗睿.心理技能训练研究综述[J].体育世界,2008,(6):43-46.
[26]Susan A. Jackson , Robert C. Eklund. The Flow Scales Manual [M] .Morgantown , USA: Fitness Information Technology ,2004:7 - 12.
[27]颜军,陈剑锋.对我国运动员心理咨询模式的思考[J].体育与科学,2007,28(2):75-78.
[28]姚家新.竞赛心理咨询与心理训练[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1995:24-86.
[29]王惠民.心理技能训练指南[M].北京:人民体育出版社1992:1-127.
[30]赵富学.运动员心理技能训练的研究现状与发展趋势[J].卫生职业教育,2008,26(13):157-158.
[31]邱芬,姚家新.现代运动心理技能训练研究现状及未来走向[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(2):44-48.
[32] Artur Poczwardowski,Clay P.Sherman,Ken Ravizza(2004).Professional philosophy in the sport psychology service delivery:building on theory and practice[J].The Sport Psychologist, 2004,18, 445-463.
[33]CoxRH,Liu, Z&Qiu, Y, Psychological skill sofe liteathletes: ways ofcop ing[J]. International Journalof Psychology,1996,27:123～132.
[2]李东河,冯凤玲.青少年竞走运动员的心理诊断[J].体育学刊,2005,12(6):122-124.
[3]周游,杨杰.少年短道速度滑冰运动员专项心理能力评定的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(9):1196-1201.
[4]李玲.优秀散打运动员专项心理能力构成因素研究[J].西安体育学院学报,2008,25(6):129-131.
[5]侯卫东,陈立新,黄莉梅,康磊.优秀青少年女子足球运动员专项心理能力标准的综合研究[J].济宁师范专科学校学报,2004,25(6):27-29.
[6]柳慧玲.高校高水平足球运动员专项心理能力评价与选材研究[J].河北体育学院学报,2007,21(3):85-88.
[7]JohnM,Silva.CurrentTrendsandFutureDirectionsinSportPsychology.In:RobertSinge.HandbookofSportPsychology.NewYork,2001:823—832.
[8]GreenspanM&FeltzDF, Psychological interventions with athletes incompetitive situations: Areview [ J ].The sport Psychologist, 1989(3) :219～236.
[9]屠丽琴,许晓阳.心理技能训练在运动训练过程中的必要性和可行性[J].内蒙古体育科技,2006,19(2):28-32.
[10]任秀琪.对射击运动员心理因素的研究[J].西安联合大学学报,2005,8(1):91—93.
[11]矫丽华.网球运动员心理遗传素质与选材的相关分析[J].南京体育学院学报,2006年;20(2):101—102.
[12]毛磊.焦虑也遗传[N].新华每日电讯,2002-8-1(008版).
[13]刑尊明,姜立磊.现代竞技体育主导比赛心理能力向群化探索[J].广州体育学院学报,2006,26(6):45-48.
[14]胡望洋.运动员心理技能与流畅经验的关系研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2008,31(3):365-367.
[15]林东旭.大学生军用枪射击运动员的心理调节与控制[J].福建体育科技,2005,24(1):57—58.
[16]陈昱.高水平射击运动员心理选材指标的研究[J].首都体育学院学报,2003,15(3):95—97.
[17]沈富强,赵江华.基层射击运动员的心理咨询和训练策略浅析[J].科技信息,2009,(3):596.
[18]张小丹,周海平.青少年射击运动员的心理训练[J].辽宁体育科技,2004,26(3):94.
[19]赖永钦.射箭运动员心理特征和心理训练探讨[J].体育科技,2004,26(3):52—54.
[20]廖功飞,袁侠.射箭运动员心理素质测试与训练结果分析[J].深圳职业技术学院学报,2007,(2):74—77.
[21]杨鑫辉.射击运动员心理特性测试与反思[J].南京师大学报,1997,2:62—66.
[21]李群力.CUBA运动员运动心理技能研究[J].陕西师大体育学院学报,2007,22(3):127-129.
[22]丁元英,王洪妮.从“Choking”现象看竞技运动员心理技能培养模式[J].首都体育学院学报,2004,16(2):106-108.
[23]张力为,任未多.体育运动心理学研究进展[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000,285-306.
[24]张力为,毛志雄.体育科学常用量表评定手册[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2004:1-340.
[25]罗睿.心理技能训练研究综述[J].体育世界,2008,(6):43-46.
[26]Susan A. Jackson , Robert C. Eklund. The Flow Scales Manual [M] .Morgantown , USA: Fitness Information Technology ,2004:7 - 12.
[27]颜军,陈剑锋.对我国运动员心理咨询模式的思考[J].体育与科学,2007,28(2):75-78.
[28]姚家新.竞赛心理咨询与心理训练[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1995:24-86.
[29]王惠民.心理技能训练指南[M].北京:人民体育出版社1992:1-127.
[30]赵富学.运动员心理技能训练的研究现状与发展趋势[J].卫生职业教育,2008,26(13):157-158.
[31]邱芬,姚家新.现代运动心理技能训练研究现状及未来走向[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007,41(2):44-48.
[32] Artur Poczwardowski,Clay P.Sherman,Ken Ravizza(2004).Professional philosophy in the sport psychology service delivery:building on theory and practice[J].The Sport Psychologist, 2004,18, 445-463.
[33]CoxRH,Liu, Z&Qiu, Y, Psychological skill sofe liteathletes: ways ofcop ing[J]. International Journalof Psychology,1996,27:123～132.