毫米波段共形相控阵设计方法研究
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摘要
作为毫米波制导技术的一个重要发展方向,相控阵制导技术中的相控阵天线是采用电控方式扫描波束,扫描速度快、波束控制灵活、抗干扰能力强等,可以同时完成目标搜索、跟踪、引导等多项功能,能工作在日益复杂和恶化的工作环境中。相控阵天线利用移相器补偿信号到达辐射单元时间的差异,从而控制波束方向;天线没有机械旋转问题,只需改变移相器的设定值,波束便可以在毫秒级内扫描其覆盖空域内的任何地方,提高了天线对目标的跟踪速度,是目前武器系统天线的发展方向。
共形微带天线具有不额外占用空间和对飞行姿态影响小等优点,其在航空、制导等领域具有很大的吸引力,所以对共形相控阵微带天线的研究具有重要的工程价值和国防意义。尤其在毫米波段这样高的频率下设计共形相控阵天线是具有挑战性的课题。
本论文主要包括共形相控阵天线理论分析、共形阵列微带贴片单元的设计、毫米波共形相控阵阵列的设计与分析等三部分内容。以相控阵技术的发展应用为背景,介绍了毫米波共形相控阵的特点以及国内外的研究现状及发展趋势。等幅等距分布的辐射单元单独工作时形成的辐射场,叠加后可得到相控阵天线的阵列波瓣。通过“实虚空间”的概念,分析了扫描中的阵列波瓣,总结给出相控阵天线的方向性系数。
本文根据微带天线设计理论,分析了平面和柱面两种微带贴片单元,其中柱面微带贴片单元增益高、厚度小、谐振频率高、方向图均匀,且较易加工制作在弹体上,适合在相控阵天线中做共形辐射单元。在此基础上,将CST电磁仿真和MATLAB软件编程计算相结合,分析了16×8和16×16共形相控阵阵列的扫描特性,阵列的增益以及波束宽度等参数符合设计指标的要求,轴向最大扫描角度为±45°。最后,讨论了周向3个单元之间的互耦问题。
本文所作的分析设计为今后的进一步工作打下了扎实的基础,也为以后进行相似的共形相控阵天线设计提供了重要的参考依据。因此本课题对于相控阵技术的发展具有重要的指导意义。
As the vital development of the millimeter wave guidance technology, phased array antennas use electrical control scanning beam, which results to faster scanning velocity, more flexible beam control and higher anti-interference ability. Thus it can realize target seeking, tracing, guidance at the same time, and can work in the complex and worsening condition. With compensation of signal’s time delay from different radiating element by phase shifters, phased-array antenna can control array beam easily. Because there are no mechanical devices for rotating beam, the phased-array antenna system can scan everywhere in beam covered areas in millisecand by stepping the phase shifters. It improves the tracking velocity of antenna towards the object, and becomes the development trends of weapon system antennas.
Conformal microstrip antennas occupies no extra space,and have the great attraction in the area of aviation and guidance, so the study of conformal phased array microstrip antenna has one of the most important engineering value and defense purpose. Especially, designing conformal phased array antenna in such high frequency is a challenge subject.
This paper consists of 3 sections: the theory and analysis of the conformal phased array, design of conformal array microstrip patch, and design and analysis of the millimetre microstrip conformal phased array. Based on the technology of phased array antenna application and development, this paper described the characteristic of the millimetre microstrip conformal phased array, the art-of-state and development trends both domestic and abroad.
Phased-array radiation lobe is superposed by isometric array element with constant amplitude. Using the concept of real and imaginary space, the scanning lobe is researched. The directivity coefficient of the phased array antenna has been generalized and discussed. According to the formulations of microstrip antenna design theory, planar and cylindrical microstrip patch cell has been analyzed . We can conclude that the cylindrical microstrip patch cell has the performance of high gain, low thickness, high resonant frequency, uniform directivity diagram, and easy fabrication on missile body, so it is a good choice
共形微带天线具有不额外占用空间和对飞行姿态影响小等优点,其在航空、制导等领域具有很大的吸引力,所以对共形相控阵微带天线的研究具有重要的工程价值和国防意义。尤其在毫米波段这样高的频率下设计共形相控阵天线是具有挑战性的课题。
本论文主要包括共形相控阵天线理论分析、共形阵列微带贴片单元的设计、毫米波共形相控阵阵列的设计与分析等三部分内容。以相控阵技术的发展应用为背景,介绍了毫米波共形相控阵的特点以及国内外的研究现状及发展趋势。等幅等距分布的辐射单元单独工作时形成的辐射场,叠加后可得到相控阵天线的阵列波瓣。通过“实虚空间”的概念,分析了扫描中的阵列波瓣,总结给出相控阵天线的方向性系数。
本文根据微带天线设计理论,分析了平面和柱面两种微带贴片单元,其中柱面微带贴片单元增益高、厚度小、谐振频率高、方向图均匀,且较易加工制作在弹体上,适合在相控阵天线中做共形辐射单元。在此基础上,将CST电磁仿真和MATLAB软件编程计算相结合,分析了16×8和16×16共形相控阵阵列的扫描特性,阵列的增益以及波束宽度等参数符合设计指标的要求,轴向最大扫描角度为±45°。最后,讨论了周向3个单元之间的互耦问题。
本文所作的分析设计为今后的进一步工作打下了扎实的基础,也为以后进行相似的共形相控阵天线设计提供了重要的参考依据。因此本课题对于相控阵技术的发展具有重要的指导意义。
As the vital development of the millimeter wave guidance technology, phased array antennas use electrical control scanning beam, which results to faster scanning velocity, more flexible beam control and higher anti-interference ability. Thus it can realize target seeking, tracing, guidance at the same time, and can work in the complex and worsening condition. With compensation of signal’s time delay from different radiating element by phase shifters, phased-array antenna can control array beam easily. Because there are no mechanical devices for rotating beam, the phased-array antenna system can scan everywhere in beam covered areas in millisecand by stepping the phase shifters. It improves the tracking velocity of antenna towards the object, and becomes the development trends of weapon system antennas.
Conformal microstrip antennas occupies no extra space,and have the great attraction in the area of aviation and guidance, so the study of conformal phased array microstrip antenna has one of the most important engineering value and defense purpose. Especially, designing conformal phased array antenna in such high frequency is a challenge subject.
This paper consists of 3 sections: the theory and analysis of the conformal phased array, design of conformal array microstrip patch, and design and analysis of the millimetre microstrip conformal phased array. Based on the technology of phased array antenna application and development, this paper described the characteristic of the millimetre microstrip conformal phased array, the art-of-state and development trends both domestic and abroad.
Phased-array radiation lobe is superposed by isometric array element with constant amplitude. Using the concept of real and imaginary space, the scanning lobe is researched. The directivity coefficient of the phased array antenna has been generalized and discussed. According to the formulations of microstrip antenna design theory, planar and cylindrical microstrip patch cell has been analyzed . We can conclude that the cylindrical microstrip patch cell has the performance of high gain, low thickness, high resonant frequency, uniform directivity diagram, and easy fabrication on missile body, so it is a good choice
引文
1 N.阿米特,V.加林德,C.P.吴. 相控阵天线理论与分析. 国防工业出版社,1978:绪言～6
2 毕世龙,张冬青. 相控阵天线. 飞航导弹. 1995,(9):53～56
3 周宇昌. 国外通信卫星有源相控阵天线及其发展. 空间电子技术.1999,(2):8～21
4 余彦民,赵建中,吴文. 共形环状毫米波微带天线研究. 制导与引信. 2005,26(3):43～46
5 吕善伟. 天线阵综合. 北京航空学院出版社,1988:91～97
6 林昌禄,聂在平. 天线工程手册. 电子工业出版社,2002:656～660
7 Leo I. Vaskelainen. Iterative Least-Squares Synthesis Methods for Conformal Array Antennas with Optimized Polarization and Frequency Properties. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1997,45(7):1179～1185
8 Leo I. Vaskelainen. Phased Synthesis of Conformal Array Antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 2000,48(6):987～991
9 王永寿. 共形阵天线低旁瓣波束形成法研究. 制导与控制. 1999,(4):52～56
10 Yong-Chang Jiao,Wen-Yuan Wei,Li-Wei Huang,and Hong-Shi Wu. A New Low-Side-Lobe Pattern Synthesis Technique for Conformal Arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation. 1993,41(6):824～831
11 柴舜连,姚得森,毛钧杰. 计算共形阵单元互耦的新方法. 国防科技大学学报. 1997,19(6):92～968
12 藤本共荣,J.R.詹姆斯. 移动天线系统手册. 杨可忠,井淑华. 人民邮电出版社.1997:409～410
13 W.Y.Tam,A.K.Y.Lai,K.M.Luk. Cylindrically rectangular microstrip antennas with coplanar parasitic patches. IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag.1995,142(4):300~306
14 J.shapira,Leopold B.felsen,Alexander hessel. Ray analysis of conformal antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation 1974,22(1):74~78
15 尹应增,龚书喜,刘其中. 一种圆柱共形的全向微带天线. 电波科学学报. 1997,12(1):96～99
16 N.Herscovici , Z.Sopus , S.Kildal.The Cylindrical Omnidirectional Patch Antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation. 2001,(49):1746～1753
17 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社,1978:48～80
18 林东旭,,彭宏利. 圆柱体共形阵列微带天线远区场辐射方向图计算. 现代引信. 1998,(2):23～27
19 汪茂光,吕善伟,刘瑞祥. 阵列天线分析与综合. 电子科技大学出版社,1989:87～93
20 Mao Kanghou. Equation of Pattern of conformal microstrip antenna on cylinder. Proceedings of 1999 antenna symposium of china institute of electrionics.1999,(8):187~190
21 J.J.H.Wang,J.K.Tiller,K.E. Bohannan. Helmet-mounted smart array antenna. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1997:410～412
22 J.K.Tillery , G..T.Thompson , J.J.H.Wang. Low-power low-profile multifunction helmet-mounted smart array antenna IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1999:1554～1557
23 M.Thiel. Design consideration for microstrip antennas on cylindrical sector structures. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 2002:88～91
24 G.Amendola. Analysis of the rectangular patch antenna printed on elliptic-cylindrical substrates. IEE Proceedings: Microwaves , Antennas and Propagation. 2000,147(3):187～193
25 L.I.Vaskelainen. Iterative least-squares synthesis methods for conformal array antennas with optimized polarization and frequency properties.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propaga. 1997,(45):1179~1185
26 李玉星,葛俊祥. 毫米波有源柱面共形微带阵列天线的理论与实验研究. 电子学报. 1999,27(6):61～64
27 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社. 1978:5～6
28 吕善伟. 天线阵综合. 北京航空学院出版社. 1988:137～143
29 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社. 1978:6～9
30 林昌禄,聂在平. 天线工程手册. 电子工业出版社. 2002:650～652
31 N.阿米特,V.加林德,C.P.吴. 相控阵天线理论与分析. 国防工业出版社. 1978:14~16
32 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社. 1978:12～15
33 Robert C. Hansen. Phased Array Antennas. John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 1998:33～44
34 P. W. Hannen. The element-gain paradox for a phased-array antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas and propgation. 1964,AP-12:426～433
35 L. A. Kurtz,R. S. Elliot,S. Wehn and W. L. Flock. Mutual coupling effects in scanning dipole arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas and propgation. 1961,AP-9:433～443
36 毕佳明,金博识,杨彩田,吴群.毫米波段共形相控阵天线技术研究.2005全国毫米波会议论文集. 深圳,2005:289～292
37 张光义,王德纯,华海根,倪晋麟. 空间探测相控阵雷达. 科学出版社,2001:160～161
38 J.Jayakuma. A conformal cylindrical Microstrip Array for Producing Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern. IEEE Trans.AP. 1986,(34):1258～1261
39 Tam,W.Y.,Lai,A.K.Y.,Luk,KM.. Mutual coupling between cylindrical rectangular microstrip antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1995,43(8):897~899
40 何芒,徐晓文. 圆柱共形微带天线输入阻抗及方向图分析的新方法. 电子学报. 2003,31(6):855～859
41 Robert E.Munson. Coformal microstrip antennas and microstrip phased arrays. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation. 1974,(1):74~78
42 A.J.Sangster,R.T.Jacobs. Mutual coupling in conformal microstrip patch antenna arrays. IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag. 2003,150(4):191~196
43 林东旭,彭宏利. 圆柱体共形阵列微带天线远区场辐射方向图计算. 现代引信. 1998,(2):23～27
44 张福顺,焦永昌,马金平,张进民,毛乃宏. 弹体上 S 波段微带共形天线阵. 电波科学学报. 1998,13(2):209～212
45 魏永华,张小苗. 一种宽带天线单元及其在共形相控阵中的应用. 空间电子技术. 2005,(1):32～36
46 方大纲,陶玉明,龙毅,刘迈,李艳茹,姚平. 8mm 边馈式微带天线阵研究. 电波科学学报. 1995,10(1):47～52
47 Kenneth anthony whigham. Adaptive conformal telemetry antenna study for small roket and missile applications. Ph.D Dissertation of the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama
48 齐栓虎,何志权. 毫米波相控阵天线研究. 舰船电子对抗. 2004,27(3):14～16
49 Huang,J. Finite Ground Plane Effect On the Microstrip Antenna Radiation Patterns. IEEE Trans. 1983, 31(4):649～653
50 Bongsoon Kang,Bernard D. Steinberg,and Stanislav B. Kesler. A Solution for Self-Calibrating a Large Distorted Phased Array Using Subarray Processing. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propagat. 1991,39(3):291～298
51 朱桓,汪一心,徐晓文,李世智. 超低副瓣相控阵天线的优化综合技术. 北京理工大学学报. 1999,19(6):734～738
52 郑学誉,万长宁. 宽带宽角扫描相控阵天线. 电波科学学刊. 1995,10(1,2):33～38
53 张亚斌,黎滨洪,刘毅军. 国际海事卫星地面终端天线阵单元的设计. 上海交通大学学报. 2004,38(5):722～724
2 毕世龙,张冬青. 相控阵天线. 飞航导弹. 1995,(9):53～56
3 周宇昌. 国外通信卫星有源相控阵天线及其发展. 空间电子技术.1999,(2):8～21
4 余彦民,赵建中,吴文. 共形环状毫米波微带天线研究. 制导与引信. 2005,26(3):43～46
5 吕善伟. 天线阵综合. 北京航空学院出版社,1988:91～97
6 林昌禄,聂在平. 天线工程手册. 电子工业出版社,2002:656～660
7 Leo I. Vaskelainen. Iterative Least-Squares Synthesis Methods for Conformal Array Antennas with Optimized Polarization and Frequency Properties. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1997,45(7):1179～1185
8 Leo I. Vaskelainen. Phased Synthesis of Conformal Array Antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 2000,48(6):987～991
9 王永寿. 共形阵天线低旁瓣波束形成法研究. 制导与控制. 1999,(4):52～56
10 Yong-Chang Jiao,Wen-Yuan Wei,Li-Wei Huang,and Hong-Shi Wu. A New Low-Side-Lobe Pattern Synthesis Technique for Conformal Arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation. 1993,41(6):824～831
11 柴舜连,姚得森,毛钧杰. 计算共形阵单元互耦的新方法. 国防科技大学学报. 1997,19(6):92～968
12 藤本共荣,J.R.詹姆斯. 移动天线系统手册. 杨可忠,井淑华. 人民邮电出版社.1997:409～410
13 W.Y.Tam,A.K.Y.Lai,K.M.Luk. Cylindrically rectangular microstrip antennas with coplanar parasitic patches. IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag.1995,142(4):300~306
14 J.shapira,Leopold B.felsen,Alexander hessel. Ray analysis of conformal antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation 1974,22(1):74~78
15 尹应增,龚书喜,刘其中. 一种圆柱共形的全向微带天线. 电波科学学报. 1997,12(1):96～99
16 N.Herscovici , Z.Sopus , S.Kildal.The Cylindrical Omnidirectional Patch Antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation. 2001,(49):1746～1753
17 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社,1978:48～80
18 林东旭,,彭宏利. 圆柱体共形阵列微带天线远区场辐射方向图计算. 现代引信. 1998,(2):23～27
19 汪茂光,吕善伟,刘瑞祥. 阵列天线分析与综合. 电子科技大学出版社,1989:87～93
20 Mao Kanghou. Equation of Pattern of conformal microstrip antenna on cylinder. Proceedings of 1999 antenna symposium of china institute of electrionics.1999,(8):187~190
21 J.J.H.Wang,J.K.Tiller,K.E. Bohannan. Helmet-mounted smart array antenna. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1997:410～412
22 J.K.Tillery , G..T.Thompson , J.J.H.Wang. Low-power low-profile multifunction helmet-mounted smart array antenna IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1999:1554～1557
23 M.Thiel. Design consideration for microstrip antennas on cylindrical sector structures. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 2002:88～91
24 G.Amendola. Analysis of the rectangular patch antenna printed on elliptic-cylindrical substrates. IEE Proceedings: Microwaves , Antennas and Propagation. 2000,147(3):187～193
25 L.I.Vaskelainen. Iterative least-squares synthesis methods for conformal array antennas with optimized polarization and frequency properties.IEEE Trans.Antennas Propaga. 1997,(45):1179~1185
26 李玉星,葛俊祥. 毫米波有源柱面共形微带阵列天线的理论与实验研究. 电子学报. 1999,27(6):61～64
27 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社. 1978:5～6
28 吕善伟. 天线阵综合. 北京航空学院出版社. 1988:137～143
29 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社. 1978:6～9
30 林昌禄,聂在平. 天线工程手册. 电子工业出版社. 2002:650～652
31 N.阿米特,V.加林德,C.P.吴. 相控阵天线理论与分析. 国防工业出版社. 1978:14~16
32 郭燕昌,钱继曾,黄富雄,冯祖伟. 相控阵和频率扫描天线原理. 国防工业出版社. 1978:12～15
33 Robert C. Hansen. Phased Array Antennas. John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 1998:33～44
34 P. W. Hannen. The element-gain paradox for a phased-array antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas and propgation. 1964,AP-12:426～433
35 L. A. Kurtz,R. S. Elliot,S. Wehn and W. L. Flock. Mutual coupling effects in scanning dipole arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas and propgation. 1961,AP-9:433～443
36 毕佳明,金博识,杨彩田,吴群.毫米波段共形相控阵天线技术研究.2005全国毫米波会议论文集. 深圳,2005:289～292
37 张光义,王德纯,华海根,倪晋麟. 空间探测相控阵雷达. 科学出版社,2001:160～161
38 J.Jayakuma. A conformal cylindrical Microstrip Array for Producing Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern. IEEE Trans.AP. 1986,(34):1258～1261
39 Tam,W.Y.,Lai,A.K.Y.,Luk,KM.. Mutual coupling between cylindrical rectangular microstrip antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1995,43(8):897~899
40 何芒,徐晓文. 圆柱共形微带天线输入阻抗及方向图分析的新方法. 电子学报. 2003,31(6):855～859
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