茶园节肢动物群落结构及动态研究
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摘要
本文于2002年4月至2003年10月在福州金山福建农林大学园艺学院教学实习茶园、福安溪柄、安溪城关和武夷山市郊四地茶园对茶园节肢动物群落进行系统调查，并应用主成分分析及聚类分析研究了群落的组成结构、多样性、及季节动态，得结果如下：
1．在4种不同类型茶园中共查得节肢动物2纲、18目、90科、152属、169种。其中害虫：2纲、9目、40科、74属、77种；中性昆虫：3目、7属、8—10种；天敌：2纲、11目、47科、73属、83种。
2．福州茶园全年各月害虫一天敌群落多样性分析表明：全年各月害虫一天敌群落参数有较大的差异，丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均以8—11月份较大(S_(平均)=32.6，H_(平均)=2.577，E_(平均)=0.740)，害虫优势度指数以8—11月份较小(D_(平均)=0.254)。说明8—11月份是茶园群落最丰富的时期，群落也相对稳定；12月份一次年3月份茶园多样性指数和均匀度都较低(H_(平均)=1.986，E_(平均)=0.583)，气温低，群落相对波动较少；4月份，种群优势度不高，而多样性指数和均匀度指数相对较高(H=2.616，E=0.736)，也是群落相对稳定时期，5—7月间多样性指数和稳定性指数有了一定程度的降低(H_(平均)=1.919，E_(平均)=0.559)，群落稳定性有所下降。
3．据福州茶园害虫—天敌的消长曲线，天敌与害虫种群数量消长有密切的相关，天敌对害虫有一定的跟随现象。
4．福州茶园主要害虫—天敌种类的主成分分析表明：主要害虫为螨类、假眼小绿叶蝉、蓟马类；在捕食食性天敌亚群落中，主要种类是蜘蛛类、鼎突黑刺蚁、小蚂蚁类；在寄生性天敌亚群落中主要种类是：其它小蜂类、蚜小蜂科、黑卵蜂科、缨小蜂科。
5．福州茶园害虫—天敌群落的聚类分析将茶园节肢动物群落随时间变化的最优分割法划分为6个阶段：第一阶段，10月中旬—11月底，这
一时期茶园内各类生物类群的种类数和种群数量处于丰盛时期，物种丰富
度和多样性指数均较高(S平均二29，H’平均=2.247)，种群优势度较低(BD
黝=0.253)，群落综合指数在平均值以上。第二阶段，n月底一次年3月
上旬，此期茶园物种丰富度(s平均二加.09)和种群数量不高，多样性指数
较低(H’平均=1.929)，群落综合指数在平均值附近波动。第三阶段，3月
中旬一5月上旬，此期茶园内各种生物类群的物种丰富度和种群数量均开
始增加，多样性指数较高(H’平均=2.120)，群落综合指数均高于平均值。
第四阶段，5月中旬一6月底，此期由于假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量迅猛增长，
导致种群优势度增大，均匀性指数和多样性指数减小担’平均=1.456)，群
落综合指数处于最低水平。第五阶段，6月底一8月上旬，此期多数物种
的丰富度和种群数量较低，多样性指数不高似，平均二1 .746)，群落综合指
数仍处于较低水平。第六阶段，8月中旬一10月底，此期物种丰富度和各
种群数量开始回升，多样性指数开始增大扭’。=2.292)，群落综合指数
大大高于平均水平，是一年中多数生物种群最繁盛的时期。
6.四地茶园多样性指标分析表明:管理粗放，人为干扰少，处于相
对自然状态的茶园，其自然调节能力也较强，能够保持群落结构处于较好
的平衡状态。这一结果也进一步说明，生态茶园可以提高生物群落的稳定
性，达到减少(或不使用)化学农药、发展无公害茶叶生产的目的。
A systematical investigation on the arthropod community was carried out in four places : Jinshan , Fuzhou; Xibing , Fuan; Anxi and the suburbs of Wuyishan City. By the analysis on principal component and clustering the structure, diversity and seasonal dynamics of arthropod community in the four places were concluded as follows:
1. In four different tea plantations there were in total 169 species of arthropods, belonging to 152 genera of 90 families of 18 order of two classes. Among them, 77 species were pests, belonging to 74 genera of 40 families of 9 order of two classes; 8-10 species were neutral insects, belonging to 7 genera of 3 order; 83 species were natural enemies, belonging to 73 genera of 47 families of 11 order of two classes.
2.The analysis on the diversity of the community of pests and natural enemies in Fuzhou tea plantation showed that the community indexes about the community of pests and natural enemies had great difference in different periods of a year. From August to November, the richness, diversity index and average index were all higher (S =32.6,H =2.577,E =0.740) , but the dominance index was lower(D = 0.254), which showed that the tea community was abundant and the community was relatively steady; from December to the following March, the diversity index and average index were both the lowest (H =1.986, E =0.5 83), the community was less affected; in April population abundance was not high, but diversity index and average index were relatively higher (H = 2.616, E = 0.736) , the community was relatively steady; from May to July, diversity index and steady index were
reduced to a certain extent(H = 1.919, E=0.559), the community was less steady.
3. The Seasonal fluctuation of the numbers of insects and natural enemies showed that they are closely related to each other, and the natural enemies could follow the pests to a certain extent.
4. The analysis on principal component of the insects and the natural enemies showed that the main pests were mites, smaller green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe and trips; the main predators were spiders, Polyrhachis vicina Roger, ants and Mantidae, and the main parasitoids were other hymenopterous chalcids, Aphelinidae,Scelionidae, Mymaridae.
5.The analysis on clustering of the pests and the natural enemies community in Fuzhou showed that the arthropod community in the tea plantation could be divided into six phases, according to optimization division. First, from the mid of October to the end of November, the species and their population were diversified, Species richness and diversity index were higher (S =29, H' =2.247), population dominance was lower (BD =0.253) , and the general index of community was above the average. Second, from the end of November to the beginning of the following March, species richness and the number were lower, diversity index was very low(S =20.09), and the general index of community fluctuated around the average .Third, from the mid of March to the beginning of May, the number of all kinds of species population and species richness began to increase, diversity index was higher (H' =2.120) , and the general index of community were higher than average. Fourth, from the mid of May to the end of June, the increasing number of smaller green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe resulted in the improving of the population dominance, the average and diversity index decreased(H' =1.456), and general index of community was the lowest. Fifth, from the beginning
of July to the mid of August, the species richness and the number of most kinds of species
were low, the diversity index was not high(H' =1.746), and the general index of community was low as well. Sixth, from the mid of August to the end of October, the species richness and the number of species started to increase, so did diversity index(H' =2.292), the general index of community was much higher than the average level, and the population was the most diversified in a year.
6. Based on the analysis of diversity indexes in four tea plantations, the tea plantati
1．在4种不同类型茶园中共查得节肢动物2纲、18目、90科、152属、169种。其中害虫：2纲、9目、40科、74属、77种；中性昆虫：3目、7属、8—10种；天敌：2纲、11目、47科、73属、83种。
2．福州茶园全年各月害虫一天敌群落多样性分析表明：全年各月害虫一天敌群落参数有较大的差异，丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均以8—11月份较大(S_(平均)=32.6，H_(平均)=2.577，E_(平均)=0.740)，害虫优势度指数以8—11月份较小(D_(平均)=0.254)。说明8—11月份是茶园群落最丰富的时期，群落也相对稳定；12月份一次年3月份茶园多样性指数和均匀度都较低(H_(平均)=1.986，E_(平均)=0.583)，气温低，群落相对波动较少；4月份，种群优势度不高，而多样性指数和均匀度指数相对较高(H=2.616，E=0.736)，也是群落相对稳定时期，5—7月间多样性指数和稳定性指数有了一定程度的降低(H_(平均)=1.919，E_(平均)=0.559)，群落稳定性有所下降。
3．据福州茶园害虫—天敌的消长曲线，天敌与害虫种群数量消长有密切的相关，天敌对害虫有一定的跟随现象。
4．福州茶园主要害虫—天敌种类的主成分分析表明：主要害虫为螨类、假眼小绿叶蝉、蓟马类；在捕食食性天敌亚群落中，主要种类是蜘蛛类、鼎突黑刺蚁、小蚂蚁类；在寄生性天敌亚群落中主要种类是：其它小蜂类、蚜小蜂科、黑卵蜂科、缨小蜂科。
5．福州茶园害虫—天敌群落的聚类分析将茶园节肢动物群落随时间变化的最优分割法划分为6个阶段：第一阶段，10月中旬—11月底，这
一时期茶园内各类生物类群的种类数和种群数量处于丰盛时期，物种丰富
度和多样性指数均较高(S平均二29，H’平均=2.247)，种群优势度较低(BD
黝=0.253)，群落综合指数在平均值以上。第二阶段，n月底一次年3月
上旬，此期茶园物种丰富度(s平均二加.09)和种群数量不高，多样性指数
较低(H’平均=1.929)，群落综合指数在平均值附近波动。第三阶段，3月
中旬一5月上旬，此期茶园内各种生物类群的物种丰富度和种群数量均开
始增加，多样性指数较高(H’平均=2.120)，群落综合指数均高于平均值。
第四阶段，5月中旬一6月底，此期由于假眼小绿叶蝉种群数量迅猛增长，
导致种群优势度增大，均匀性指数和多样性指数减小担’平均=1.456)，群
落综合指数处于最低水平。第五阶段，6月底一8月上旬，此期多数物种
的丰富度和种群数量较低，多样性指数不高似，平均二1 .746)，群落综合指
数仍处于较低水平。第六阶段，8月中旬一10月底，此期物种丰富度和各
种群数量开始回升，多样性指数开始增大扭’。=2.292)，群落综合指数
大大高于平均水平，是一年中多数生物种群最繁盛的时期。
6.四地茶园多样性指标分析表明:管理粗放，人为干扰少，处于相
对自然状态的茶园，其自然调节能力也较强，能够保持群落结构处于较好
的平衡状态。这一结果也进一步说明，生态茶园可以提高生物群落的稳定
性，达到减少(或不使用)化学农药、发展无公害茶叶生产的目的。
A systematical investigation on the arthropod community was carried out in four places : Jinshan , Fuzhou; Xibing , Fuan; Anxi and the suburbs of Wuyishan City. By the analysis on principal component and clustering the structure, diversity and seasonal dynamics of arthropod community in the four places were concluded as follows:
1. In four different tea plantations there were in total 169 species of arthropods, belonging to 152 genera of 90 families of 18 order of two classes. Among them, 77 species were pests, belonging to 74 genera of 40 families of 9 order of two classes; 8-10 species were neutral insects, belonging to 7 genera of 3 order; 83 species were natural enemies, belonging to 73 genera of 47 families of 11 order of two classes.
2.The analysis on the diversity of the community of pests and natural enemies in Fuzhou tea plantation showed that the community indexes about the community of pests and natural enemies had great difference in different periods of a year. From August to November, the richness, diversity index and average index were all higher (S =32.6,H =2.577,E =0.740) , but the dominance index was lower(D = 0.254), which showed that the tea community was abundant and the community was relatively steady; from December to the following March, the diversity index and average index were both the lowest (H =1.986, E =0.5 83), the community was less affected; in April population abundance was not high, but diversity index and average index were relatively higher (H = 2.616, E = 0.736) , the community was relatively steady; from May to July, diversity index and steady index were
reduced to a certain extent(H = 1.919, E=0.559), the community was less steady.
3. The Seasonal fluctuation of the numbers of insects and natural enemies showed that they are closely related to each other, and the natural enemies could follow the pests to a certain extent.
4. The analysis on principal component of the insects and the natural enemies showed that the main pests were mites, smaller green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe and trips; the main predators were spiders, Polyrhachis vicina Roger, ants and Mantidae, and the main parasitoids were other hymenopterous chalcids, Aphelinidae,Scelionidae, Mymaridae.
5.The analysis on clustering of the pests and the natural enemies community in Fuzhou showed that the arthropod community in the tea plantation could be divided into six phases, according to optimization division. First, from the mid of October to the end of November, the species and their population were diversified, Species richness and diversity index were higher (S =29, H' =2.247), population dominance was lower (BD =0.253) , and the general index of community was above the average. Second, from the end of November to the beginning of the following March, species richness and the number were lower, diversity index was very low(S =20.09), and the general index of community fluctuated around the average .Third, from the mid of March to the beginning of May, the number of all kinds of species population and species richness began to increase, diversity index was higher (H' =2.120) , and the general index of community were higher than average. Fourth, from the mid of May to the end of June, the increasing number of smaller green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe resulted in the improving of the population dominance, the average and diversity index decreased(H' =1.456), and general index of community was the lowest. Fifth, from the beginning
of July to the mid of August, the species richness and the number of most kinds of species
were low, the diversity index was not high(H' =1.746), and the general index of community was low as well. Sixth, from the mid of August to the end of October, the species richness and the number of species started to increase, so did diversity index(H' =2.292), the general index of community was much higher than the average level, and the population was the most diversified in a year.
6. Based on the analysis of diversity indexes in four tea plantations, the tea plantati
引文
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