基于现状调研的农村土地适度规模经营研究
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摘要
随着农业的不断发展,三农问题的不断深入,土地问题越来越凸显其在稳定粮食生产,提高农民收入中的重要性。农村劳动力和土地成为农村社会生产力发展的最重要的因素,然而在农村发展的社会现状中,小规模分散化的土地经营模式,不仅妨碍了农村土地生产效率的提高和农村劳动力的转移,也影响了传统生产方式向农业现代化的转变,影响了我国的工业化和现代化的进程。因此,农业土地的规模化经营势在必行。
     实行土地适度规模经营不仅可以改善农业基础设施使用效率低的现状,发挥农业基础设施的作用,稳定粮食产量,提高农民受益,提高粮食竞争力,更有利于科学技术的推广,土地集约化利用和经营等。河南作为我国的农业大省,粮食产量占全国的1/9,油料产量占全国的1/7,牛肉产量占全国的1/7,棉花产量占全国的1/6。在保障全国人民基本生活的基础上,更承担着全国第一的户籍人口。作为一个经济不甚发达的省份,如何保证粮食产量,提高粮食生产率,保障近6000万农民的生活水平,成为迫在眉睫的问题。因此,在河南地区实行土地适度规模经营显的尤为重要和突出。
     由于社会经济条件、自然条件、农户个体条件的差异性,在全省范围研究土地规模经营,是无法统一量化考核的,因此,只有在小范围内的研究才具有推广的可能性。本文选择了永城市陈集镇作为研究案例。陈集镇作为国家科技支撑计划项目——“中原地区基本农田保护技术研究应用”项目的一个试点城镇,具有较为全面的调查数据和统计资料,便于在分析过程中量化考核,通过陈集镇农业概况,农业人口、受教育概况,农户的耕作面积,投入的劳动力和资本投入量等因素的量化,转化为可以计算的统一数量级,利用模型来测算出,在陈集镇特定条件下,要达到土地的规模经营,实现产出最大化需要的劳均耕地面积。
     本文采用了两种方法测算适度经营的规模,第一是劳均下限法,该方法是中国社会科学研究院农村发展研究所研究农村土地适度规模时采用的方法,通过该方法,计算达到当地人均收入水平时经营的耕地数量,即是规模经营的下限;第二种是钱贵霞和李宁辉(2004年)提出的,利用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数为载体,得出达到边际产出最大化时劳均耕地规模,通过函数计算得出确切数值。通过两种不同性质的结果,相互印证和比对。
     通过两种方法得出的不同结果,永城市陈集镇处于当前的社会经济条件、科学技术条件、劳动技能的水平下,要达到农用地的适度规模经营,劳均耕地面积必须达到10.68亩。根据陈集镇的现状,制约当前规模经营的因素主要分为两个方面,劳动力和土地流转。要达到农用土地适度规模经营,前提是将农村闲置和相对多余的劳动力转移出去,只有这部分的劳动力从土地上解放出去,才能实现进一步的土地流转,而现阶段土地流转市场制度的不完善是导致土地流转形式单一和效率低下的主要原因。针对制约因素的分析,本文分为四个方面来阐述,第一部分是从劳动力入手,分析如何将多余的劳动力转移,并且培养附着于土地上的具有带头作用的核心经营主体。第二部分讨论如何创造条件,转移剩余劳动力。第三以土地产权和土地市场为基础,讨论如何加快土地流转,为土地规模经营提供便利条件。第四是基层政府在培育主体、保障流转以及保护生态系统,发展规模经营所能起到的外部性的作用。要实现土地规模经营,不能一蹴而就,地方政府以及村镇集体要积极的为实现土地适度规模经营创造条件。
With the continuous development of agriculture and the issues of agriculture, rural areas and peasantsdeepened, the land problem is becoming more and more important in stabilizing the grain production andincreasing the farmer's income. The rural work forces and land have become the key factors ofdevelopment of productive forces in rural areas. However, in the social situation of rural development, thesmall-scale and decentralized land management system not only impedes the increase of rural landproductivity and the shift of rural labor, but also affects the traditional agriculture to modern farming andthus the process of industrialization and modernization. Therefore, the scale management of rural land isboth inevitable and necessary.
     Implementing the appropriate scale of land management can not only improve the inefficient use ofexisting agricultural infrastructure, but also stabilize grain production and increase farmers' income. It ismore conducive to the promotion of science and technology and the intensive land use and management.Henan, as a big agricultural province in China, the food production accounts for1/9of the whole country,the oil production accounts for1/7, the beef production accounts for1/7, and the cotton productionaccounts for1/6.On the basis of the protection of the national people's living, Henan province also bear thecountry's first household population.As an economically less developed province, it has become an urgentproblem that how to ensure the food production and improve food productivity and how to protect theliving standards of nearly60million farmers. Therefore, it is particularly important and prominent toimplement an appropriate scale of land management in Henan province.
     Due to the differences between socio-economic conditions, natural conditions and individual farmers'conditions, it is impossible to research the land management in large scale in Henan province. Hence, there is the possibility of implementing small scale land operation within the pilot villages and towns. ChenjiTown in Yongcheng City is chosen as the research case, which is a pilot town of central China's basicfarmland project. It has more comprehensive survey of data and statistics and facilitates quantitativeassessment during the analysis. By analyzing Chenji town's agricultural overview, agricultural population,educational condition, farmers' farming area and the quantification of the inputs of labor and capital inputsand other factors, the author can get the calculable unified order of magnitude. can be calculated using themodel to measure, Under Chenji town's specific conditions, it is easy to calculate the available cultivableland per person that is suitable for scale land operation by using models.
     The present paper uses two methods to estimate the appropriate scale of management. One is perhousehold low limit method, the Rural Development Institute Chinese Academy of Social Sciences haveused this method before during studying the appropriate scale management in rural area. With this method,the amount of arable land needs operating, that is the low limit of scale management, can be calculatedwhich is suitable for the urban per capita income. The other one is Qing Guixia and Li Ninghui model(2004) which uses the Cobb-Douglas production function as a carrier and further gets the scalemanagement when the marginal output is maximized. And the calculated scale management is an accuratenumber. The two different kinds of results can be mutually confirmed and compared.
     Based on the results calculated by two methods we can conclude that the optimum per capitacultivated area is10.68acres if the moderate scale management of farmland is achieved under the currentsocial and economic condition and technical condition and labor skills in Chenji town Yongcheng city.According to the status of Chenji Town, which restricts the factors of the current scale of operation isdivided into two aspects of labor and land transfer. At the present stage,the lack of land transfer market isthe main reason for the single and the inefficiency of the form of land transfer. Through the analysis of constraints, this essay mainly explores from four aspects. The first analyzes how to transfer the excess laborforce, and train the operators, that is, the leading people who master the technology and have capacity. Thesecond section discusses how to create the conditions for the transfer of surplus labor. The third based onland ownership and land markets, discuss how to accelerate the land transfer, and provide convenientconditions for scale land management. The fourth aspect studies the external effect that local governmenthave in training operators, securing labor flow, protecting the ecological environment and developing scalemanagement. Achieving the scale management of land can not be done overnight. the local government andvillage collectives should actively create conditions to realize the scale operation of land.
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