稀土掺杂光学增益器件的研究
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摘要
高功率光纤放大器在工业加工、材料处理、国防军工等方面都有着非常广泛的应用，同时它也正在成为后惯性约束核聚变（后ICF）升级换代的首选技术，得到了越来越多研究人员的青睐。但随着光纤放大器输出功率的不断提高，工作光纤的能量密度也在不断增大，由此产生的非线性光学效应有可能会对光纤造成损伤，严重地制约了光纤放大器向更高功率发展的进程。增益导引-折射率反导引（Gain-Guided Index-Antiguided, GG-IAG）光纤由于其大的模场面积和稳定的单模输出特性为解决上述问题提供了一种可能性，因而一经提出就倍受关注。
本论文第一部分着重研究了GG-IAG光纤和GG-IAG光纤放大器的基础特性。
绪论部分介绍了几种不同实现大功率光纤激光器、放大器的思路和方法，通过简单介绍和比较不同方法的优、缺点，确定了本文的研究重点：GG-IAG光纤。然后详述了GG-IAG光纤的结构特性和基本工作原理，最后回顾了它在国内外理论和实验研究方面的进展。
GG-IAG光纤中纤芯-包层折射率负梯度的存在破坏了传统光纤用来约束光的全反射原理，这必然会对泵浦光的吸收效率产生影响。在对比了2维平面分析法和3维光线追迹法的优、缺点之后，我们决定使用3维光线追迹方法对GG-IAG光纤的吸收特性做系统的分析。首先，利用3维模型研究Yb离子掺杂GG-IAG光纤对泵浦光的吸收特性，再以本研究小组自行拉制的GG-IAG光纤作为实验对象，利用截断法测量光纤的吸收系数从而检验模拟计算的正确性。在模拟结果和实验结果吻合的情况下，应用模式耦合理论对GG-IAG光纤的吸收特性进行了分析解释。
在系统介绍了Yb离子的能级和跃迁之后，测量了Yb离子掺杂材料的透过光谱，并根据透过光谱计算出Yb离子的吸收截面和发射截面积，同时也对Yb离子掺杂材料的荧光寿命进行了测量。在以上实验数据的基础上，我们选择简化的Yb离子二能级速率方程模型对Yb离子掺杂双包层GG-IAG光纤放大器的工作特性进行研究，最后对各种泵浦方式的优、缺点做了分析比较。
由于Yb离子掺杂GG-IAG光纤泵浦光吸收系数较大、工作光纤长度较短，在大功率工作条件下必然会带来比较严峻的热学问题。在比较了不同热学模型的特点之后，我们选择以3维热传导模型为基础，结合GG-IAG光纤放大器的工作特性，分析GG-IAG光纤放大器的热学特性。研究了GG-IAG光纤放大器中纵向热传导对其温度分布的影响，并对不同的泵浦方式、散热条件、包层直径和负折射率梯度对温度分布产生的影响进行了研究，为GG-IAG光纤的设计优化和制作工艺的改进提供理论基础和依据。
硫系玻璃材料由于自身在光学方面的特殊性质而被广泛应用于光学器件中，基于硫系玻璃材料制成的高非线性波导器件已经在全光信号处理和信号通讯领域显示出非常大的优势，其中铒掺杂硫系玻璃薄膜更是由于它在1550nm处杰出的发光特性而备受关注。
本文第二部分着重研究了用于无损非线性集成光学器件的Er离子掺杂GeAsSe玻璃薄膜的物理、结构和光学特性。实验中通过模拟选择恰当的离子注入参数，将不同浓度的Er离子（3.741*10~(19)cm~(-3)、7.48*10~(19)cm~(-3)、1.36*10~(20)cm~(-3)）注入到GeAsSe薄膜中，然后将样品在高真空环境中（~10-5Pa）进行退火。最后对薄膜的表面形态、物理性质、光学性质和薄膜结构进行研究，同时也研究了热退火对上述特性的影响。
As a new approach of achieving large mode area and stable signal mode, whichis essential in high power fiber lasers and amplifiers that has shown wide use inindustry manufacturing, material processing and national defence, gain-guidedindex-antiguided (GG-IAG) fiber has attracted lots of attentions since this conceptionwas proposed.
In the first part of this work, we focused on properties of this novel configurationand studied the performance of GG-IAG fiber amplifiers.
By comparing several different technologys to achieve high power fiberlasers/amplifiers, attention was focused on GG-IAG fiber, then the basic principles ofthis fiber was illustrated and the developments on this fiber was reviewed.
The absorption characteristics are the important parameters for fibers, it showsthe ability how much pumped light is absorbed by the doped fiber core. In lasermanufacturing, the absorption characteristics are very desired for both fiber laser andamplifier design and optimization, also it sheds light on fiber design. The absorptioncharacteristics of this novel double-clad Gain-guided and index-antiguided (GG-IAG)fiber are investigated with3D-ray-trace method. And the simulated correctnesscompared with real data were carried out by measuring GG-IAG fiber. A couplingmodel was introduced to explain the absorption phenomenon during the rayspropagating in the fiber as well.
Transparent spectrum, absorption cross-section, emission cross-section andlifetime of our Yb doped material were measured (calculated). Based on these data theGG-IAG fiber amplifier is investigated with a rate equation model. Meanwhile, theinfluence of negative index step on gain characteristic has also been studied, as wellas the output characteristics of a GG-IAG fiber amplifier with different pump ways.
A3-D heat analytical model was established, and simulations of the temperaturefield in GG-IAG fiber amplifier are performed based on the rate equations. With thismethod we compared the temperature field distribution with and without longitudinal heat flow under natural convection cooling. Meanwhile, the influence of differentpump directions, cooling methods, cladding radius, negative refractive index step onthe temperature distribution has been studied as well.
All of these researches may give some suggestions on design and optimization ofthe GG-IAG fiber.
Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) have attracted a lot of attentions not only for theirunique properties like good glass-forming ability, large transmission window, lowphonon energy, large values of refractive index, but also for their ability to dissolve upto few atomic percent of rare-earth (RE) which makes them highly promising as REhost materials for optical amplifier applications where high doped concentration ofRE is required urgently for the reduced length of integrated optical amplifiers. Amongvarious glasses available, heavily doped with Er3+ions glasses are prospectivematerials for the1.54μm emission arising from4I4
13/2→I15/2transition.
In the second part of this work, the properties of Ge_(11.5)As_(24)Se_(64.5)chalcogenidethin films into which Er atoms were ion implanted at energies of2.25MeV up to aconcentration of0.4mol%were studied. The effect of post implant annealing wasinvestigated on the luminescence from4I~413/2→I15/2transition of Er as well as on thephysical properties of the films.
本论文第一部分着重研究了GG-IAG光纤和GG-IAG光纤放大器的基础特性。
绪论部分介绍了几种不同实现大功率光纤激光器、放大器的思路和方法，通过简单介绍和比较不同方法的优、缺点，确定了本文的研究重点：GG-IAG光纤。然后详述了GG-IAG光纤的结构特性和基本工作原理，最后回顾了它在国内外理论和实验研究方面的进展。
GG-IAG光纤中纤芯-包层折射率负梯度的存在破坏了传统光纤用来约束光的全反射原理，这必然会对泵浦光的吸收效率产生影响。在对比了2维平面分析法和3维光线追迹法的优、缺点之后，我们决定使用3维光线追迹方法对GG-IAG光纤的吸收特性做系统的分析。首先，利用3维模型研究Yb离子掺杂GG-IAG光纤对泵浦光的吸收特性，再以本研究小组自行拉制的GG-IAG光纤作为实验对象，利用截断法测量光纤的吸收系数从而检验模拟计算的正确性。在模拟结果和实验结果吻合的情况下，应用模式耦合理论对GG-IAG光纤的吸收特性进行了分析解释。
在系统介绍了Yb离子的能级和跃迁之后，测量了Yb离子掺杂材料的透过光谱，并根据透过光谱计算出Yb离子的吸收截面和发射截面积，同时也对Yb离子掺杂材料的荧光寿命进行了测量。在以上实验数据的基础上，我们选择简化的Yb离子二能级速率方程模型对Yb离子掺杂双包层GG-IAG光纤放大器的工作特性进行研究，最后对各种泵浦方式的优、缺点做了分析比较。
由于Yb离子掺杂GG-IAG光纤泵浦光吸收系数较大、工作光纤长度较短，在大功率工作条件下必然会带来比较严峻的热学问题。在比较了不同热学模型的特点之后，我们选择以3维热传导模型为基础，结合GG-IAG光纤放大器的工作特性，分析GG-IAG光纤放大器的热学特性。研究了GG-IAG光纤放大器中纵向热传导对其温度分布的影响，并对不同的泵浦方式、散热条件、包层直径和负折射率梯度对温度分布产生的影响进行了研究，为GG-IAG光纤的设计优化和制作工艺的改进提供理论基础和依据。
硫系玻璃材料由于自身在光学方面的特殊性质而被广泛应用于光学器件中，基于硫系玻璃材料制成的高非线性波导器件已经在全光信号处理和信号通讯领域显示出非常大的优势，其中铒掺杂硫系玻璃薄膜更是由于它在1550nm处杰出的发光特性而备受关注。
本文第二部分着重研究了用于无损非线性集成光学器件的Er离子掺杂GeAsSe玻璃薄膜的物理、结构和光学特性。实验中通过模拟选择恰当的离子注入参数，将不同浓度的Er离子（3.741*10~(19)cm~(-3)、7.48*10~(19)cm~(-3)、1.36*10~(20)cm~(-3)）注入到GeAsSe薄膜中，然后将样品在高真空环境中（~10-5Pa）进行退火。最后对薄膜的表面形态、物理性质、光学性质和薄膜结构进行研究，同时也研究了热退火对上述特性的影响。
As a new approach of achieving large mode area and stable signal mode, whichis essential in high power fiber lasers and amplifiers that has shown wide use inindustry manufacturing, material processing and national defence, gain-guidedindex-antiguided (GG-IAG) fiber has attracted lots of attentions since this conceptionwas proposed.
In the first part of this work, we focused on properties of this novel configurationand studied the performance of GG-IAG fiber amplifiers.
By comparing several different technologys to achieve high power fiberlasers/amplifiers, attention was focused on GG-IAG fiber, then the basic principles ofthis fiber was illustrated and the developments on this fiber was reviewed.
The absorption characteristics are the important parameters for fibers, it showsthe ability how much pumped light is absorbed by the doped fiber core. In lasermanufacturing, the absorption characteristics are very desired for both fiber laser andamplifier design and optimization, also it sheds light on fiber design. The absorptioncharacteristics of this novel double-clad Gain-guided and index-antiguided (GG-IAG)fiber are investigated with3D-ray-trace method. And the simulated correctnesscompared with real data were carried out by measuring GG-IAG fiber. A couplingmodel was introduced to explain the absorption phenomenon during the rayspropagating in the fiber as well.
Transparent spectrum, absorption cross-section, emission cross-section andlifetime of our Yb doped material were measured (calculated). Based on these data theGG-IAG fiber amplifier is investigated with a rate equation model. Meanwhile, theinfluence of negative index step on gain characteristic has also been studied, as wellas the output characteristics of a GG-IAG fiber amplifier with different pump ways.
A3-D heat analytical model was established, and simulations of the temperaturefield in GG-IAG fiber amplifier are performed based on the rate equations. With thismethod we compared the temperature field distribution with and without longitudinal heat flow under natural convection cooling. Meanwhile, the influence of differentpump directions, cooling methods, cladding radius, negative refractive index step onthe temperature distribution has been studied as well.
All of these researches may give some suggestions on design and optimization ofthe GG-IAG fiber.
Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) have attracted a lot of attentions not only for theirunique properties like good glass-forming ability, large transmission window, lowphonon energy, large values of refractive index, but also for their ability to dissolve upto few atomic percent of rare-earth (RE) which makes them highly promising as REhost materials for optical amplifier applications where high doped concentration ofRE is required urgently for the reduced length of integrated optical amplifiers. Amongvarious glasses available, heavily doped with Er3+ions glasses are prospectivematerials for the1.54μm emission arising from4I4
13/2→I15/2transition.
In the second part of this work, the properties of Ge_(11.5)As_(24)Se_(64.5)chalcogenidethin films into which Er atoms were ion implanted at energies of2.25MeV up to aconcentration of0.4mol%were studied. The effect of post implant annealing wasinvestigated on the luminescence from4I~413/2→I15/2transition of Er as well as on thephysical properties of the films.
引文
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