自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的注意实验研究
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摘要
眼睛是人类最重要的感知觉通道,也是传递与接收信息最微妙的途径之一。对眼睛注视线索的信息加工能力在个体的社会化进程中扮演着重要的角色。临床研究表明,缺乏对注视的关注、无法跟随他人的眼睛活动来调整注视方向是自闭症谱系障碍儿童从婴幼年期起就表现出的主要障碍之一。近年来,随着认知心理学线索一目标实验范式以及眼动技术在自闭症谱系障碍儿童视觉注意研究中的广泛运用,以往的临床观察结论得到了更深层次的探讨。通过对国外近10年来有关这一领域的理论焦点问题及实证研究证据的系统梳理,发现核心的争论主要围绕,自闭症谱系障碍儿童是否能注意到他人的眼睛注视线索以及他们对线索信息的实际运用能力是否与正常发展个体存在差异。然而目前国内外这类实验研究刚刚起步,且结果也不尽相同,由此引发的不同意见及理论论争正推动着相关研究的不断向前探索。
在这一背景下,本研究尝试将实验室研究与临床研究相结合,采用仪器研究与生态研究互补的方式,结合我国近年来对自闭症谱系障碍研究的实际情况,通过改变研究设计、调整研究对象及更换实验材料,对我国自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的注意加工方式与注意加工能力展开系列研究,以期深入地探讨这类儿童的认知特点,为自闭症谱系障碍儿童的早期干预及教育提供科学依据和有参考价值的建议。
本研究的研究对象为46名自闭症谱系障碍实验组儿童,以及43名智力障碍儿童和44名正常发展儿童,共设计了2个递进性的实验系列。第一系列包括5项分实验,第二系列包括3项分实验和1项评价调查。逐步探讨了单一内源性视觉注意线索、共同呈现的两种内源性视觉注意线索、以及生态化情景观察中,三类儿童对眼睛注视线索的加工水平和视觉注意特征。综合研究结果得出如下主要结论：
1、自闭症谱系障碍儿童能够注意到他人的眼睛区域及眼睛注视线索,且对于正面注视刺激线索的反应异常迅速；
2、自闭症谱系障碍儿童对单一呈现的内源性视觉注意线索的反应速度慢于正常发展儿童及智力障碍儿童,但三者间不存在统计学上的显著差异,自闭症谱系障碍儿童对线索类型表现出敏感性；
3、自闭症谱系障碍儿童并没有表现出对卡通眼睛注视线索的加工优势,有趣的是他们对真人眼睛注视线索的加工速度更快,并且受其线索有效性影响更大；
4、在共同呈现线索刺激条件下,自闭症谱系障碍儿童的注意反应时与对照组儿童不存在显著的差异,但从信息加工的方式来看,他们多沿用单一线索加工的方式来处理同时呈现的复杂信息；
5、与箭头及手指线索相比,在人脸朝向共同呈现中,眼睛注视线索对自闭症谱系障碍儿童的影响作用较大；
6、离散的视觉注意加工模式影响自闭症谱系障碍儿童对线索信息的充分理解和利用。
综上所述,尽管与国外大多数以高功能自闭症个体为对象的研究结果不完全一致,但依旧能够发现本研究中的中低功能自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的注意及运用能力比我们早前预想的要好,对于眼睛注视线索自闭症谱系障碍儿童具备与正常儿童相似的注意追随能力。因而有理由怀疑,以往的有些研究可能过于低估了自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的初始性视觉加工能力,过度夸大了自闭症谱系障碍儿童的认知障碍。未来的研究可以进一步通过不同年龄、不同障碍水平自闭症谱系障碍儿童的行为、心理及神经生理等方面的比较研究,更深入地探讨此类儿童的对眼睛注视线索的视觉注意特点,为挖掘他们的原有潜力,探究和开发更适合此类儿童的有效干预途径提供重要的依据。
The human eye, as one of the most important perception pathways in human, is itself a delicate way to express and receive information. Eye gazing cues play a central role in the process of socialization in human being. However, clinical research indicated that one of the characterizing deficits of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in their early years is failure of looking into others' eyes, and orienting their attention to follow others' gazing cues. In recent years, with the development of the target-cue paradigm in cognitive psychology experiments and application of eye tracking technology, there is feasibility for investigators to further examine behavioral and physiological mechanism underlying visual attention in individuals with ASD. Based on the literature review of past10years, the key topics in this area are:whether ASD children pay attention to others' gazing cues or not, how they use the information from the cues. But, even now there is not a clear picture about features of visual attention in ASD children due to the paucity of empirical studies in this field and inconsistent findings available.
This dissertation will elaborate eye gazing cue effect on visual attention in ASD children on basis of the paradigm of cue-target and eye tracking technology. We hope in doing so to make clear of the feature of visual attention in ASD children and provide objective suggestion for early intervention and education in ASD children.
Forty six ASD children, forty three children with Intellectual Disabilities and forty four Typical Developed children matching with age, and intelligence are enrolled in this research. We launched two sets of experiments and one set of survey. The first set includes five experiments and the second set includes three tasks and one survey to examine the influence of single endogenous cue, animatic and realistic eye gazing cue, simultaneous double endogenous cue, and simultaneous face direction cue on visual attention in ASD children. Our findings were presented as following:
1. ASD children have the capacity to pay their attention to the area of others' eyes and eye gazing cue, and they show an extremely rapid reaction to direct gazing cue.
2. Though the reaction time to single endogenous cues is a little bit slower for ASD children, no significant difference was found among three groups of children. ASD children were found to show relative high sensitivity to specific types of cues such as real eye gazing cue compared with the other two samples.
3. No priority of animatic eye gazing cue effect on visual attention was found in ASD children. Interestingly, they showed faster speed of attention processing realistic eye gazing cue, highlighted from a man's face photo.
4. For double cues, ASD children did not show significant difference of reaction time compared to children in control groups. All of them processed the simultaneous information in the trends of single cue processing.
5. Compared to the condition of simultaneously presenting both arrow and finger, the condition which showed both face direction and eye gazing cues at the same time have additive effects on visual attention in ASD children.
6. Discrete in visual attention process affect ASD children's understanding and applying of the information coming from eye gazing cue.
As summary, though the ASD children in this research are not high functioning, they still showed capability to take advantage of eye gazing cue for attention, which was more than we had expected. Specifically, the primitive attention processing is intact in ASD children. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that this kind of ability to eye gazing cue might be under-estimated. Future studies could examine behavioral, psychological and physiological mechanism in autism children with different function level to understand the feature of visual attention in these samples. And we hope the finding would be helpful to develop the suitable invention strategies and explore their latent capacity in children with autism spectrum disorders.
在这一背景下,本研究尝试将实验室研究与临床研究相结合,采用仪器研究与生态研究互补的方式,结合我国近年来对自闭症谱系障碍研究的实际情况,通过改变研究设计、调整研究对象及更换实验材料,对我国自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的注意加工方式与注意加工能力展开系列研究,以期深入地探讨这类儿童的认知特点,为自闭症谱系障碍儿童的早期干预及教育提供科学依据和有参考价值的建议。
本研究的研究对象为46名自闭症谱系障碍实验组儿童,以及43名智力障碍儿童和44名正常发展儿童,共设计了2个递进性的实验系列。第一系列包括5项分实验,第二系列包括3项分实验和1项评价调查。逐步探讨了单一内源性视觉注意线索、共同呈现的两种内源性视觉注意线索、以及生态化情景观察中,三类儿童对眼睛注视线索的加工水平和视觉注意特征。综合研究结果得出如下主要结论：
1、自闭症谱系障碍儿童能够注意到他人的眼睛区域及眼睛注视线索,且对于正面注视刺激线索的反应异常迅速；
2、自闭症谱系障碍儿童对单一呈现的内源性视觉注意线索的反应速度慢于正常发展儿童及智力障碍儿童,但三者间不存在统计学上的显著差异,自闭症谱系障碍儿童对线索类型表现出敏感性；
3、自闭症谱系障碍儿童并没有表现出对卡通眼睛注视线索的加工优势,有趣的是他们对真人眼睛注视线索的加工速度更快,并且受其线索有效性影响更大；
4、在共同呈现线索刺激条件下,自闭症谱系障碍儿童的注意反应时与对照组儿童不存在显著的差异,但从信息加工的方式来看,他们多沿用单一线索加工的方式来处理同时呈现的复杂信息；
5、与箭头及手指线索相比,在人脸朝向共同呈现中,眼睛注视线索对自闭症谱系障碍儿童的影响作用较大；
6、离散的视觉注意加工模式影响自闭症谱系障碍儿童对线索信息的充分理解和利用。
综上所述,尽管与国外大多数以高功能自闭症个体为对象的研究结果不完全一致,但依旧能够发现本研究中的中低功能自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的注意及运用能力比我们早前预想的要好,对于眼睛注视线索自闭症谱系障碍儿童具备与正常儿童相似的注意追随能力。因而有理由怀疑,以往的有些研究可能过于低估了自闭症谱系障碍儿童对眼睛注视线索的初始性视觉加工能力,过度夸大了自闭症谱系障碍儿童的认知障碍。未来的研究可以进一步通过不同年龄、不同障碍水平自闭症谱系障碍儿童的行为、心理及神经生理等方面的比较研究,更深入地探讨此类儿童的对眼睛注视线索的视觉注意特点,为挖掘他们的原有潜力,探究和开发更适合此类儿童的有效干预途径提供重要的依据。
The human eye, as one of the most important perception pathways in human, is itself a delicate way to express and receive information. Eye gazing cues play a central role in the process of socialization in human being. However, clinical research indicated that one of the characterizing deficits of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in their early years is failure of looking into others' eyes, and orienting their attention to follow others' gazing cues. In recent years, with the development of the target-cue paradigm in cognitive psychology experiments and application of eye tracking technology, there is feasibility for investigators to further examine behavioral and physiological mechanism underlying visual attention in individuals with ASD. Based on the literature review of past10years, the key topics in this area are:whether ASD children pay attention to others' gazing cues or not, how they use the information from the cues. But, even now there is not a clear picture about features of visual attention in ASD children due to the paucity of empirical studies in this field and inconsistent findings available.
This dissertation will elaborate eye gazing cue effect on visual attention in ASD children on basis of the paradigm of cue-target and eye tracking technology. We hope in doing so to make clear of the feature of visual attention in ASD children and provide objective suggestion for early intervention and education in ASD children.
Forty six ASD children, forty three children with Intellectual Disabilities and forty four Typical Developed children matching with age, and intelligence are enrolled in this research. We launched two sets of experiments and one set of survey. The first set includes five experiments and the second set includes three tasks and one survey to examine the influence of single endogenous cue, animatic and realistic eye gazing cue, simultaneous double endogenous cue, and simultaneous face direction cue on visual attention in ASD children. Our findings were presented as following:
1. ASD children have the capacity to pay their attention to the area of others' eyes and eye gazing cue, and they show an extremely rapid reaction to direct gazing cue.
2. Though the reaction time to single endogenous cues is a little bit slower for ASD children, no significant difference was found among three groups of children. ASD children were found to show relative high sensitivity to specific types of cues such as real eye gazing cue compared with the other two samples.
3. No priority of animatic eye gazing cue effect on visual attention was found in ASD children. Interestingly, they showed faster speed of attention processing realistic eye gazing cue, highlighted from a man's face photo.
4. For double cues, ASD children did not show significant difference of reaction time compared to children in control groups. All of them processed the simultaneous information in the trends of single cue processing.
5. Compared to the condition of simultaneously presenting both arrow and finger, the condition which showed both face direction and eye gazing cues at the same time have additive effects on visual attention in ASD children.
6. Discrete in visual attention process affect ASD children's understanding and applying of the information coming from eye gazing cue.
As summary, though the ASD children in this research are not high functioning, they still showed capability to take advantage of eye gazing cue for attention, which was more than we had expected. Specifically, the primitive attention processing is intact in ASD children. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that this kind of ability to eye gazing cue might be under-estimated. Future studies could examine behavioral, psychological and physiological mechanism in autism children with different function level to understand the feature of visual attention in these samples. And we hope the finding would be helpful to develop the suitable invention strategies and explore their latent capacity in children with autism spectrum disorders.
引文
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