城市雨水蓄积净化材料
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摘要
雨水是城市淡水资源的重要组成部分,然而由于雨水径流,城市水体已经被严重污染,因此急需利用新的材料对雨水进行蓄积和净化,这样城市的淡水危机就会在一定程度上被解决。
本研究研制了雨水的蓄积材料和净化材料并应用到雨水中,并对它们的性能特征进行详细分析。
利用矿物材料和淀粉接枝后的吸水树脂对雨水进行了蓄积,未添加矿物材料的吸水树脂的吸收倍率和保水性能很差,吸水倍率在100g/g左右,12h后含水率只有28.6%;四种淀粉(玉米、竹芋、木薯、马铃薯淀粉)接枝合成的吸水树脂吸水性能和保水性能很好,但凝胶强度很低,以木薯淀粉为例,吸水倍率在300g/g以上,且75h后含水率为20%左右,凝胶强度只有31.6%;加入环境矿物材料的吸水树脂性能好于未添加矿物的,特别是添加杭锦土的树脂性能好于添加膨润土和硅藻土的树脂,与淀粉接枝相比,三种矿物接枝树脂的凝胶强度较高。综合几种性能,添加环境矿物材料的吸水树脂更适合作雨水蓄积材料。另外,以吸水树脂凝胶强度和老化率为指标,通过正交实验确定了在杭锦土添加量为65%时引发剂、交联剂和AM:AA的最佳配比,并对该工艺进行了放大实验。
通过分析磨损率和抗压强度等性能,废尼龙的加入可以提高酚醛树脂和酚醛泡沫材料的韧性和热稳定性。以20g酚醛树脂为基材,表面活性剂控制在1.6-2.36mL、发泡剂控制在3.46mL、固化剂控制在2.7mL、湿润剂用量为0.4g、稳泡剂为0.3g左右、70℃～75℃下反应合成的雨水蓄积材料(酚醛泡沫材料)性能较好。合成时加入岩棉或珍珠岩可以有效改善泡孔均匀程度,使酚醛泡沫材料泡孔均匀质密。
研制了环境矿物材料(蛭石、珍珠岩、沸石、岩棉等)与微生物相结合的雨洪水快渗净化生态材料——环境矿物材料与去除雨水氮磷微生物相的组合式雨水净化系统。该系统能较好的去除雨水中污染物(COD、BOD、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等)。
种植须根系植物的实验结果表明,不加吸水树脂的空白样失水速率快,而加入吸水树脂后,失水速率较空白样明显减慢。通过在不同地方种植的放大试验,环境矿物材料接枝的吸水树脂具有抗旱节水等功能,表现出良好的保水效果,缩短草坪成坪时间,可产生很好的经济效益。
制成了含不同比例吸水树脂的保湿生态砖,得出吸水树脂含量为10%时生态砖的保水效果和砖体内植株的生长良好。
Rain water is the important composition of the urban freshwater. However, owing to the radial flow of rain water, the urban water bodies have been polluted badly. Therefore, it is urgent to research and develop novel materials by which rain water could be accumulated and purified. And consequently, the crisis of urban freshwater could be solved to some extent.
Accumulation and purification materials for rain water were preparied and investigated in the thesis, and their performance characters were analyzed in detail.
Rain water was accumulated by the water absorbent resin after grafted by mineral materials and starches. Water absorptivity and water retention capacity of the resin without mineral materials were very bad, and water absorptivity was about 100g/g, and water content was only 28.6% after 12h. Water absorptivity and water retention capacity of resins grafted by four starches (corn starch, arrowroot starch, cassava starch and potato starch) were very good, but gel strengthes were very low. For example, water absorptivity of cassava starch was above 300g/g, and water content was approximately 20% after 75h, however, gel strength was only 31.6%. The performances of resins grafted by mineral materials were better than those of resins without these materials, especially the performances of resin grafted by Hangjin clay was better than those of resins grafted by bentonite and diatomite. Moreover, the gel strengthes of resins grafted by three mineral materials were higher than those of resin grafted by starches. In conclusion, the resin grafted by Hangjin clay was more optinal for rain accumulation material. In addition, for the resin grafted by Hangjin clay of 65%, the best direction of initiator, crosslinker and the ratio of AA and AM was determined through orthogonal experiment according to the gel strength and the aging ratio. Also, the magnify experiment using the optimized resin was made in order to evaluate its water saving performance .
The tenacity and heat stability of and phenol formaldehyde foaming materials added by nylon, were enhanced based on analysis of wear rate and compressive strength. The performance of phenol formaldehyde foaming material was the best when phenol formaldehyde resin was of 20g with surfactant dosage of 1.6-2.36mL, vesicant of 3.46mL, solidfiers of 2.7mL, humectant of 0.4g, foam stabilizer of 0.3g, reaction temperature 70~75℃. The uniformity degree of bubble hole was improved after perlite and men-made asbestos were added.
By combining mineral materials (vermiculite, perlite, zeolite, and men-made asbestos) and microorganism removing nitrogen and phosphorus, the assembled system was developed to filter and purify rain water and flood. Pollutants (COD、BOD、SS、NH3-N、TP、TN and so on) in rain water were removed effectively in the system.
Diffuse-rooted specie was planted in the experiment. The results indicated that the water lose speed of sample without water absorbent resin was quick, however, lose speed of sample became slow obviously when water absorbent resin was added to. Water absorbent resin grafted by environmental mineral materials had good water retention ability with drought resistant ability and water-economy ability, and could cut short shaping time of lawn and bring excellent economic benefit through magnify experiments in different areas.
Moisturizing and ecological bricks were synthesized by adding different water absorbent resin content. The results indicated that water retention capacity of bricks containing 10% water absorbent resin was the best, and plant growth in the brick was favorable.
本研究研制了雨水的蓄积材料和净化材料并应用到雨水中,并对它们的性能特征进行详细分析。
利用矿物材料和淀粉接枝后的吸水树脂对雨水进行了蓄积,未添加矿物材料的吸水树脂的吸收倍率和保水性能很差,吸水倍率在100g/g左右,12h后含水率只有28.6%;四种淀粉(玉米、竹芋、木薯、马铃薯淀粉)接枝合成的吸水树脂吸水性能和保水性能很好,但凝胶强度很低,以木薯淀粉为例,吸水倍率在300g/g以上,且75h后含水率为20%左右,凝胶强度只有31.6%;加入环境矿物材料的吸水树脂性能好于未添加矿物的,特别是添加杭锦土的树脂性能好于添加膨润土和硅藻土的树脂,与淀粉接枝相比,三种矿物接枝树脂的凝胶强度较高。综合几种性能,添加环境矿物材料的吸水树脂更适合作雨水蓄积材料。另外,以吸水树脂凝胶强度和老化率为指标,通过正交实验确定了在杭锦土添加量为65%时引发剂、交联剂和AM:AA的最佳配比,并对该工艺进行了放大实验。
通过分析磨损率和抗压强度等性能,废尼龙的加入可以提高酚醛树脂和酚醛泡沫材料的韧性和热稳定性。以20g酚醛树脂为基材,表面活性剂控制在1.6-2.36mL、发泡剂控制在3.46mL、固化剂控制在2.7mL、湿润剂用量为0.4g、稳泡剂为0.3g左右、70℃～75℃下反应合成的雨水蓄积材料(酚醛泡沫材料)性能较好。合成时加入岩棉或珍珠岩可以有效改善泡孔均匀程度,使酚醛泡沫材料泡孔均匀质密。
研制了环境矿物材料(蛭石、珍珠岩、沸石、岩棉等)与微生物相结合的雨洪水快渗净化生态材料——环境矿物材料与去除雨水氮磷微生物相的组合式雨水净化系统。该系统能较好的去除雨水中污染物(COD、BOD、SS、NH3-N、TP和TN等)。
种植须根系植物的实验结果表明,不加吸水树脂的空白样失水速率快,而加入吸水树脂后,失水速率较空白样明显减慢。通过在不同地方种植的放大试验,环境矿物材料接枝的吸水树脂具有抗旱节水等功能,表现出良好的保水效果,缩短草坪成坪时间,可产生很好的经济效益。
制成了含不同比例吸水树脂的保湿生态砖,得出吸水树脂含量为10%时生态砖的保水效果和砖体内植株的生长良好。
Rain water is the important composition of the urban freshwater. However, owing to the radial flow of rain water, the urban water bodies have been polluted badly. Therefore, it is urgent to research and develop novel materials by which rain water could be accumulated and purified. And consequently, the crisis of urban freshwater could be solved to some extent.
Accumulation and purification materials for rain water were preparied and investigated in the thesis, and their performance characters were analyzed in detail.
Rain water was accumulated by the water absorbent resin after grafted by mineral materials and starches. Water absorptivity and water retention capacity of the resin without mineral materials were very bad, and water absorptivity was about 100g/g, and water content was only 28.6% after 12h. Water absorptivity and water retention capacity of resins grafted by four starches (corn starch, arrowroot starch, cassava starch and potato starch) were very good, but gel strengthes were very low. For example, water absorptivity of cassava starch was above 300g/g, and water content was approximately 20% after 75h, however, gel strength was only 31.6%. The performances of resins grafted by mineral materials were better than those of resins without these materials, especially the performances of resin grafted by Hangjin clay was better than those of resins grafted by bentonite and diatomite. Moreover, the gel strengthes of resins grafted by three mineral materials were higher than those of resin grafted by starches. In conclusion, the resin grafted by Hangjin clay was more optinal for rain accumulation material. In addition, for the resin grafted by Hangjin clay of 65%, the best direction of initiator, crosslinker and the ratio of AA and AM was determined through orthogonal experiment according to the gel strength and the aging ratio. Also, the magnify experiment using the optimized resin was made in order to evaluate its water saving performance .
The tenacity and heat stability of and phenol formaldehyde foaming materials added by nylon, were enhanced based on analysis of wear rate and compressive strength. The performance of phenol formaldehyde foaming material was the best when phenol formaldehyde resin was of 20g with surfactant dosage of 1.6-2.36mL, vesicant of 3.46mL, solidfiers of 2.7mL, humectant of 0.4g, foam stabilizer of 0.3g, reaction temperature 70~75℃. The uniformity degree of bubble hole was improved after perlite and men-made asbestos were added.
By combining mineral materials (vermiculite, perlite, zeolite, and men-made asbestos) and microorganism removing nitrogen and phosphorus, the assembled system was developed to filter and purify rain water and flood. Pollutants (COD、BOD、SS、NH3-N、TP、TN and so on) in rain water were removed effectively in the system.
Diffuse-rooted specie was planted in the experiment. The results indicated that the water lose speed of sample without water absorbent resin was quick, however, lose speed of sample became slow obviously when water absorbent resin was added to. Water absorbent resin grafted by environmental mineral materials had good water retention ability with drought resistant ability and water-economy ability, and could cut short shaping time of lawn and bring excellent economic benefit through magnify experiments in different areas.
Moisturizing and ecological bricks were synthesized by adding different water absorbent resin content. The results indicated that water retention capacity of bricks containing 10% water absorbent resin was the best, and plant growth in the brick was favorable.
引文
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