公路建设对生态影响及植被恢复评价技术研究
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摘要
公路建设将对沿线自然生态系统产生较大影响,科学合理地处理好公路建设和环境保护之间的矛盾是保证地区经济发展和保护我们赖以生存的自然环境的必然要求。国内外科研工作者也一直在研究公路建设对生态环境带来的影响,从多个侧面研究如何降低公路建设及运营所造成的生态隐患和各种生态恢复技术。
本文系统分析了长白山区特有的自然地理特点,对公路建设生态影响的区域进行了区划。通过对长白山区植物物种的系统调查,对适合该区域公路生态景观恢复的植物品种进行了分析,结合引进植物的抗性试验方法研究了适合长白山区及类似区域公路生态恢复的植被筛选技术。针对长白山地区公路建设生态恢复存在的技术难点,研发了公路生态恢复新技术,建立了评价模型,提出了生态恢复工程验收评定标准,对吉延高速公路生态恢复效果进行了评价。
本文共分为六章,主要包括绪论、公路建设影响分析、公路建设生态影响区划、公路建设生态恢复的植被的抗性实验及公路生态景观恢复工程后评价等内容。
论文在系统分析长白山区公路建设的生态影响和遇到的生态问题基础上,建立了公路建设对生态环境影响评价指标体系,利用模糊综合评价方法构建了评价方法,结合吉延高速公路建设对生态影响进行了评价分析。
论文提出了针对长白山区的公路建设生态影响和植被恢复区划方法、目标、原则、等级系统和划分依据,在GIS技术的支持下,对长白山区各种自然地理、生态环境信息进行网格化处理,将研究区以总面积约1%按正六边形进行等面积区分,共获得134个基本单元,采用空间格局分析、各因素指标叠加分析、专家集成分析等定量与定性相结合的方法,综合运用“自上而下”和“自下而上”的技术策略进行区划。构建了包括公路隔离效应系数、生物保护重要性系数、土壤侵蚀系数、生态敏感系数等区划数学模型,对每一个基本单元计算模型取值,根据计算结果将研究区内的基本单元划分为高度、较高、中度、轻度4个不同的生态敏感等级。根据长白山区侵蚀动力和生态敏感等级的差异,既考虑公路建设对生态的影响又考虑生态恢复的难度,同时结合山脉走向、河流流域和行政界线等,将长白山区分为两个地貌侵蚀动力一级区和七个生态敏感二级区。
论文通过对长白山区植物物种的系统调查,筛选出了既适合当地气候自然条件、又适合吉延高速公路沿线边坡防护和生态恢复的7大类60种植物。搭建植被抗寒、抗旱、抗污染实验平台,研究具体的实验测试方法,对3种景天(红、黄、白景天)进行抗寒、抗旱实验,分析生理指标变化情况、评价其抗性能力,结果表明：红、黄、白三种景天均具有较强抗寒、抗旱的能力。选择了吉延高速公路的典型恢复植被(紫穗槐、珍珠绣线菊、白景天、黄景天、)做抗污染试验植被。通过设置处理方式(不同处理时间((1,3,5d)相同浓度(CO：0.74%))和处理方式二(不同浓度(0.6%,0.85%,1.06%)相同处理时间(3h))两种方式对植被进行抗污染实验。结果表明,综合生长指数评价无论采用处理方式一,还是处理方式二,抗污染能力由弱到强排序的结果为白景天、黄景天、珍珠绣线菊、紫穗槐；而从弱到强的忍耐指数评价的结果为黄景天、白景天、珍珠绣线菊、紫穗槐；从生长生理指标的变化看,紫穗槐是四种植被中抗污染能力最强的植物。
根据现有公路生态恢复方法,针对填方和挖方段构建了典型的生态恢复模式,结合吉延高速公路建设实际,提出了具体的生态恢复方案。结合吉延高速公路的建设恢复情况,针对不同路段提出了生态恢复竣工验收要求,从指标体系构建、恢复评价算法方面构建了具体的工程竣工验收体系,为公路建设生态恢复效果评价提供了重要的参考,并针对吉延高速公路江黄段进行了实际生态恢复效果进行了综合评价,取得了较好的应用效果。
The ecological impact of highway construction can be dramatic; as a result, the conflict between highway construction and environmental protection must be managed in scientific and reasonable way so as to gain local economic development as well as to protect the environment we live by. It has been studied how to reduce ecological trouble of highway construction and management and all ecological recovery technique more and more from many different angles at home and abroad.
In this paper, the unique natural and geographical features in Changbai Mountain are analyzed and the ecological impact of highway are districted. The species which are the suitable vegetation for ecological recovery after the corresponding survey of the in ChangBai Mountain are analyzed, and the technology are researched as the suitable vegetation screening for ecological recovery in Changbai Mountain and similar regional after the test of resistance. For the existing technical difficulties of ecological recovery of highway in Changbai Mountain, the new technologies of ecological restoration are researched and the evaluation models are established, Based on the acceptance system proposed, the effects of ecological recovery in JiYan highway were evaluated.
This article is divided into six chapters, it include the introduction, the highway impact analysis, the ecological impact (and restoration) zoning of highway, the resistant experiment of ecological recovery of highway and the evaluation after highway ecological restoration and so on.
The ecological impact of highway in ChangBai Mountain and troubles generated are analyzed, the corresponding system of evaluation are established, the methods of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are developed, the evaluation and analysis of JiYan highway's ecological impact carried out.
The district method, target, principle, ranking system and basis for classification of the ecological impact and vegetation recovery in ChangBai Mountain are proposed. Based on GIS technology, the natural geography and information of ecological environment in ChangBai Mountain are divided, the target area was divided to 134 elementary units each of which is a regular hexagon and accounts for about 1% of the whole area. In the classifying process, the spatial pattern analysis, the multiple factor superimposed analysis, professional comprehensive analysis and other methods combined characteristic and quantization are applied as well as the technical strategy of "up to down" and "down to up". The mathematic models of highway isolation effect coefficient, animal protection ranking coefficient, the soil erosion coefficient and ecological sensitivity coefficient are established and the elementary units are divided into height, high, moderate, mild four different ecological sensitive ranks due to the results. At last, according to the erosion factor and ecological sensitivity rank of ChangBai Mountain, both taking the ecological impact and the difficulty of ecological recovery into the consideration as well as the direction of Mountain, river basins, administrative line and so on, the target area was divided into two one-class areas of soil erosion dynamic and seven two-class areas of ecological sensitivity.
About 60 kinds of plants belong to 7 classes are chosen as the suitable vegetation for both local climate and natural conditions and slope protection and ecological recovery along the JiYan highway after the corresponding survey of the species in ChangBai Mountain. Based on the experimental platform of vegetation coldness, drought and anti-pollution, three kinds of Scene day plant (Red-orpine, Yellow-orpine, White -orpine) are experimentalized to analyze change of physical signs and to assess their resistance. The results show that all the yellow, the red and the white ones have the strong resistance to coldness and drought. The Yellow-orpine and White -orpine, pearl-embroider-chrySanthemum and purple-fringe-pagoda-tree which are the four classic applied vegetations on the JiYan highway are tested in pollution resisting experiment by setting the methods one (at the same potency (CO:0.74%)and different time (one day, three days, five days)) and the methods two (at the same time (three hours) different potency (0.6%,0.85%,1.06%)). The results of growth indices show that the resistance is White -orpine, Yellow-orpine, pearl-embroider-chrySanthemum, purple-fringe-pagoda-tree from weak to strong whether it is the methods one and methods two, while the results of resistance index show that the resistance also is purple-fringe-pagoda-tree, pearl-embroider-chrySanthemum, Yellow-orpine, White -orpine from strong to weak. From the results, the antipollution of purple-fringe-pagoda-tree are the strongest in four plants.
According to the existing highway ecological recovery method, the classic recovery models aim at fill and cut sections are established, the specific plan of ecological recovery is proposed with the reality of JiYan highway. The standard of the final acceptance of the ecological recovery construction is proposed for various sections of JiYan highway taking its recovery into consideration. This specific acceptance system is based on index system construction and recovery assessment method to help accurately assess the ecological recovery of highway construction, and the actual recovery of the JiangHuang section of JiYan highway is evaluated and its effect is considered as "better"
本文系统分析了长白山区特有的自然地理特点,对公路建设生态影响的区域进行了区划。通过对长白山区植物物种的系统调查,对适合该区域公路生态景观恢复的植物品种进行了分析,结合引进植物的抗性试验方法研究了适合长白山区及类似区域公路生态恢复的植被筛选技术。针对长白山地区公路建设生态恢复存在的技术难点,研发了公路生态恢复新技术,建立了评价模型,提出了生态恢复工程验收评定标准,对吉延高速公路生态恢复效果进行了评价。
本文共分为六章,主要包括绪论、公路建设影响分析、公路建设生态影响区划、公路建设生态恢复的植被的抗性实验及公路生态景观恢复工程后评价等内容。
论文在系统分析长白山区公路建设的生态影响和遇到的生态问题基础上,建立了公路建设对生态环境影响评价指标体系,利用模糊综合评价方法构建了评价方法,结合吉延高速公路建设对生态影响进行了评价分析。
论文提出了针对长白山区的公路建设生态影响和植被恢复区划方法、目标、原则、等级系统和划分依据,在GIS技术的支持下,对长白山区各种自然地理、生态环境信息进行网格化处理,将研究区以总面积约1%按正六边形进行等面积区分,共获得134个基本单元,采用空间格局分析、各因素指标叠加分析、专家集成分析等定量与定性相结合的方法,综合运用“自上而下”和“自下而上”的技术策略进行区划。构建了包括公路隔离效应系数、生物保护重要性系数、土壤侵蚀系数、生态敏感系数等区划数学模型,对每一个基本单元计算模型取值,根据计算结果将研究区内的基本单元划分为高度、较高、中度、轻度4个不同的生态敏感等级。根据长白山区侵蚀动力和生态敏感等级的差异,既考虑公路建设对生态的影响又考虑生态恢复的难度,同时结合山脉走向、河流流域和行政界线等,将长白山区分为两个地貌侵蚀动力一级区和七个生态敏感二级区。
论文通过对长白山区植物物种的系统调查,筛选出了既适合当地气候自然条件、又适合吉延高速公路沿线边坡防护和生态恢复的7大类60种植物。搭建植被抗寒、抗旱、抗污染实验平台,研究具体的实验测试方法,对3种景天(红、黄、白景天)进行抗寒、抗旱实验,分析生理指标变化情况、评价其抗性能力,结果表明：红、黄、白三种景天均具有较强抗寒、抗旱的能力。选择了吉延高速公路的典型恢复植被(紫穗槐、珍珠绣线菊、白景天、黄景天、)做抗污染试验植被。通过设置处理方式(不同处理时间((1,3,5d)相同浓度(CO：0.74%))和处理方式二(不同浓度(0.6%,0.85%,1.06%)相同处理时间(3h))两种方式对植被进行抗污染实验。结果表明,综合生长指数评价无论采用处理方式一,还是处理方式二,抗污染能力由弱到强排序的结果为白景天、黄景天、珍珠绣线菊、紫穗槐；而从弱到强的忍耐指数评价的结果为黄景天、白景天、珍珠绣线菊、紫穗槐；从生长生理指标的变化看,紫穗槐是四种植被中抗污染能力最强的植物。
根据现有公路生态恢复方法,针对填方和挖方段构建了典型的生态恢复模式,结合吉延高速公路建设实际,提出了具体的生态恢复方案。结合吉延高速公路的建设恢复情况,针对不同路段提出了生态恢复竣工验收要求,从指标体系构建、恢复评价算法方面构建了具体的工程竣工验收体系,为公路建设生态恢复效果评价提供了重要的参考,并针对吉延高速公路江黄段进行了实际生态恢复效果进行了综合评价,取得了较好的应用效果。
The ecological impact of highway construction can be dramatic; as a result, the conflict between highway construction and environmental protection must be managed in scientific and reasonable way so as to gain local economic development as well as to protect the environment we live by. It has been studied how to reduce ecological trouble of highway construction and management and all ecological recovery technique more and more from many different angles at home and abroad.
In this paper, the unique natural and geographical features in Changbai Mountain are analyzed and the ecological impact of highway are districted. The species which are the suitable vegetation for ecological recovery after the corresponding survey of the in ChangBai Mountain are analyzed, and the technology are researched as the suitable vegetation screening for ecological recovery in Changbai Mountain and similar regional after the test of resistance. For the existing technical difficulties of ecological recovery of highway in Changbai Mountain, the new technologies of ecological restoration are researched and the evaluation models are established, Based on the acceptance system proposed, the effects of ecological recovery in JiYan highway were evaluated.
This article is divided into six chapters, it include the introduction, the highway impact analysis, the ecological impact (and restoration) zoning of highway, the resistant experiment of ecological recovery of highway and the evaluation after highway ecological restoration and so on.
The ecological impact of highway in ChangBai Mountain and troubles generated are analyzed, the corresponding system of evaluation are established, the methods of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are developed, the evaluation and analysis of JiYan highway's ecological impact carried out.
The district method, target, principle, ranking system and basis for classification of the ecological impact and vegetation recovery in ChangBai Mountain are proposed. Based on GIS technology, the natural geography and information of ecological environment in ChangBai Mountain are divided, the target area was divided to 134 elementary units each of which is a regular hexagon and accounts for about 1% of the whole area. In the classifying process, the spatial pattern analysis, the multiple factor superimposed analysis, professional comprehensive analysis and other methods combined characteristic and quantization are applied as well as the technical strategy of "up to down" and "down to up". The mathematic models of highway isolation effect coefficient, animal protection ranking coefficient, the soil erosion coefficient and ecological sensitivity coefficient are established and the elementary units are divided into height, high, moderate, mild four different ecological sensitive ranks due to the results. At last, according to the erosion factor and ecological sensitivity rank of ChangBai Mountain, both taking the ecological impact and the difficulty of ecological recovery into the consideration as well as the direction of Mountain, river basins, administrative line and so on, the target area was divided into two one-class areas of soil erosion dynamic and seven two-class areas of ecological sensitivity.
About 60 kinds of plants belong to 7 classes are chosen as the suitable vegetation for both local climate and natural conditions and slope protection and ecological recovery along the JiYan highway after the corresponding survey of the species in ChangBai Mountain. Based on the experimental platform of vegetation coldness, drought and anti-pollution, three kinds of Scene day plant (Red-orpine, Yellow-orpine, White -orpine) are experimentalized to analyze change of physical signs and to assess their resistance. The results show that all the yellow, the red and the white ones have the strong resistance to coldness and drought. The Yellow-orpine and White -orpine, pearl-embroider-chrySanthemum and purple-fringe-pagoda-tree which are the four classic applied vegetations on the JiYan highway are tested in pollution resisting experiment by setting the methods one (at the same potency (CO:0.74%)and different time (one day, three days, five days)) and the methods two (at the same time (three hours) different potency (0.6%,0.85%,1.06%)). The results of growth indices show that the resistance is White -orpine, Yellow-orpine, pearl-embroider-chrySanthemum, purple-fringe-pagoda-tree from weak to strong whether it is the methods one and methods two, while the results of resistance index show that the resistance also is purple-fringe-pagoda-tree, pearl-embroider-chrySanthemum, Yellow-orpine, White -orpine from strong to weak. From the results, the antipollution of purple-fringe-pagoda-tree are the strongest in four plants.
According to the existing highway ecological recovery method, the classic recovery models aim at fill and cut sections are established, the specific plan of ecological recovery is proposed with the reality of JiYan highway. The standard of the final acceptance of the ecological recovery construction is proposed for various sections of JiYan highway taking its recovery into consideration. This specific acceptance system is based on index system construction and recovery assessment method to help accurately assess the ecological recovery of highway construction, and the actual recovery of the JiangHuang section of JiYan highway is evaluated and its effect is considered as "better"
引文
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