基于临床药师的用药安全性评价与控制研究
|
摘要
随着社会、经济和科技的发展,医疗逐渐成为人们日益关心的问题,而医疗中的药品安全使用问题也相应成为医疗中最受关注的一个方面。保证临床安全、合理用药是一项至关重要的工作。临床药师作为一种在国内刚刚开展起来的职业,逐渐成为临床治疗团队中的主要成员之一,尤其在临床用药安全性评价和控制中承担着重要的角色。
本文从临床药师的角度探讨了临床用药安全性评价和控制,分析和确立了临床药师在临床用药安全性管理中的主体作用,提出了在用药前、用药过程中、用药后的整个用药过程实施全程化评价控制的观念,并在各环节中分别运用多种模型和药师监护实例进行安全性分析和评价控制,提高临床用药安全性。
在对临床用药安全性实施主体分析中,以调查问卷的形式分析了中国北方地区医护人员及患者对临床药师的认知度,并对其基本状况、工作模式等进行了详细的探讨,充分认识到临床药师在临床安全性评价中的主体地位。用药前从药品质量和调剂过程两个方面进行安全性评价控制。在对药品质量的控制中运用PDCA循环法分析了药品质量缺陷的原因,并制定和实施了相应对策,保证了医院药品质量安全。在用药前的调剂中,分析了药师调剂的正确流程、现存的调剂不安全因素以及相应的预防和处理措施。用药过程中对患者的药学评价和监护中,本文提出药师对患者的监护点,并以临床药师针对不同监护点进行监护并取得良好效果的病例为实例,详细分析了药师对患者实施监护控制对安全性的作用。在用药后对临床用药安全性问题进行分析、评价和干预控制中,对目前临床用药安全性现状进行了分析,提出了药师用不同模型评价用药安全性的方法,并以中药注射剂及抗菌药物注射剂的安全性为例,分别运用因素分析法、层次分析法、决策树法等不同方法对其影响因素进行了评价。以荟萃分析法评价了药物对肾脏的安全性。本文还对常见的临床用药不安全因素进行了有针对性的临床干预,取得良好效果。
As the development of society, economy and technology, the medical treatment had increasingly become an interesting problem. The ensurance of safe and rational administration was the most significant work in medical treatment. As a new occupation, the clinical pharmacists had gradually become one of the team members in clinical treatment group, expecially played significant roles in appreciation and control about administration safety in clinic.
In this paper, the problem of appreciation and control about administration safety in clinic had been researched from the view of clinical pharmacists. The main role of clinical pharmacists in safe administration of drug in clinic had been established. The concept of appreciation and control within the whole range (before, after and at the course) of administration had been proposed. And a series of models and examples under the surveille by clinical pharmacists had been used in analysis and appreciation to improve the administration safety.
In the analysis to the safety of clinical medication, the cognition to clinical pharmacists in the northern part of China was investigated in the way of questionairs. The basic situation and mode of service of clinical pharmacists were detailedly researched. The main role of clinical pharmacists in appreciation and control to administration safety in clinic was sufficiently realized. The appreciation and control before administration lied in drug quality and drug dispensing. The PDCA circulation method was used to study the cause of vicious quality of drug in hospital, and a series of measures were practised to aim directly at administration safety in order to ensure the safety of drug quality before administration. The flowsheet, unsafe factors, and direct measures in prevention and disposal were analyzed in pharmacists dispensing. In the course of administration, the different monitoring points were suggested and the cases, which were monitored successfully by pharmacists, were provided to analyze the safety of drug administration from these monitoring points. At the appreciation and control after administration, the clinical medication state was investigated. Different models which included factor analysis, analytic hierarchy process, and topliss decision approach were proposed to evaluate the influencing factors to the safety focusing on the Chinese herb medicine injections and antibiotics injections. Moreover, the method of meta-analysis was introduced while analyzing the influence of drugs to kidney. The risk factors in clinic were intervened in this paper and got ideal effects.
本文从临床药师的角度探讨了临床用药安全性评价和控制,分析和确立了临床药师在临床用药安全性管理中的主体作用,提出了在用药前、用药过程中、用药后的整个用药过程实施全程化评价控制的观念,并在各环节中分别运用多种模型和药师监护实例进行安全性分析和评价控制,提高临床用药安全性。
在对临床用药安全性实施主体分析中,以调查问卷的形式分析了中国北方地区医护人员及患者对临床药师的认知度,并对其基本状况、工作模式等进行了详细的探讨,充分认识到临床药师在临床安全性评价中的主体地位。用药前从药品质量和调剂过程两个方面进行安全性评价控制。在对药品质量的控制中运用PDCA循环法分析了药品质量缺陷的原因,并制定和实施了相应对策,保证了医院药品质量安全。在用药前的调剂中,分析了药师调剂的正确流程、现存的调剂不安全因素以及相应的预防和处理措施。用药过程中对患者的药学评价和监护中,本文提出药师对患者的监护点,并以临床药师针对不同监护点进行监护并取得良好效果的病例为实例,详细分析了药师对患者实施监护控制对安全性的作用。在用药后对临床用药安全性问题进行分析、评价和干预控制中,对目前临床用药安全性现状进行了分析,提出了药师用不同模型评价用药安全性的方法,并以中药注射剂及抗菌药物注射剂的安全性为例,分别运用因素分析法、层次分析法、决策树法等不同方法对其影响因素进行了评价。以荟萃分析法评价了药物对肾脏的安全性。本文还对常见的临床用药不安全因素进行了有针对性的临床干预,取得良好效果。
As the development of society, economy and technology, the medical treatment had increasingly become an interesting problem. The ensurance of safe and rational administration was the most significant work in medical treatment. As a new occupation, the clinical pharmacists had gradually become one of the team members in clinical treatment group, expecially played significant roles in appreciation and control about administration safety in clinic.
In this paper, the problem of appreciation and control about administration safety in clinic had been researched from the view of clinical pharmacists. The main role of clinical pharmacists in safe administration of drug in clinic had been established. The concept of appreciation and control within the whole range (before, after and at the course) of administration had been proposed. And a series of models and examples under the surveille by clinical pharmacists had been used in analysis and appreciation to improve the administration safety.
In the analysis to the safety of clinical medication, the cognition to clinical pharmacists in the northern part of China was investigated in the way of questionairs. The basic situation and mode of service of clinical pharmacists were detailedly researched. The main role of clinical pharmacists in appreciation and control to administration safety in clinic was sufficiently realized. The appreciation and control before administration lied in drug quality and drug dispensing. The PDCA circulation method was used to study the cause of vicious quality of drug in hospital, and a series of measures were practised to aim directly at administration safety in order to ensure the safety of drug quality before administration. The flowsheet, unsafe factors, and direct measures in prevention and disposal were analyzed in pharmacists dispensing. In the course of administration, the different monitoring points were suggested and the cases, which were monitored successfully by pharmacists, were provided to analyze the safety of drug administration from these monitoring points. At the appreciation and control after administration, the clinical medication state was investigated. Different models which included factor analysis, analytic hierarchy process, and topliss decision approach were proposed to evaluate the influencing factors to the safety focusing on the Chinese herb medicine injections and antibiotics injections. Moreover, the method of meta-analysis was introduced while analyzing the influence of drugs to kidney. The risk factors in clinic were intervened in this paper and got ideal effects.
引文
[1]Thomas EJ,Studdert DM,Newhouse JP,et al, Costs of Medical injuries in Utah and Colorado, Inquiry, 1999,36(3):255-264
[2]Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, et al, The Nature of Adverse Events in Hospitalized Patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II, N Engl J Med, 1991,324(6):377-384
[3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Deaths: Final Data for 1997, National Vital Statistics Reports,1999,47(19):27
[4]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Birth and Deaths:Preliminary Data for 1998, National Vital Statistics Reprots, 1999,47(25):6
[5]王晓波,马金昌主译,孰能无错------创建更加安全的医疗卫生保健系统,北京:中国医药科技出版社,2005.5-6,29-30
[6]李洪兰.不合理用药现状分析及对策,中国实用医药,2010,5(26):148-149
[7]易娜,零售药店开展药品不良反应监测工作的探讨,中国药物警戒, 2008.5(2):89-92
[8]张丽霞,儿科急诊室中的用药错误,国外医学-妇幼保健分册,2000,11(2):94-95
[9]胡发明,利用计算机药物资料系统减少药物副反应,国外医学-医院管理分册, 1999,16(4):178-180
[10]American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, ASPH guidelines on preventing medication errors in hospitals, Am J Hosp Pharm, 1993,50(9):1940-1944
[11]曾裕培,试论我国当前不合理用药及解决,当代医学,2010,16(19):85-86
[12]陈英杰,孟玲宇,张海丽,临床不合理用药现状探究,中国现代药物应用, 2010,4(1):97-98
[13]梅丹,唐彦,刘梅,药师提供安全用药服务的探讨,药物不良反应杂志, 2005,7(1):7-10
[14]Pillips DP, ChristEnfeld N, Glynn LM, Increase in US medication- error deaths between 1983 and 1993, Lancet, 1998,351(9103):643-644
[15]童九翠,郑青山,在新的形式下再论临床药师工作的重要性,安徽医药, 2006,10(10):783
[16]邹俊,李琳芸,冯丹,临床药师制发展中若干问题思考,中国医院药学杂志, 2009,29(22):1948-1950
[17]M.D.Mansouri, R.M.Cadle, S.O.Agbahiwe , et al, Impact of an antibiotic restriction program on antibiotic utilization in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Infection, 2011,39(1):53–58
[18]Pushkin R, Frassetto L, Tsourounis C,et al, Improving the reporting of adverse drug reactions in the hospital setting, 2010;122(6):154-164
[19]Yusuf Yazici, safety reporting in randomized clinical trials, Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint diseases,2009,67(2):209-210
[20]Redonna K. Chandler, Michael L. Dennis, Nabila El-Bassel, et al, Ensuring safety, implementation and scientific integrity of clinical trials: lessons from the Criminal Justice–Drug Abuse Treatment Studies Data and Safety Monitoring Board, Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2010,5(3):323-344
[21]Siddiqi A, Khan DA, Khan FA, et al, Therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin in preterm and term infants, Singapore Med J, 2009;50(5):486-489
[22]Glatstein MM, Djokanovic N, Garcia-Bournissen F,et al, Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation, Can Fam Physician, 2009,55(4):371-373
[23]Miodovnik A, Landrigan PJ, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration risk assessment on lead in women's and children's vitamins is based on outdated assumptions, Environ Health Perspect, 2009,117(7):1021-1022
[24]Sirima SB, Tiono AB, GansanéA,et al, The efficacy and safety of a new fixed-dose combination of amodiaquine and artesunate in young African children with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum, Malar J, 2009,8:48
[25]Yusuf Yazici, safety reporting in randomized clinical trials, Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint diseases,2009,67(2):209-210
[26]Beckman A, Bernsten C, Parker MG, et al, The difficulty of opening medicine containers in old age: a population-based study, Pharm World Sci, 2005,27(5):393-398
[27]Barbas NR, Wilde EA. Competency issues in dementia: medical decision making, driving and independent living.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 2001, 14(4):199-212
[28]Elliott RA,Marriott JL, Standardised assessment of patients' capacity to manage medications: a systematic review of published instruments, BMC Geriatr, 2009,13(9):27
[29]Orriols L, Salmi LR, Philip P, et al, The impact of medicinal drugs on traffic safety: a systematic review of epidemiological studies, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2009,18(8):647-658
[30]Astrand B,Montelius E,Petersson G,et al, Assessment of ePrescription quality: an observational study at three mail-order pharmacies, BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2009,26;9:8
[31]Robertson J, Walkom E, Pearson SA,et al, The impact of pharmacy computerised clinical decision support on prescribing, clinical and patient outcomes: a systematic review of the literature,Int J Pharm Pract,2010,18(2):69-87
[32]Casey MM, Sorensen TD, Elias W,et al. Current practices and state regulations regarding telepharmacy in rural hospitals, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2010;67(13):1085-1092
[33]Donohue JM, Cevasco M, Rosenthal MB, A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs, N Engl J Med, 2007;357(7):673-681
[34]Barbara Mintzes, Should Canada allow direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs? Can Fam Physician, 2009,55(2):131-133
[35]Sander Gaal, Wim Verstappen, Michel Wensing,Patient safety in primary care: a survey of general practitioners in the Netherlands,BMC Health Services Research, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/10/21
[36]I Wong, P Campion, S Coulton,et al, Pharmaceutical care for elderly patients shared between community pharmacists and general practitioners: a randomised evaluation. RESPECT (Randomised Evaluation of Shared Prescribing for Elderly people in the Community over Time), BMC Health Services Research, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/4/11
[37]Chisholm-Burns MA, Kim Lee J, Spivey CA, et al, US pharmacists' effect as team members on patient care: systematic review and meta-analyses, Med Care, 2010,48(10):923-933
[38]Steurbaut S, Leemans L, Leysen T, et al, Medication history reconciliation by clinical pharmacists in elderly inpatients admitted from home or a nursing home, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2010,44(10): 1596-1603
[39]Kristine M. Gleason, RPh, Molly R. McDaniel,Results of the Medications At Transitions and Clinical Handoffs (MATCH) Study: An Analysis of Medication Reconciliation Errors and Risk Factors at Hospital Admission,J Gen Intern,2010,25(5):441–447
[40]Bertoli, R; Bissig, M; Caronzolo, D, et al, Assessment of potential drug-drug interactions at hospital discharge, Swiss Med Wkly,2010,140: w13043
[41]Hohl CM, Zed PJ, Brubacher JR, et al, Do emergency physicians attribute drug-related emergency department visits to medication-related problems? Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2010,55(6):493-502
[42]Rothschild JM, Churchill W, Erickson A, et al, Medication errors recovered by emergency department pharmacists, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2010,55(6):513-521
[43]Antonio RA, Drug-related incidents in the hospital environment. Part I: Medication Errors and Drug-related problems, Atencion Farmaceutica, 2009,11(5):309-327
[44]Albert AR, Medication-related Incidents in the Hospital Environment. Part II: Adverse Drug Events and Clinical Safety, 2009,11(6):376-390
[45]Case LL, Paparella S, Safety benefits of a clinical pharmacist in the emergency department, Journal of Emergency Nursing, 2007,33(6): 564-566
[46]Costello JL, Torowicz DIL, Yeh TS, Effects of a pharmacist-led pediatrics medication safety team on medication-error reporting, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 2007,64(13):1422-1426
[47]Wang JK, Herzog NS, Kaushal R, et al, Prevention of pediatric medication errors by hospital pharmacists and the potential benefit of computerized physician order entry, Pediatrics, 2007, 27(1):E77-E85
[48]Horn E, Jacobi J, The critical care clinical pharmacist: Evolution of an essential team member, Critical Care Medicine,2006, 34(3):S46-S51
[49]Quenon JL, Perret F, Faraggi L, et al. Security in Medication Use Process: State-of-Play Report in 21 Hospital Pharmacies in Aquitaine, Therapie, 2009,64(5): 303-311
[50]陈健达,临床用药不安全因素的分析,中国实用医药,2009,4(25):170-172
[51]庄权权,赖淑华,临床药师在我院药品不良反应监测中的作用,海峡药学, 2010,22(6):248-250
[52]齐晓涟,席雅琳,王慧娟,等,临床药师收集药品不良反应报表分析,中国药师,2009,12(9):1290-1292
[53]郑祥云,陈坤全,临床药师在我院药品不良反应监测中的作用,临床合理用药, 2010,3(16):152
[54]王爱军,要林青,张鑫,临床药师与药物不良反应,中国药事, 2010,24(12):1243-1244
[55]朱曼,郭代红,刘皈阳,等,临床药师对我院呼吸科药品不良反应监测和处置的影响,中国药物应用与监测,2009,6(3):178-180
[56]董霞,浅谈用药安全的护理措施,中国老年保健医学杂志,2010,8(6):86-88
[57]白彩珍,崔向丽,田艳平,等,护士与临床药师对提高临床用药合理性和安全性的作用,中华现代护理杂志,2010,16(10):1200-1203
[58]郭淑敏,规范特殊人群用药安全性标准,中国医院药学杂志, 2008,28(8):657-659
[59]李宏,提高妊娠期用药安全性警戒,中国药物与临床,2005,5(6):475-476
[60]黄小萍,妊娠期妇女用药安全性探讨,中国药房,2007,18(35):2799-2800
[61]杨怡,张健,陆晓彤,等,儿童用药安全性和有效性影响因素分析,中国药房, 2007,18(2):155-156
[62]侯惠如,王晓媛,住院老年患者口服用药安全性的调查分析,现代护理, 2007,13(15):1435-1436
[63]孙淑娟,国内外临床药师工作概况及SOAP模型在药师会诊中的应用,中国药物应用与监测,2010,7(5):309-311
[64]王伟兰,朱曼,裴斐,等,临床药师对优化治疗方案的作用分析,中国药物警戒,2010,7(6):340-342
[65]赵蕊,钱云,对1例重症肺炎伴肾功能衰竭患者的药学监护,中国药物应用与监测,2010,7(6):366-368
[66]孙安修,刘阳晨,顾玲,等,临床药师对阿司匹林安全性干预研究,中国医院用药评价与分析,2010,10(1):72-74
[67]孙安修,刘阳晨,顾玲,等,阿司匹林用药依从性的干预研究,中国临床药理学与治疗学,2009,14(10):1156-1159
[68]成明建,陈少仪,薛建文,临床药师干预门诊外科围手术期预防用抗菌药物的对照研究,中国药业,2010,19(16):47-48
[69]贾攀峰,靳树杰,王守春,谈临床药师在临床医疗活动中的地位与发展,中国医药导报,2008,5(6):122-123
[70]中国医院协会药事管理专业委员会,临床药师培训专家指导委员会,统一认识正确定位加速临床药师制的建立——临床药师培训试点基地工作调研报告,中国医院,2007,11(1):39
[71]卢熠,杨悦,美国临床药师开展药学服务的经验与启示,医药导报, 2006,25(4):379
[72]邹添甜,胡嘉妮,周乃彤,华西医院临床药师工作调研与探讨,中国药房, 2009,20(4):311-313
[73]朱立勤,娄建石,临床药师工作方法和工作模式探讨,中国药房, 2008,19(34):2717-2718
[74]毛德莉,邹明华,国内外临床药师的差距浅析,西部医学, 2007,19(6):1169-1170
[75]祝静,美国临床药师制度概况,北京中医药,2008,27(6):469-470
[76]张峻,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,药师在药物不良反应判断和处理中作用的体会,中国医院药学杂志,2008,28(12):1031-1033
[77]黄庆华,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,对伴有肾功能不全患者的药学服务,中国新药杂志, 2008,17(9):792-794
[78]吴永佩,颜青,临床药师参与临床治疗工作模式探讨,中国药房, 2008,19(20):1588-1590
[79]张月,张力平,医院临床药师素质浅谈与分析,中国实用医药, 2008,3(26):196-197
[80]何洪静,徐贵丽,临床药师胜任素质分析,中国药房,2007,18(22):1754-1755
[81]杨勇,唐兵,王友群,等,心血管专业临床药师工作模式探讨,中国药房, 2008,19(4):309-311
[82]邵宏,美国临床药师培养模式初探,中国新药杂志,2008,17(1):79-82
[83]庞挺,吴春福,日本药学人才培养,药学教育,2008,24(1):52-57
[84]汪燕燕,许杜娟,夏泉,等,临床药师培养模式的探索,中国医院药学杂志, 2009,29(22):1946-1948
[85]邹添甜,胡嘉妮,周乃彤,华西医院临床药师工作调研与探讨,中国药房, 2009,20(4):311-313
[86]陈莲珍,王育琴,在职临床药师参与临床实践培养模式探讨,中国药房, 2005,16(15):1124-1126
[87]朱立勤,高文远,临床药师培训工作中的思考和体会,中国医院药学杂志, 2010,30(3):242-243
[88]范鲁雁,在职培养临床药师的实践与体会,中国药房,2007,18(1):68-70
[89]徐玉林,浅谈基层医院如何加强药品质量管理保证用药安全有效,现代医药卫生,2005,21(5):622
[90]刘应合,GSP在医院药品质量管理中的指导作用,四川医学, 2005,26(8):907-908
[91]李玉珍,21世纪医院药品质量管理新模式的探讨,首都医药,2000,7(2):14-15
[92]刘砚韬,许群芬,林芸竹,等,基于JCI标准管理医院药品库房的探讨,中国药房,2010,21(5):426-428
[93]任晓雯,当前医院药品质量管理现状及发展方向, 2001年第三届全国医院药品质量监督管理学术研讨会,2001.109-110
[94]朱立勤,张蓓,医院入库药品质量验收中应注意的问题,中国药师, 2003,6(6):346-347
[95]《药事法规补充资料》编写组,药事法规补充资料,北京:中国医药科技出版社.2002,5-15
[96]林慧斌,药品经营企业把好购货质量关之我见,时针国医国药, 2002,13(5):284-285
[97]国家药品监督局,关于统一换发并规范药品批准文号格式的通知,中国新药与临床杂志,2002,21(10):634-635
[98]叶卉,运用PDCA循环法管理外来手术器械的效果研究,中华医院感染学杂志,2009,19(10):1249-1250
[99]任海霞,徐彦贵,卜一珊,等,天津市11家医院急诊输液处方合理用药分析,中国药房,2011,22(1):80-82
[100]彭磷基,国际医院管理标准(JCI)中国医院实践指南,北京:人民卫生出版社, 2008.436-438
[101]Murdaugh LB, Competence assessment tools for health system pharmacies, 2nd ed, ASHP, 2002.337-353
[102]崔生今,李香玉,常见药品调剂差错原因分析及预防措施,中国实用医药, 2007,2(35):89
[103]陈冰,门诊药房调剂中发生质量缺陷的原因分析及防范措施,华夏医学, 2006,19(6):1223
[104]申周民,不合理用药分析及对策,中国医学伦理学,2002,15(4):33
[105]唐镜波,医疗质量与不合理用药的现状及对策,药物流行病学杂志, 2003,12(4):169
[106]王开明,姜蓉梅,门诊药房更新调剂模式的实施体会,同济大学学报(医学版),2003,24(2):174-175
[107]吴佳滨,庄淑娴,门诊药房零距离服务模式探讨,中国医院用药评价与分析,2006,6(5):315-317
[108]陈新谦,金有豫,汤光,新编药物学(十六版),北京:人民卫生出版社, 2007,13,29,105-106,926-931
[109]李宇华,李学军,剂量与药物治疗及药物发现的关系,医药导报, 2007,26(1):1-5
[110]贾秀芬,老年病人用药问题探讨,中华中西医学杂志,2009,7(7):53-54
[111]罗继名,徐萍,肝功能不全患者抗菌药物的选择,中南药学,2006,4(1):73-74
[112]黄守坚,黎明涛,陈汝筑,肾功能不全时药物剂量调整,新医学, 2003,34(12):761-762
[113]中国执业药师协会,2006年度全国执业药师继续教育教材,北京:中国中医药出版社,2006.124-125
[114]国家药典委员会编,中华人民共和国药典临床用药须知,2005年版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.243,246-251, 433,563,489,490,513
[115]林渊液,林广裕,陈镇奇,等,814例小儿支气管哮喘吸入疗法近期不良反应观察,广东医学,2005,26(5):652-653
[116]陈爱欢,陈荣昌,钟南山,哮喘儿童持续吸入低剂量糖皮质激素的全身性副作用,中华结核和呼吸杂志,2001,24(12):740-743
[117]李勇诚,赵云娟,吸入不同剂量沙丁胺醇对慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期的疗效,浙江临床医学,2006,8(8):861-862
[118]Toogood JH, Comparison of the antiasthmatic, oropharyngeal and systemic glucocorticoid effects of budesonide administered through a pressurized aerosol plus spacer or the Turbuhaler TM dry powder inhaler, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1997, 99(2):186-193
[119]潘慧芳,李德强,两性霉素B雾化吸入治疗白血病化疗合并口腔真菌感染的护理,护士进修杂志,2008,4(23):689-690
[120]朱立勤,高文远,忻晓晶,吸入药物的药学监护,中国医院药学杂志, 2009,29(22):1959-1960
[121]赵晓红,朱立勤,蒋萍等,吸入药物使用方法、剂量与发生不良反应的关系及药学服务效果,中国药房,2009,20(26):2076-2078
[122]卜书红,张健,潘志红,老年肺炎患者的药学监护,中国临床药学杂志, 2010,19(1):53-55
[123]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National asthma education and prevention program asthma and pregnancy working group, NAEPP expert panel report. Managing asthma during pregnancy: recommendations for pharmacologic treatment-2004 update, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2005,115(1):34-46
[124]沈华浩主编,哮喘手册,北京:人民卫生出版社,2004.193-201
[125]陈灏珠主编,实用内科学第12版,北京:人民卫生出版社, 2006.1656,2283-2284
[126]Blaiss MS,National Institute of Health.Mangement of asthma during pregnaney. Allergy Asthma Proc,2004,25(6):375-379
[127]Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K,et al, Asthma symptoms, severity, and drug therapy: a prospective study of effect on 2205 pregnancies, Obstet Gynecol, 2003,102(4):739-752
[128]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Asthma and Pregnancy Working Group, NAEPP expert panel report. Managing asthma during pregnancy: recommendations for pharmacologic treatment-2004 update, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2005,115(1):34-36
[129]潘丽华,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,4例住院患者抗生素使用的药学监护,中国新药杂志,2009,18(10):965-968
[130]成睿珍,朱立勤,杨波,等,妊娠期哮喘患者的药学监护,药学服务与研究, 2009,9(5):397-398
[131]Bigler D, Eriksen J, Christensen CB, Prolonged respiratory depression cause by slow release morphine, Lancet, 1984,1(8392):1477
[132]Shelly MP, Park GR, Morphine toxicity with dilated pupils, Br Med J(Clin Res Ed),1984,289(6451):1071-1072
[133]Meffin PJ,Sallustio BC, Purdie YJ,et al, Enantio-selective disposition of 2-arylpropionic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.I. 2 phenylpropionic acid diposition, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1986,238(1):288-294
[134]王秀兰,张淑文主译,临床药物治疗学,北京:人民卫生出版社,2007.34-22?
[135]杨波,朱立勤,吴志恒,等,连续性肾替代治疗中影响抗感染药物作用的因素及其剂量选择,中国药物不良反应杂志,2009,11(5):340-345
[136]Bingold TM, Scheller B,Zwissler B,et al, Renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Current aspects, Anaesthesist,2007,56(11):1105-1114
[137]Bouman CS, Antimicrobial dosing strategies in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury and high-dose continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, Curr Opin Crit Care, 2008,14(6):654-659
[138]黄庆华,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,对伴有肾功能不全患者的药学服务,中国新药杂志,2008,17(9):792-794
[139]谢红梅,胡必杰,李耘,等,阿洛西林及其它常用抗菌药物对京沪两地898株细菌的体外抗菌活性测定,中国抗生素杂志,2006,31(3):157-159
[140]王晓霞,曾雪峰,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗重症下呼吸道医院感染的临床分析,中华医院感染学杂志,2006,16(4):438-439
[141]戴自英,实用抗感染治疗学,北京:人民卫生出版社,2004. 166-68,180-182,186-187,213-215,209-212,257,272-273,311-313
[142]张卓然,夏梦岩,倪语星,微生物耐药的基础与临床,北京:人民卫生出版社, 2007.398
[143]秦家榕,吴亚静,徐卫刚,等,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对血清钾水平的影响,上海预防医学,2007,19(8):385-387
[144]中华医学会呼吸病学会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组,慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南,中华结核和呼吸杂志,2007,30(1):8-17
[145]谢强敏,方理本,张洪泉,药理学前沿-哮喘和COPD的新概念及新药,北京:科学出版社,2003.52-70
[146]刘滔滔,钟小斌,陈龙英,等,妊娠妇女安全用药知识、态度、行为的调查,中国药物警戒,2006,1(3):26-29
[147]董宗祈,哮喘的药物治疗,医药导报,2001,20(5):275
[148]徐红青,王卓,蔡和平,临床药师对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者进行药学监护的切入点,中国药房,2010,21(6):568-570
[149]Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, et al, Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial, Lancet, 1999,353(9167):1819-1823
[150]The Luncet Health Study Research Group, Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 1999,343(26):1902-1909
[151]Barnes PJ, Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003,167(6):813-818
[152]朱立勤,高文远,陶家驹,慢性阻塞性肺疾病的认识及药学监护要点,中国新药与临床杂志,2008,27(12):945-948
[153]王秋月,抗生素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗中的应用,中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2007,30(4):301-303
[154]王海红,2007-2009年我院抗茵药物应用分析,中国药物与临床,2010,10(6):664-665
[155]陈小红,李江华,杨煊,等.2005-2008年我院抗菌药物应用分析.中国医院用药评价分析,2009,9(5):334
[156]赵波,程葳,汪琪,2005-2007年医院抗菌药物应用分析,中华医院感染学杂志,2009,19(10):1256-1257
[157]陈奇明,陈伟民,张全英,107例静脉滴注抗菌药物不良反应分析,中国血液流变学杂志,2007,17(3):509-510
[158]王维忠,2008年我院输液室抗菌药物不良反应报告106例分析,中国药业,2010,19(1):39-40
[159]卫办医政发2009]38号,卫生部办公厅关于抗菌药物临床应用管理有关问题的通知,药物不良反应杂志,2009,11(2):124-125
[160]张冰,吴嘉瑞,关于中药注射剂安全性问题的思考,质量管理, 2006,4(6):14-18
[161]Simon M, Monitoring herbal safety: Current debate and resources Symposium report: Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: Current state and future direction, London, www.elsevier.de/phymed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.06.001
[162]张方,周超凡,从药物经济学看中药注射剂,中国中药杂志, 2007,32(5):453-456
[163]邱水生,严国鸿,常见中药注射剂不良反应表现及原因分析,海峡药学, 2007,19(9):114-116
[164]王玉荣,刘静,黄祥,100例中药注射剂不良反应分析,药物不良反应杂志, 2004,1(3):50-52
[165]时颖华,王大猷,上海地区112例中药不良反应报告分析,中国药房, 2002,13(6):357-358
[166]张结伍,注射剂微粒污染的危害与防止措施,护理杂志,1980,(8):278-279
[167]俞佳,马珂,祁金文,等,12例中药注射剂所致不良反应分析,簟床药学, 2003,l2(8):59-60
[168]李春文,输液中不溶性微粒的临床危害及控制方法探讨,华西药学杂志, 1992,7(1):69-70
[169]尹梅,程平,输液与中药注射液配伍微粒变化考察,中成药, 2000,22(4):309-310
[170]李丽,刘日升,周祥富,等,355例中药注射剂不良反应文献分析,中国药业, 2004,13(3):61-62
[171]黄芳华,从中药注射剂的不良反应浅析中药注射剂研发中的若干问题,世界科学技术-中医药现代化,2004,6(3):9-13
[172]张冰,吴嘉瑞,关于中药注射剂安全性问题的思考,质量管理, 2006,4(6):14-18
[173]陆进,唐永和,朱立平,关注中药注射剂安全性问题,中日友好医院学报, 2007,21(3):183-184
[174]王兴华,陈圣洁,刘彦辉,82例中药注射剂不良反应分析,医学理论与实践, 2004,17(11):1301-1302
[175]卜一珊,高仲阳,中药注射剂的不良反应统计分析,中国医院药学杂志, 2000,20(6):382-384
[176]张晓红,中药注射剂安全性分析,中国药师,2007,10(11):1135-1137
[177]吴雪梅,钟智,中草药针剂与输液配伍的溶性微粒考察,中国医院药学杂志, 1999,19(2):81
[178]殷立新,刘秀菊,胡永福,等,穿琥宁注射液与24种药物配伍的稳定性考察,中国现代应用药学杂志,1999,16(1):55
[179]Pezalla E, Preventing adverse drug reactions in the general population, Manag Care Interface, 2005,18(10):49-52
[180]Vingerhoets RW, van Marum RJ, Jansen PA, et al. The Beers List as an aid to prevent adverse drug reactions in elderly patients, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2005 ,149(38):2099-2103
[181]Corsonello A, Pedone C, Corica F, et al. Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell'Anziano (GIFA). Concealed renal failure and adverse drug reactions in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2005,60(9):1147-1151
[182]Passarelli MC, Jacob-Filho W, Figueras A. Adverse drug reactions in an elderly hospitalised population: inappropriate prescription is a leading cause,Drugs Aging, 2005;22(9):767-777
[183]阎敏,李新中,陈卫红,等,中药注射剂不良反应302例分析,湖南中医药导报, 2004;10(5):58-60
[184]王兴华,陈圣洁,刘彦辉,82例中药注射剂不良反应分析,医学理论与实践, 2004,17(11):1301-1302
[185]Weingart SN,Toth M,Eneneman J,Aronson MD,et al,Lesson from a partnership intervention to prevent adverse drug events, Int J Qual Health Care,2004,16(6):499-507
[186]梁进权,邹元平,邓响潮,中药注射剂不良反应的文献调查与分析,中国医院药学杂志,2003,23(8):486-488
[187]王振中,刘涛,凌娅,中药注射剂安全性问题的探讨,药物警戒, 2006,3(10):229-231
[188]Rozich JD, Littenberg B, Medication error reporting by community pharmacisists in Vermont, J Am Pharm Assoc(Wash DC), 2004,44(4):427-428
[189]王建华.开展临床药学工作提高合理用药的水平.中华临床医学研究杂志, 2003,9(72):12020
[190]Kennedy AG, Littenberg B. Medication error reporting by community pharmacists in Vermont, J Am Pharm Assoc(Wash DC), 2004,44(4):427-428
[191]李连达,李贻奎,张金艳,中药注射剂安全性研究的关键问题,河南中医, 2008,28(1):1-2
[192]易娜,零售药店开展药品不良反应监测工作的探讨,中国药物警戒, 2008.5(2):89-92
[193]李春慧,金丹,药剂科开展药品不良反应监测模式探究,中国药物警戒, 2009,6(8):489-491
[194]周静川,药品经营企业开展药品不良反应监测的重要性,中国当代医药, 2009,16(13):158-159
[195]史文翠,刘会平,医院开展药品不良反应监测的思考,中国医学创新, 2009,6(21):156-157
[196]吴永佩,张钧,医院管理学(药师管理分册),北京:人民卫生出版社, 2003.288-289
[197]徐秉玖主编,药物统计学,北京:北京医科大学出版社,1999.142-180
[198]朱立勤,徐彦贵,王屏,等,中药注射剂不良反应发生的原因分析,中国药房, 2007,18(3):215-218
[199]贾水库,温晓虎,林大建,等,基于层次分析法地铁运营系统安全评价技术的研究,中国安全科学学报,2008,18(5):137-141
[200]王佳,高飞,宏晓华,等,应用层次分析法综合评价我院内科医疗质量,中国医院统计,2005,12(2):162-163
[201]敬培胜,赵先柱,黄国琼,等,层次分析法在医药科技成果转化影响因素分析中的应用,重庆医学,2008,37(24):2859-2862
[202]刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智主编,安全评价方法应用指南,北京:化学工业出版社,2005.460-461
[203]张志清,国内抗菌药物现状及实施抗菌药物合理应用干预的可行性与难点,中国药房,2004,15(2):708
[204]曾颖,佃少娜,杨敏,对我院医务人员抗菌药物合理应用知识水平的调查与分析,中国药房,2006,17(24):1915-1916
[205]孟德胜,我院实施不合理用药干预工程的探索,中国药房,2006,17(16):1216-1217
[206]曾颖,罗宇芬,廖广仁,我院门诊抗感染药物使用调查及其干预措施,中国药业,2005,14(7):64
[207]Breiman L, Friedman J H, Olshen R A, et al. Classification and Regression Trees, British:Chapman and Hall. 1984.
[208]Glass GV. Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educ Res,1976,6(5):3-8
[209]魏有东,谢鹏,应用Meta分析提高临床医疗、教学、科研水平,医学教育探索,2003,2(4):40-42
[210]孙福红,魏水易,许自明,等,随机对照实验Meta分析的质量评价,药物流行病学杂志,2002,11(1):31-36
[211]朱立勤,白玫,李敬永,等,Meta分析及其在药物治疗质量评价中的应用,中国新药杂志,2007,16(24):1997-2000
[212]刘伟远,薛茜,Meta分析的研究进展,新疆医科大学学报, 2003,26(5):512-514
[213]骆福添,周公石, Meta分析及其在临床科研中的应用,实用医学杂志, 2000,16(8):622-623
[214]Egger M, Smith GD, Meta-analysis. Potentials and promise, BMJ, 1997,315(7119):1371-1374
[215]Dickersin K, Berlin JA, Meta-analysis: state of science, Epide miol Rev,1992,14(1):154-176
[216]Sack HS,Berrier J,Reitan D, et al, Meta-analysis of randomed controlled trials, N Engl J Med,1987,316(8):450
[217]赵宁,俞顺章,Meta-analysis(元分析),山西医学院学报,1995,26(4):295
[218]Kasiske BL,Lakatua JD, Ma JZ, et al, A Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function, Am J Kidney Dis,1998,31(6):954-961
[219]Wachtell K,Ibsen H,Olsen MH,et al,Albuminuria and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study,Ann Intern Med, 2003,139(11):901-906
[220]陈凡,朱立勤,高仲阳,国内他汀类药物对糖尿病肾病尿蛋白影响的meta分析,中国新药杂志,2008,17(4):337-341
[221]郑筱萸主编,中药新药临床研究指导原则,北京:中国医药科技出版社, 2002.77
[222]许士凯,陈再智.老年人药物代谢动力学特点.现代中西医结合杂志, 2005,14(6):704-706
[223]Vezu L, La Vecchia L, Vincenzi M, Hypertension obesity and response to antihypertensive treatment: results of a community survey, Hum Hypertens, 1992,6(3):215-220
[224]朱立勤,徐彦贵,王屏,等,中药注射剂应用适应症干预研究,中国药房, 2008,19(12):942-944
[225]朱立勤,徐彦贵,王屏,等,配液后放置时间干预对中药注射剂安全性的影响,中国医院药学杂志, 2008,28(10):845-846
[226]王屏,徐彦贵,朱立勤,等,联合用药及剂量干预对中药注射剂安全性的影响,中国医院药学杂志,2008,28(12):291-293
[227]冯艳霜,徐彦贵,朱立勤,等,我院门诊静脉应用抗菌药物引起不良反应因素分析,中国药房,2008,19(11):857-858
[2]Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, et al, The Nature of Adverse Events in Hospitalized Patients: Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II, N Engl J Med, 1991,324(6):377-384
[3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Deaths: Final Data for 1997, National Vital Statistics Reports,1999,47(19):27
[4]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Birth and Deaths:Preliminary Data for 1998, National Vital Statistics Reprots, 1999,47(25):6
[5]王晓波,马金昌主译,孰能无错------创建更加安全的医疗卫生保健系统,北京:中国医药科技出版社,2005.5-6,29-30
[6]李洪兰.不合理用药现状分析及对策,中国实用医药,2010,5(26):148-149
[7]易娜,零售药店开展药品不良反应监测工作的探讨,中国药物警戒, 2008.5(2):89-92
[8]张丽霞,儿科急诊室中的用药错误,国外医学-妇幼保健分册,2000,11(2):94-95
[9]胡发明,利用计算机药物资料系统减少药物副反应,国外医学-医院管理分册, 1999,16(4):178-180
[10]American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, ASPH guidelines on preventing medication errors in hospitals, Am J Hosp Pharm, 1993,50(9):1940-1944
[11]曾裕培,试论我国当前不合理用药及解决,当代医学,2010,16(19):85-86
[12]陈英杰,孟玲宇,张海丽,临床不合理用药现状探究,中国现代药物应用, 2010,4(1):97-98
[13]梅丹,唐彦,刘梅,药师提供安全用药服务的探讨,药物不良反应杂志, 2005,7(1):7-10
[14]Pillips DP, ChristEnfeld N, Glynn LM, Increase in US medication- error deaths between 1983 and 1993, Lancet, 1998,351(9103):643-644
[15]童九翠,郑青山,在新的形式下再论临床药师工作的重要性,安徽医药, 2006,10(10):783
[16]邹俊,李琳芸,冯丹,临床药师制发展中若干问题思考,中国医院药学杂志, 2009,29(22):1948-1950
[17]M.D.Mansouri, R.M.Cadle, S.O.Agbahiwe , et al, Impact of an antibiotic restriction program on antibiotic utilization in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Infection, 2011,39(1):53–58
[18]Pushkin R, Frassetto L, Tsourounis C,et al, Improving the reporting of adverse drug reactions in the hospital setting, 2010;122(6):154-164
[19]Yusuf Yazici, safety reporting in randomized clinical trials, Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint diseases,2009,67(2):209-210
[20]Redonna K. Chandler, Michael L. Dennis, Nabila El-Bassel, et al, Ensuring safety, implementation and scientific integrity of clinical trials: lessons from the Criminal Justice–Drug Abuse Treatment Studies Data and Safety Monitoring Board, Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2010,5(3):323-344
[21]Siddiqi A, Khan DA, Khan FA, et al, Therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin in preterm and term infants, Singapore Med J, 2009;50(5):486-489
[22]Glatstein MM, Djokanovic N, Garcia-Bournissen F,et al, Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation, Can Fam Physician, 2009,55(4):371-373
[23]Miodovnik A, Landrigan PJ, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration risk assessment on lead in women's and children's vitamins is based on outdated assumptions, Environ Health Perspect, 2009,117(7):1021-1022
[24]Sirima SB, Tiono AB, GansanéA,et al, The efficacy and safety of a new fixed-dose combination of amodiaquine and artesunate in young African children with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum, Malar J, 2009,8:48
[25]Yusuf Yazici, safety reporting in randomized clinical trials, Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint diseases,2009,67(2):209-210
[26]Beckman A, Bernsten C, Parker MG, et al, The difficulty of opening medicine containers in old age: a population-based study, Pharm World Sci, 2005,27(5):393-398
[27]Barbas NR, Wilde EA. Competency issues in dementia: medical decision making, driving and independent living.J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 2001, 14(4):199-212
[28]Elliott RA,Marriott JL, Standardised assessment of patients' capacity to manage medications: a systematic review of published instruments, BMC Geriatr, 2009,13(9):27
[29]Orriols L, Salmi LR, Philip P, et al, The impact of medicinal drugs on traffic safety: a systematic review of epidemiological studies, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2009,18(8):647-658
[30]Astrand B,Montelius E,Petersson G,et al, Assessment of ePrescription quality: an observational study at three mail-order pharmacies, BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2009,26;9:8
[31]Robertson J, Walkom E, Pearson SA,et al, The impact of pharmacy computerised clinical decision support on prescribing, clinical and patient outcomes: a systematic review of the literature,Int J Pharm Pract,2010,18(2):69-87
[32]Casey MM, Sorensen TD, Elias W,et al. Current practices and state regulations regarding telepharmacy in rural hospitals, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2010;67(13):1085-1092
[33]Donohue JM, Cevasco M, Rosenthal MB, A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs, N Engl J Med, 2007;357(7):673-681
[34]Barbara Mintzes, Should Canada allow direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs? Can Fam Physician, 2009,55(2):131-133
[35]Sander Gaal, Wim Verstappen, Michel Wensing,Patient safety in primary care: a survey of general practitioners in the Netherlands,BMC Health Services Research, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/10/21
[36]I Wong, P Campion, S Coulton,et al, Pharmaceutical care for elderly patients shared between community pharmacists and general practitioners: a randomised evaluation. RESPECT (Randomised Evaluation of Shared Prescribing for Elderly people in the Community over Time), BMC Health Services Research, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/4/11
[37]Chisholm-Burns MA, Kim Lee J, Spivey CA, et al, US pharmacists' effect as team members on patient care: systematic review and meta-analyses, Med Care, 2010,48(10):923-933
[38]Steurbaut S, Leemans L, Leysen T, et al, Medication history reconciliation by clinical pharmacists in elderly inpatients admitted from home or a nursing home, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2010,44(10): 1596-1603
[39]Kristine M. Gleason, RPh, Molly R. McDaniel,Results of the Medications At Transitions and Clinical Handoffs (MATCH) Study: An Analysis of Medication Reconciliation Errors and Risk Factors at Hospital Admission,J Gen Intern,2010,25(5):441–447
[40]Bertoli, R; Bissig, M; Caronzolo, D, et al, Assessment of potential drug-drug interactions at hospital discharge, Swiss Med Wkly,2010,140: w13043
[41]Hohl CM, Zed PJ, Brubacher JR, et al, Do emergency physicians attribute drug-related emergency department visits to medication-related problems? Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2010,55(6):493-502
[42]Rothschild JM, Churchill W, Erickson A, et al, Medication errors recovered by emergency department pharmacists, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2010,55(6):513-521
[43]Antonio RA, Drug-related incidents in the hospital environment. Part I: Medication Errors and Drug-related problems, Atencion Farmaceutica, 2009,11(5):309-327
[44]Albert AR, Medication-related Incidents in the Hospital Environment. Part II: Adverse Drug Events and Clinical Safety, 2009,11(6):376-390
[45]Case LL, Paparella S, Safety benefits of a clinical pharmacist in the emergency department, Journal of Emergency Nursing, 2007,33(6): 564-566
[46]Costello JL, Torowicz DIL, Yeh TS, Effects of a pharmacist-led pediatrics medication safety team on medication-error reporting, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 2007,64(13):1422-1426
[47]Wang JK, Herzog NS, Kaushal R, et al, Prevention of pediatric medication errors by hospital pharmacists and the potential benefit of computerized physician order entry, Pediatrics, 2007, 27(1):E77-E85
[48]Horn E, Jacobi J, The critical care clinical pharmacist: Evolution of an essential team member, Critical Care Medicine,2006, 34(3):S46-S51
[49]Quenon JL, Perret F, Faraggi L, et al. Security in Medication Use Process: State-of-Play Report in 21 Hospital Pharmacies in Aquitaine, Therapie, 2009,64(5): 303-311
[50]陈健达,临床用药不安全因素的分析,中国实用医药,2009,4(25):170-172
[51]庄权权,赖淑华,临床药师在我院药品不良反应监测中的作用,海峡药学, 2010,22(6):248-250
[52]齐晓涟,席雅琳,王慧娟,等,临床药师收集药品不良反应报表分析,中国药师,2009,12(9):1290-1292
[53]郑祥云,陈坤全,临床药师在我院药品不良反应监测中的作用,临床合理用药, 2010,3(16):152
[54]王爱军,要林青,张鑫,临床药师与药物不良反应,中国药事, 2010,24(12):1243-1244
[55]朱曼,郭代红,刘皈阳,等,临床药师对我院呼吸科药品不良反应监测和处置的影响,中国药物应用与监测,2009,6(3):178-180
[56]董霞,浅谈用药安全的护理措施,中国老年保健医学杂志,2010,8(6):86-88
[57]白彩珍,崔向丽,田艳平,等,护士与临床药师对提高临床用药合理性和安全性的作用,中华现代护理杂志,2010,16(10):1200-1203
[58]郭淑敏,规范特殊人群用药安全性标准,中国医院药学杂志, 2008,28(8):657-659
[59]李宏,提高妊娠期用药安全性警戒,中国药物与临床,2005,5(6):475-476
[60]黄小萍,妊娠期妇女用药安全性探讨,中国药房,2007,18(35):2799-2800
[61]杨怡,张健,陆晓彤,等,儿童用药安全性和有效性影响因素分析,中国药房, 2007,18(2):155-156
[62]侯惠如,王晓媛,住院老年患者口服用药安全性的调查分析,现代护理, 2007,13(15):1435-1436
[63]孙淑娟,国内外临床药师工作概况及SOAP模型在药师会诊中的应用,中国药物应用与监测,2010,7(5):309-311
[64]王伟兰,朱曼,裴斐,等,临床药师对优化治疗方案的作用分析,中国药物警戒,2010,7(6):340-342
[65]赵蕊,钱云,对1例重症肺炎伴肾功能衰竭患者的药学监护,中国药物应用与监测,2010,7(6):366-368
[66]孙安修,刘阳晨,顾玲,等,临床药师对阿司匹林安全性干预研究,中国医院用药评价与分析,2010,10(1):72-74
[67]孙安修,刘阳晨,顾玲,等,阿司匹林用药依从性的干预研究,中国临床药理学与治疗学,2009,14(10):1156-1159
[68]成明建,陈少仪,薛建文,临床药师干预门诊外科围手术期预防用抗菌药物的对照研究,中国药业,2010,19(16):47-48
[69]贾攀峰,靳树杰,王守春,谈临床药师在临床医疗活动中的地位与发展,中国医药导报,2008,5(6):122-123
[70]中国医院协会药事管理专业委员会,临床药师培训专家指导委员会,统一认识正确定位加速临床药师制的建立——临床药师培训试点基地工作调研报告,中国医院,2007,11(1):39
[71]卢熠,杨悦,美国临床药师开展药学服务的经验与启示,医药导报, 2006,25(4):379
[72]邹添甜,胡嘉妮,周乃彤,华西医院临床药师工作调研与探讨,中国药房, 2009,20(4):311-313
[73]朱立勤,娄建石,临床药师工作方法和工作模式探讨,中国药房, 2008,19(34):2717-2718
[74]毛德莉,邹明华,国内外临床药师的差距浅析,西部医学, 2007,19(6):1169-1170
[75]祝静,美国临床药师制度概况,北京中医药,2008,27(6):469-470
[76]张峻,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,药师在药物不良反应判断和处理中作用的体会,中国医院药学杂志,2008,28(12):1031-1033
[77]黄庆华,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,对伴有肾功能不全患者的药学服务,中国新药杂志, 2008,17(9):792-794
[78]吴永佩,颜青,临床药师参与临床治疗工作模式探讨,中国药房, 2008,19(20):1588-1590
[79]张月,张力平,医院临床药师素质浅谈与分析,中国实用医药, 2008,3(26):196-197
[80]何洪静,徐贵丽,临床药师胜任素质分析,中国药房,2007,18(22):1754-1755
[81]杨勇,唐兵,王友群,等,心血管专业临床药师工作模式探讨,中国药房, 2008,19(4):309-311
[82]邵宏,美国临床药师培养模式初探,中国新药杂志,2008,17(1):79-82
[83]庞挺,吴春福,日本药学人才培养,药学教育,2008,24(1):52-57
[84]汪燕燕,许杜娟,夏泉,等,临床药师培养模式的探索,中国医院药学杂志, 2009,29(22):1946-1948
[85]邹添甜,胡嘉妮,周乃彤,华西医院临床药师工作调研与探讨,中国药房, 2009,20(4):311-313
[86]陈莲珍,王育琴,在职临床药师参与临床实践培养模式探讨,中国药房, 2005,16(15):1124-1126
[87]朱立勤,高文远,临床药师培训工作中的思考和体会,中国医院药学杂志, 2010,30(3):242-243
[88]范鲁雁,在职培养临床药师的实践与体会,中国药房,2007,18(1):68-70
[89]徐玉林,浅谈基层医院如何加强药品质量管理保证用药安全有效,现代医药卫生,2005,21(5):622
[90]刘应合,GSP在医院药品质量管理中的指导作用,四川医学, 2005,26(8):907-908
[91]李玉珍,21世纪医院药品质量管理新模式的探讨,首都医药,2000,7(2):14-15
[92]刘砚韬,许群芬,林芸竹,等,基于JCI标准管理医院药品库房的探讨,中国药房,2010,21(5):426-428
[93]任晓雯,当前医院药品质量管理现状及发展方向, 2001年第三届全国医院药品质量监督管理学术研讨会,2001.109-110
[94]朱立勤,张蓓,医院入库药品质量验收中应注意的问题,中国药师, 2003,6(6):346-347
[95]《药事法规补充资料》编写组,药事法规补充资料,北京:中国医药科技出版社.2002,5-15
[96]林慧斌,药品经营企业把好购货质量关之我见,时针国医国药, 2002,13(5):284-285
[97]国家药品监督局,关于统一换发并规范药品批准文号格式的通知,中国新药与临床杂志,2002,21(10):634-635
[98]叶卉,运用PDCA循环法管理外来手术器械的效果研究,中华医院感染学杂志,2009,19(10):1249-1250
[99]任海霞,徐彦贵,卜一珊,等,天津市11家医院急诊输液处方合理用药分析,中国药房,2011,22(1):80-82
[100]彭磷基,国际医院管理标准(JCI)中国医院实践指南,北京:人民卫生出版社, 2008.436-438
[101]Murdaugh LB, Competence assessment tools for health system pharmacies, 2nd ed, ASHP, 2002.337-353
[102]崔生今,李香玉,常见药品调剂差错原因分析及预防措施,中国实用医药, 2007,2(35):89
[103]陈冰,门诊药房调剂中发生质量缺陷的原因分析及防范措施,华夏医学, 2006,19(6):1223
[104]申周民,不合理用药分析及对策,中国医学伦理学,2002,15(4):33
[105]唐镜波,医疗质量与不合理用药的现状及对策,药物流行病学杂志, 2003,12(4):169
[106]王开明,姜蓉梅,门诊药房更新调剂模式的实施体会,同济大学学报(医学版),2003,24(2):174-175
[107]吴佳滨,庄淑娴,门诊药房零距离服务模式探讨,中国医院用药评价与分析,2006,6(5):315-317
[108]陈新谦,金有豫,汤光,新编药物学(十六版),北京:人民卫生出版社, 2007,13,29,105-106,926-931
[109]李宇华,李学军,剂量与药物治疗及药物发现的关系,医药导报, 2007,26(1):1-5
[110]贾秀芬,老年病人用药问题探讨,中华中西医学杂志,2009,7(7):53-54
[111]罗继名,徐萍,肝功能不全患者抗菌药物的选择,中南药学,2006,4(1):73-74
[112]黄守坚,黎明涛,陈汝筑,肾功能不全时药物剂量调整,新医学, 2003,34(12):761-762
[113]中国执业药师协会,2006年度全国执业药师继续教育教材,北京:中国中医药出版社,2006.124-125
[114]国家药典委员会编,中华人民共和国药典临床用药须知,2005年版,北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.243,246-251, 433,563,489,490,513
[115]林渊液,林广裕,陈镇奇,等,814例小儿支气管哮喘吸入疗法近期不良反应观察,广东医学,2005,26(5):652-653
[116]陈爱欢,陈荣昌,钟南山,哮喘儿童持续吸入低剂量糖皮质激素的全身性副作用,中华结核和呼吸杂志,2001,24(12):740-743
[117]李勇诚,赵云娟,吸入不同剂量沙丁胺醇对慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期的疗效,浙江临床医学,2006,8(8):861-862
[118]Toogood JH, Comparison of the antiasthmatic, oropharyngeal and systemic glucocorticoid effects of budesonide administered through a pressurized aerosol plus spacer or the Turbuhaler TM dry powder inhaler, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1997, 99(2):186-193
[119]潘慧芳,李德强,两性霉素B雾化吸入治疗白血病化疗合并口腔真菌感染的护理,护士进修杂志,2008,4(23):689-690
[120]朱立勤,高文远,忻晓晶,吸入药物的药学监护,中国医院药学杂志, 2009,29(22):1959-1960
[121]赵晓红,朱立勤,蒋萍等,吸入药物使用方法、剂量与发生不良反应的关系及药学服务效果,中国药房,2009,20(26):2076-2078
[122]卜书红,张健,潘志红,老年肺炎患者的药学监护,中国临床药学杂志, 2010,19(1):53-55
[123]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National asthma education and prevention program asthma and pregnancy working group, NAEPP expert panel report. Managing asthma during pregnancy: recommendations for pharmacologic treatment-2004 update, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2005,115(1):34-46
[124]沈华浩主编,哮喘手册,北京:人民卫生出版社,2004.193-201
[125]陈灏珠主编,实用内科学第12版,北京:人民卫生出版社, 2006.1656,2283-2284
[126]Blaiss MS,National Institute of Health.Mangement of asthma during pregnaney. Allergy Asthma Proc,2004,25(6):375-379
[127]Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K,et al, Asthma symptoms, severity, and drug therapy: a prospective study of effect on 2205 pregnancies, Obstet Gynecol, 2003,102(4):739-752
[128]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Asthma and Pregnancy Working Group, NAEPP expert panel report. Managing asthma during pregnancy: recommendations for pharmacologic treatment-2004 update, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2005,115(1):34-36
[129]潘丽华,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,4例住院患者抗生素使用的药学监护,中国新药杂志,2009,18(10):965-968
[130]成睿珍,朱立勤,杨波,等,妊娠期哮喘患者的药学监护,药学服务与研究, 2009,9(5):397-398
[131]Bigler D, Eriksen J, Christensen CB, Prolonged respiratory depression cause by slow release morphine, Lancet, 1984,1(8392):1477
[132]Shelly MP, Park GR, Morphine toxicity with dilated pupils, Br Med J(Clin Res Ed),1984,289(6451):1071-1072
[133]Meffin PJ,Sallustio BC, Purdie YJ,et al, Enantio-selective disposition of 2-arylpropionic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.I. 2 phenylpropionic acid diposition, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1986,238(1):288-294
[134]王秀兰,张淑文主译,临床药物治疗学,北京:人民卫生出版社,2007.34-22?
[135]杨波,朱立勤,吴志恒,等,连续性肾替代治疗中影响抗感染药物作用的因素及其剂量选择,中国药物不良反应杂志,2009,11(5):340-345
[136]Bingold TM, Scheller B,Zwissler B,et al, Renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Current aspects, Anaesthesist,2007,56(11):1105-1114
[137]Bouman CS, Antimicrobial dosing strategies in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury and high-dose continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, Curr Opin Crit Care, 2008,14(6):654-659
[138]黄庆华,朱立勤,蒋萍,等,对伴有肾功能不全患者的药学服务,中国新药杂志,2008,17(9):792-794
[139]谢红梅,胡必杰,李耘,等,阿洛西林及其它常用抗菌药物对京沪两地898株细菌的体外抗菌活性测定,中国抗生素杂志,2006,31(3):157-159
[140]王晓霞,曾雪峰,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗重症下呼吸道医院感染的临床分析,中华医院感染学杂志,2006,16(4):438-439
[141]戴自英,实用抗感染治疗学,北京:人民卫生出版社,2004. 166-68,180-182,186-187,213-215,209-212,257,272-273,311-313
[142]张卓然,夏梦岩,倪语星,微生物耐药的基础与临床,北京:人民卫生出版社, 2007.398
[143]秦家榕,吴亚静,徐卫刚,等,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对血清钾水平的影响,上海预防医学,2007,19(8):385-387
[144]中华医学会呼吸病学会慢性阻塞性肺疾病学组,慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南,中华结核和呼吸杂志,2007,30(1):8-17
[145]谢强敏,方理本,张洪泉,药理学前沿-哮喘和COPD的新概念及新药,北京:科学出版社,2003.52-70
[146]刘滔滔,钟小斌,陈龙英,等,妊娠妇女安全用药知识、态度、行为的调查,中国药物警戒,2006,1(3):26-29
[147]董宗祈,哮喘的药物治疗,医药导报,2001,20(5):275
[148]徐红青,王卓,蔡和平,临床药师对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者进行药学监护的切入点,中国药房,2010,21(6):568-570
[149]Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, et al, Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial, Lancet, 1999,353(9167):1819-1823
[150]The Luncet Health Study Research Group, Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 1999,343(26):1902-1909
[151]Barnes PJ, Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003,167(6):813-818
[152]朱立勤,高文远,陶家驹,慢性阻塞性肺疾病的认识及药学监护要点,中国新药与临床杂志,2008,27(12):945-948
[153]王秋月,抗生素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗中的应用,中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2007,30(4):301-303
[154]王海红,2007-2009年我院抗茵药物应用分析,中国药物与临床,2010,10(6):664-665
[155]陈小红,李江华,杨煊,等.2005-2008年我院抗菌药物应用分析.中国医院用药评价分析,2009,9(5):334
[156]赵波,程葳,汪琪,2005-2007年医院抗菌药物应用分析,中华医院感染学杂志,2009,19(10):1256-1257
[157]陈奇明,陈伟民,张全英,107例静脉滴注抗菌药物不良反应分析,中国血液流变学杂志,2007,17(3):509-510
[158]王维忠,2008年我院输液室抗菌药物不良反应报告106例分析,中国药业,2010,19(1):39-40
[159]卫办医政发2009]38号,卫生部办公厅关于抗菌药物临床应用管理有关问题的通知,药物不良反应杂志,2009,11(2):124-125
[160]张冰,吴嘉瑞,关于中药注射剂安全性问题的思考,质量管理, 2006,4(6):14-18
[161]Simon M, Monitoring herbal safety: Current debate and resources Symposium report: Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: Current state and future direction, London, www.elsevier.de/phymed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.06.001
[162]张方,周超凡,从药物经济学看中药注射剂,中国中药杂志, 2007,32(5):453-456
[163]邱水生,严国鸿,常见中药注射剂不良反应表现及原因分析,海峡药学, 2007,19(9):114-116
[164]王玉荣,刘静,黄祥,100例中药注射剂不良反应分析,药物不良反应杂志, 2004,1(3):50-52
[165]时颖华,王大猷,上海地区112例中药不良反应报告分析,中国药房, 2002,13(6):357-358
[166]张结伍,注射剂微粒污染的危害与防止措施,护理杂志,1980,(8):278-279
[167]俞佳,马珂,祁金文,等,12例中药注射剂所致不良反应分析,簟床药学, 2003,l2(8):59-60
[168]李春文,输液中不溶性微粒的临床危害及控制方法探讨,华西药学杂志, 1992,7(1):69-70
[169]尹梅,程平,输液与中药注射液配伍微粒变化考察,中成药, 2000,22(4):309-310
[170]李丽,刘日升,周祥富,等,355例中药注射剂不良反应文献分析,中国药业, 2004,13(3):61-62
[171]黄芳华,从中药注射剂的不良反应浅析中药注射剂研发中的若干问题,世界科学技术-中医药现代化,2004,6(3):9-13
[172]张冰,吴嘉瑞,关于中药注射剂安全性问题的思考,质量管理, 2006,4(6):14-18
[173]陆进,唐永和,朱立平,关注中药注射剂安全性问题,中日友好医院学报, 2007,21(3):183-184
[174]王兴华,陈圣洁,刘彦辉,82例中药注射剂不良反应分析,医学理论与实践, 2004,17(11):1301-1302
[175]卜一珊,高仲阳,中药注射剂的不良反应统计分析,中国医院药学杂志, 2000,20(6):382-384
[176]张晓红,中药注射剂安全性分析,中国药师,2007,10(11):1135-1137
[177]吴雪梅,钟智,中草药针剂与输液配伍的溶性微粒考察,中国医院药学杂志, 1999,19(2):81
[178]殷立新,刘秀菊,胡永福,等,穿琥宁注射液与24种药物配伍的稳定性考察,中国现代应用药学杂志,1999,16(1):55
[179]Pezalla E, Preventing adverse drug reactions in the general population, Manag Care Interface, 2005,18(10):49-52
[180]Vingerhoets RW, van Marum RJ, Jansen PA, et al. The Beers List as an aid to prevent adverse drug reactions in elderly patients, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2005 ,149(38):2099-2103
[181]Corsonello A, Pedone C, Corica F, et al. Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell'Anziano (GIFA). Concealed renal failure and adverse drug reactions in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus , J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2005,60(9):1147-1151
[182]Passarelli MC, Jacob-Filho W, Figueras A. Adverse drug reactions in an elderly hospitalised population: inappropriate prescription is a leading cause,Drugs Aging, 2005;22(9):767-777
[183]阎敏,李新中,陈卫红,等,中药注射剂不良反应302例分析,湖南中医药导报, 2004;10(5):58-60
[184]王兴华,陈圣洁,刘彦辉,82例中药注射剂不良反应分析,医学理论与实践, 2004,17(11):1301-1302
[185]Weingart SN,Toth M,Eneneman J,Aronson MD,et al,Lesson from a partnership intervention to prevent adverse drug events, Int J Qual Health Care,2004,16(6):499-507
[186]梁进权,邹元平,邓响潮,中药注射剂不良反应的文献调查与分析,中国医院药学杂志,2003,23(8):486-488
[187]王振中,刘涛,凌娅,中药注射剂安全性问题的探讨,药物警戒, 2006,3(10):229-231
[188]Rozich JD, Littenberg B, Medication error reporting by community pharmacisists in Vermont, J Am Pharm Assoc(Wash DC), 2004,44(4):427-428
[189]王建华.开展临床药学工作提高合理用药的水平.中华临床医学研究杂志, 2003,9(72):12020
[190]Kennedy AG, Littenberg B. Medication error reporting by community pharmacists in Vermont, J Am Pharm Assoc(Wash DC), 2004,44(4):427-428
[191]李连达,李贻奎,张金艳,中药注射剂安全性研究的关键问题,河南中医, 2008,28(1):1-2
[192]易娜,零售药店开展药品不良反应监测工作的探讨,中国药物警戒, 2008.5(2):89-92
[193]李春慧,金丹,药剂科开展药品不良反应监测模式探究,中国药物警戒, 2009,6(8):489-491
[194]周静川,药品经营企业开展药品不良反应监测的重要性,中国当代医药, 2009,16(13):158-159
[195]史文翠,刘会平,医院开展药品不良反应监测的思考,中国医学创新, 2009,6(21):156-157
[196]吴永佩,张钧,医院管理学(药师管理分册),北京:人民卫生出版社, 2003.288-289
[197]徐秉玖主编,药物统计学,北京:北京医科大学出版社,1999.142-180
[198]朱立勤,徐彦贵,王屏,等,中药注射剂不良反应发生的原因分析,中国药房, 2007,18(3):215-218
[199]贾水库,温晓虎,林大建,等,基于层次分析法地铁运营系统安全评价技术的研究,中国安全科学学报,2008,18(5):137-141
[200]王佳,高飞,宏晓华,等,应用层次分析法综合评价我院内科医疗质量,中国医院统计,2005,12(2):162-163
[201]敬培胜,赵先柱,黄国琼,等,层次分析法在医药科技成果转化影响因素分析中的应用,重庆医学,2008,37(24):2859-2862
[202]刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智主编,安全评价方法应用指南,北京:化学工业出版社,2005.460-461
[203]张志清,国内抗菌药物现状及实施抗菌药物合理应用干预的可行性与难点,中国药房,2004,15(2):708
[204]曾颖,佃少娜,杨敏,对我院医务人员抗菌药物合理应用知识水平的调查与分析,中国药房,2006,17(24):1915-1916
[205]孟德胜,我院实施不合理用药干预工程的探索,中国药房,2006,17(16):1216-1217
[206]曾颖,罗宇芬,廖广仁,我院门诊抗感染药物使用调查及其干预措施,中国药业,2005,14(7):64
[207]Breiman L, Friedman J H, Olshen R A, et al. Classification and Regression Trees, British:Chapman and Hall. 1984.
[208]Glass GV. Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educ Res,1976,6(5):3-8
[209]魏有东,谢鹏,应用Meta分析提高临床医疗、教学、科研水平,医学教育探索,2003,2(4):40-42
[210]孙福红,魏水易,许自明,等,随机对照实验Meta分析的质量评价,药物流行病学杂志,2002,11(1):31-36
[211]朱立勤,白玫,李敬永,等,Meta分析及其在药物治疗质量评价中的应用,中国新药杂志,2007,16(24):1997-2000
[212]刘伟远,薛茜,Meta分析的研究进展,新疆医科大学学报, 2003,26(5):512-514
[213]骆福添,周公石, Meta分析及其在临床科研中的应用,实用医学杂志, 2000,16(8):622-623
[214]Egger M, Smith GD, Meta-analysis. Potentials and promise, BMJ, 1997,315(7119):1371-1374
[215]Dickersin K, Berlin JA, Meta-analysis: state of science, Epide miol Rev,1992,14(1):154-176
[216]Sack HS,Berrier J,Reitan D, et al, Meta-analysis of randomed controlled trials, N Engl J Med,1987,316(8):450
[217]赵宁,俞顺章,Meta-analysis(元分析),山西医学院学报,1995,26(4):295
[218]Kasiske BL,Lakatua JD, Ma JZ, et al, A Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function, Am J Kidney Dis,1998,31(6):954-961
[219]Wachtell K,Ibsen H,Olsen MH,et al,Albuminuria and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study,Ann Intern Med, 2003,139(11):901-906
[220]陈凡,朱立勤,高仲阳,国内他汀类药物对糖尿病肾病尿蛋白影响的meta分析,中国新药杂志,2008,17(4):337-341
[221]郑筱萸主编,中药新药临床研究指导原则,北京:中国医药科技出版社, 2002.77
[222]许士凯,陈再智.老年人药物代谢动力学特点.现代中西医结合杂志, 2005,14(6):704-706
[223]Vezu L, La Vecchia L, Vincenzi M, Hypertension obesity and response to antihypertensive treatment: results of a community survey, Hum Hypertens, 1992,6(3):215-220
[224]朱立勤,徐彦贵,王屏,等,中药注射剂应用适应症干预研究,中国药房, 2008,19(12):942-944
[225]朱立勤,徐彦贵,王屏,等,配液后放置时间干预对中药注射剂安全性的影响,中国医院药学杂志, 2008,28(10):845-846
[226]王屏,徐彦贵,朱立勤,等,联合用药及剂量干预对中药注射剂安全性的影响,中国医院药学杂志,2008,28(12):291-293
[227]冯艳霜,徐彦贵,朱立勤,等,我院门诊静脉应用抗菌药物引起不良反应因素分析,中国药房,2008,19(11):857-858