经济学视角下的中国幸福研究
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摘要
幸福研究的历史可谓源远流长,古代的哲学家和伦理学家们就非常注重对幸福思想的关注,对幸福的概念和内涵进行了深入的探索。而经济学与伦理学之间的血亲关系使得早期经济学继承了伦理学的价值判断传统,以促进人类幸福为当然使命。经过多代经济学家们的努力,幸福研究取得了一些成果。但是随着经济学的进一步发展,经济学逐渐用偏好和效用取代幸福,走上了一条注重财富增加和收入增长的道路,忽视了对幸福本身的研究。幸运的是,经济学家们并没有在“经济增长至上”这条道路上一直走下去。1958年,美国经济学家加尔布雷斯提出了“生活质量”的概念,引起了经济学界对生活质量的关注。随后,1974年,另一位美国经济学家伊斯特林提出了“幸福悖论”,“生活质量”和“幸福悖论”概念的提出引起了经济学家们对幸福研究的重新关注。之后,经济学领域的幸福研究便迅速的发展起来。
     国内现代经济学领域的幸福研究开始于上个世纪80年代,发展至今,也只有短短三十年的历史。由于发展的历史比较短,该领域的研究对象、研究方法以及研究内容等仍处于不断探索之中。对于一个新兴的研究领域来说,总结性研究就显得特别有意义。因为通过总结性的研究,我们能了解该研究领域的发展脉络,发展现状以及发展中存在的问题,为以后的发展指明方向。本着这样的目的,本文对经济学视角下的幸福研究成果进行了梳理,通过对研究成果的剖析解读了目前经济学领域幸福研究的发展阶段、发展现状以及存在的问题。
     很多词语都可以用来表示幸福,从国内幸福研究的相关文献来看,经常使用的词语有:幸福、生活质量、生活满意度、幸福感、幸福指数等。虽然学者们习惯使用不同的词语进行研究,但都属于幸福研究的范畴。为了全面搜集国内经济学领域有关幸福的研究成果,本文以当当网等图书网站和华东师范大学图书目录查询系统以及中国期刊网为搜索平台,以“生活质量”、“生活满意度”和“幸福”为题名,搜索1981年以来幸福研究领域的有关图书和论文。在搜集文献的过程中,我们排除了医学领域的幸福研究成果,所以搜集到的文献大部分都属于经济学、社会学和心理学的内容。本文从整体上以及分生活质量、生活满意度和幸福三部分对搜集到的文献进行整理分析,总结了幸福研究的发展历程,阐明了经济学、社会学和心理学三个学科的幸福研究在研究对象、研究方法和研究内容上的异同点。通过分析,我们可以看出,经济学领域的幸福研究有三个主要内容:是构建幸福指标体系;二是对居民的幸福水平进行整体评价,并从整体上分析居民幸福感的影响因素;三是分析单个因素对居民幸福感的影响。本文分三个章节(第4章、第5章和第6章)详细梳理了经济学领域幸福研究三个主要内容的相关研究成果。第4章分为两块,一是分生活质量指标体系和幸福指数指标体系两部分介绍了国内学者构建的幸福指标体系,然后介绍了幸福综合指数的计算方法;二是介绍了经济学领域幸福研究中常用到的计量分析方法。第5章整理分析考察我国居民幸福水平现状的有关文献。本章从国家、省市以及个体三个层面梳理了这方面的研究成果。第6章梳理了关于单个影响因素与居民幸福之间相关关系的研究成果,分析的影响因素包括收入、失业、通货膨胀、政府支出、城市化、环境、社会资本和社会失范。
     在总结国内经济学领域幸福研究成果的基础上,本文利用有序概率回归对社会人口学因子、生活各领域的满意度因子和收入因子与幸福之间的关系进行了实证研究。实证研究表明:(1)社会人口学因子中,性别、教育和工作状况对幸福感具有显著的影响。具体来说,我国女性幸福感高于男性幸福感;随着受教育程度的提高,人们倾向于报告更高的幸福感;选择不参加工作群体的幸福感高于有工作群体的幸福感。(2)家庭经济状况满意度等七个生活领域满意度因子对居民幸福感都有显著的影响作用。其中家庭经济状况满意度对总体幸福感的影响最大,然后依次为家庭关系满意度、住房满意度、个人健康状况满意度、人际关系满意度和社区满意度,工作满意度对总体幸福感只有很微弱的影响作用。(3)关于绝对收入和相对收入对幸福感影响的回归结果显示:不考虑相对收入的影响时,不管是用个人全年收入还是家庭全年收入来衡量绝对收入,绝对收入对幸福感都有显著的正向影响作用。当考虑相对收入效应后,绝对收入对居民幸福感的影响会减弱,但是对幸福感的影响仍然显著;不管是用个体对自身的收入进行评价衡量相对收入,还是采用所在地区的平均收入作为相对收入的参照系衡量相对收入,相对收入对幸福感的影响都很大。(4)对于整体居民来说,收入差距对其幸福感有显著的负向影响作用。但是,当把居民分为城镇样本和农村样本进行研究时,我们发现,对于城镇居民来说,收入差距显著的影响其幸福水平,收入差距越大,居民的幸福感越低。对于农村居民来说,虽然收入差距与他们的幸福感也呈负向相关关系,但这一关系在统计意义上并不显著。
The history of happiness research can be described as of long standing and well established. Ancient philosophers and ethicist pay great attention to happiness thoughts, and had an in-depth exploration on the concept and intension of happiness. Consanguineous relation between economics and ethics made early economics inherit the value judgments tradition. So, early economics conducted research for the mission of promoting human's happiness. After efforts of several generations of economists, they have yielded some research fruits. With further development of economics, economics began to study utility and preference, and gradually pay too much attention to achieve wealth and income growth, ignoring the study of happiness itself. Fortunately, economists did not go all the way on the road of "economic growth comes first". In1958, The concept of "quality of life" was propounded by American economist John Kenneth Galbraith, so economists'began to study quality of life. Subsequently, in1974, another American economist Easterlin found "happiness paradox" phenomenon. The concept of" quality of life" and "happiness paradox" has aroused a renewed focus of economists on happiness research. From that moment, modern happiness research began to develop rapidly.
     Scholars of ancient China also had many viewpoints on happiness, but modern happiness research in economics began in the1980s, and so far, it only has a short history of30years. Because of short history, research objects, methods and content of this field is still in exploratory stage. For a new emerging area of research, summative research is particularly meaningful. From the summary of the research, we can know development Vein, current situation, and existing problems in the field, and define the direction for future development. For this objective, this article collates and analyzes research fruits of happiness in the field of economics.
     Happiness has different expression, and different scholars'use different expression to study happiness, all of the research fruits of different expression belong to scope of happiness research. Such as happiness,quality of life, life satisfaction, well-being, happiness index are often used by domestic scholars. This article searched relevant books and papers of happiness research from1981to now, using quality of life, life satisfaction, happiness as title, and using some library web sites like Dangdang and the library catalog inquiry system of East China Normal University, as well as in CNKI as Search Platform. In the process of collecting literature, we exclude happiness research fruits in medical science, so most of research fruits are in the field of economics, sociology and psychology.This article analyzes the collected literature as a whole and as three parts including quality of life, life satisfaction and happiness. We summarizes the development of happiness research, and clarifies the similarities and differences in study objects, research methods and main content among economics, sociology and psychology. Through the analysis of the literature, we can see that, happiness research in economics has three main content: Firstly, to build a happiness index system; Secondly, to evaluate happiness level of Chinese residents using the happiness index system, and analyze impact factors of residents'happiness from the overall; Thirdly, to analyze the impact of single factor on well-being of residents. This article divides into three chapters (Chapter4, Chapter5, Chapter6)to introduce research fruits belong to three main content of happiness research in the field of economics.Chapter4is divided into two parts:in the first part, happiness indicator systems are introduced including quality of life indicator system and the happiness Index System, and then calculation methods of happiness composite index are introduced; in second part, metric methods often used in happiness research of economics are introduced. Chapter5summaries research fruits measuring our residents' happiness level from national, provincial and individual perspectives based on the happiness indicator system. In chapter6, research fruits about correlation between single factor(income, unemployment, inflation, government spending, urbanization, and environment, social capital and social demonstration) and residents' happiness are summarized.
     On the basis of summing up happiness research fruits in the field of economics, this article conducted an empirical study on correlation between happiness and three type of factors, including socio-demographic factors, satisfaction factors and income factors using Ordered Logit Regression. Empirical studies have shown that:(1) some socio-demographic factors, including gender, education, and working conditions,have significant impact on happiness. Specifically, the well-being of women in our country is higher than that of male; with higher level of education, people tend to report higher happiness; those people who choose not to participate in work are more happier than those people who have work.(2) seven satisfaction factors including family economic conditions satisfaction and so on have significant effect on well-being of residents. Family economic status satisfaction has the greatest impact on the overall happiness level, followed by family relationship satisfaction, housing satisfaction, personal health satisfaction, interpersonal satisfaction and community satisfaction, job satisfaction has only very weak effect on overall happiness level. Using Ordered Logit Regression, this article studies impact of absolute income and relative income on happiness. Regression results show that:Without considering the impact of relative income, no matter we use personal annual income or household annual income to measure absolute income, absolute income has a significant positive effect on happiness. When considering the effect of relative income, effect of absolute income on residents'happiness will weaken, but the influence is still significant; Whether we measure relative income using individual's own evaluation on their income, or using region's average income as a reference income to measure relative income, the impact of relative income on happiness are large.(4) For all residents investigated, income gap has a significant negative effect on their happiness. However, when the residents are divided into urban and rural samples, we find that:for urban residents, income gap significantly affect their happiness level, the greater the income gap, the lower the happiness level of residents. For rural residents, although the relationship between income gap and their well-being was also negative, this relationship is not significant in statistical sense.
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