企业位势理论及应用研究
|
摘要
在经济全球化这一大趋势下,中国企业面临着国内市场国际化和国际市场国内化的市场变革。在多变、剧烈的市场环境中,企业面临着激烈的竞争。为在竞争中取得胜利,企业需要设计适合市场竞争的发展战略。本文综合当前各学派的现代企业战略理论、企业成长理论和企业资源理论,提出了一个新的理论框架——企业位势理论。基于该理论,本文从一个新的视角来研究企业的成长,研究企业成长过程中的企业战略和企业竞争力,论文的主要研究成果如下:
(1)论文提出当前在研究企业竞争时,更多地是在研究企业竞争力。但企业竞争力是企业竞争后的结果,而不是原因。企业竞争的实质是企业位势的比较,是形成企业竞争力的各种因素的综合。企业位势的提出来源于物理位势,是积聚各种资源后经过合理组织和优化而形成的势能。企业位势的形成则来源于企业规模、企业素质、企业市场导向程度和“三位一体”的优化整合。
(2)本文从企业位势的内涵出发,分析了企业规模、企业素质和企业市场导向程度对企业位势的影响,并以企业规模、企业素质和企业市场导向程度为维度形成的三维坐标,提出了等位势曲面模型,分析了在不同市场类型下的企业位势均衡,论述了产品市场边界和企业位势边界的关系。根据企业位势和企业成长的关系、企业成长的资源理论,本文认为企业位势成长经历了三个阶段,即位势积聚期、位势膨胀期、位势平稳期,分析了企业竞争力和企业位势的关系,阐述了企业位势的性质。
(3)本文通过分析企业规模、企业素质、企业市场导向程度和企业外部环境与企业位势之间的关系,设计了企业位势指标体系,并根据企业位势成长理论,提出了提升企业位势的措施:加强企业的人力资源管理、MORP的实施、学习型组织的建立和企业的联盟和并购。
(4)最后本文以企业FSDI(铁道第一勘察设计院)为背景,对企业位势理论进行实证研究,初步证明了企业位势对现实企业的指导意义。
In the trend of economy globalization,the Chinese enterprises are facing great market changes that the domestic market is being internationalized and the international market is being domesticated.Because of drastic changes of the market, enterprises are facing fierce competition.For the victory of competition,enterprises need to design appropriate development strategies.In this paper,author puts forward a new theory enterprise that is enterprise potential(EP) theory which synthesizes the modern enterprise strategy theory,enterprise growth theory and enterprise resource theory.Author gives a new view of research on enterprise growth,enterprise strategy and enterprise competitiveness in the process of enterprise growth.This topic is of theoretic value and enterprise practical significance.There are following featured research results in this paper:
(1) There are lot researches on the enterprise competitiveness.In the opinion of author,the enterprise competitiveness is the result but not the cause of EP.The essential of enterprise competitiveness is EP which integrates the factors which constitute a enterprise.The concept of EP,coming form the physical concept,is a potential energy which is shaped by integrating,organizing,combining and optimizing enterprise resources.Formation of EP is from Three-in-One optimization and integration of enterprise quality,enterprise scale,the degree of the market-orientation of a enterprise.
(2) Author analyzes influeces of enterprise quality,enterprise scale and the degree of the market-orientation of a enterprise on EP starting from the concept of EP,and puts forward Model of the equivalent EP by using the three dimensions that are enterprise quality,enterprise scales,the degree of the market-orientation.The author also analyzes the EP equilibrium in different kinds of market styles,describes the relation between product boundary and EP boundary.In light of the relation between EP and enterprise growth and resources theory of enterprise growth,this paper holds that the growth of EP experiences three stages that are periods of EP accumulation,of EP expansion and of EP stablization.,analyzes the relation between enterprise competitiveness and EP,describes the nature of EP.
(3) From analysis of four aspects that are enterprise quality,enterprise scale,the degree of the market-orientation of a enterprise and the external environment,this paper designs the EP indicator system and presents the methods of how to construct, foster and enhance EP according to growth theory of EP and these index of EP. Author also gives some measures to improve EP such as strenthening human resource management,implementation of MORP,construction of learning organization, alliance and mergence of enterprises.
(4) At the end of the paper,the author applies EP theory to an enterprise FSDI and proves that this theory is of guiding significance in practice of an entereprise.
(1)论文提出当前在研究企业竞争时,更多地是在研究企业竞争力。但企业竞争力是企业竞争后的结果,而不是原因。企业竞争的实质是企业位势的比较,是形成企业竞争力的各种因素的综合。企业位势的提出来源于物理位势,是积聚各种资源后经过合理组织和优化而形成的势能。企业位势的形成则来源于企业规模、企业素质、企业市场导向程度和“三位一体”的优化整合。
(2)本文从企业位势的内涵出发,分析了企业规模、企业素质和企业市场导向程度对企业位势的影响,并以企业规模、企业素质和企业市场导向程度为维度形成的三维坐标,提出了等位势曲面模型,分析了在不同市场类型下的企业位势均衡,论述了产品市场边界和企业位势边界的关系。根据企业位势和企业成长的关系、企业成长的资源理论,本文认为企业位势成长经历了三个阶段,即位势积聚期、位势膨胀期、位势平稳期,分析了企业竞争力和企业位势的关系,阐述了企业位势的性质。
(3)本文通过分析企业规模、企业素质、企业市场导向程度和企业外部环境与企业位势之间的关系,设计了企业位势指标体系,并根据企业位势成长理论,提出了提升企业位势的措施:加强企业的人力资源管理、MORP的实施、学习型组织的建立和企业的联盟和并购。
(4)最后本文以企业FSDI(铁道第一勘察设计院)为背景,对企业位势理论进行实证研究,初步证明了企业位势对现实企业的指导意义。
In the trend of economy globalization,the Chinese enterprises are facing great market changes that the domestic market is being internationalized and the international market is being domesticated.Because of drastic changes of the market, enterprises are facing fierce competition.For the victory of competition,enterprises need to design appropriate development strategies.In this paper,author puts forward a new theory enterprise that is enterprise potential(EP) theory which synthesizes the modern enterprise strategy theory,enterprise growth theory and enterprise resource theory.Author gives a new view of research on enterprise growth,enterprise strategy and enterprise competitiveness in the process of enterprise growth.This topic is of theoretic value and enterprise practical significance.There are following featured research results in this paper:
(1) There are lot researches on the enterprise competitiveness.In the opinion of author,the enterprise competitiveness is the result but not the cause of EP.The essential of enterprise competitiveness is EP which integrates the factors which constitute a enterprise.The concept of EP,coming form the physical concept,is a potential energy which is shaped by integrating,organizing,combining and optimizing enterprise resources.Formation of EP is from Three-in-One optimization and integration of enterprise quality,enterprise scale,the degree of the market-orientation of a enterprise.
(2) Author analyzes influeces of enterprise quality,enterprise scale and the degree of the market-orientation of a enterprise on EP starting from the concept of EP,and puts forward Model of the equivalent EP by using the three dimensions that are enterprise quality,enterprise scales,the degree of the market-orientation.The author also analyzes the EP equilibrium in different kinds of market styles,describes the relation between product boundary and EP boundary.In light of the relation between EP and enterprise growth and resources theory of enterprise growth,this paper holds that the growth of EP experiences three stages that are periods of EP accumulation,of EP expansion and of EP stablization.,analyzes the relation between enterprise competitiveness and EP,describes the nature of EP.
(3) From analysis of four aspects that are enterprise quality,enterprise scale,the degree of the market-orientation of a enterprise and the external environment,this paper designs the EP indicator system and presents the methods of how to construct, foster and enhance EP according to growth theory of EP and these index of EP. Author also gives some measures to improve EP such as strenthening human resource management,implementation of MORP,construction of learning organization, alliance and mergence of enterprises.
(4) At the end of the paper,the author applies EP theory to an enterprise FSDI and proves that this theory is of guiding significance in practice of an entereprise.
引文
[1]Drucker,P.F..Managing in Turbulent Times.New York:Harper Row,1980:P48-67.
[2]徐全军.企业成长的理论阐述.环渤海经济瞭望.2005(8):P50-53.
[3]Mintzberg,H..The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning.New York:The Free Press,1994.
[4]Selznick,Philip.Leadership in Administration.New York:Harper & Row,1957.
[5]Chandler,Alfred D..Strategy and Structure.MA:M.I.T.Press.1962.
[6]Andrews,K.R..The Concept of Corporate Strategy.Homewood,Illinois:Richard D.Irwin,1965/1971.
[7]Ansoff,H.Igor.Corporate Strategy:an Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion.New York:McGraw-Hill,1965.
[8]Ansoff,H.I..The Concept of Strategic Planning.The Journal of Business Policy[J],1972(2).
[9]Ansoff,H.I..Strategic management.London,U.K.:Macmillan Press Ltd.,1979.
[10]Porter,M.E.,Competitive Strategy:Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors.New York:The Free Press,1980.
[11]Porter,M.Competitive Advantage.Free Press,1985.
[12]波士顿矩阵,http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5
[13]王双.波士顿矩阵的运用.企业改革与管理,2001(8),P30-31.
[14]Hatten,K.J.& Hatten,M.L..Strategic Groups:Asymmetrical Mobility Barriers and Contestability.Strategic Management Journal,1987,8(4):P329-42.
[15]Hatten,K.J.& Schendel,D.E..Heterogeneity within an Industry:Firm Conduct within the U.S.Brewing Inustry 1952-1971,Journal of Industrial Economics,1977,26(2):P97-113.
[16]Bain,J.S..Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration:American Manufacturing 1936-1940.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1951(65):P293-324.
[17]Bain,J.S..Barriers to New Competition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1956.
[18]Mason,E.S..The Current State of the Monopoly Problem in the United States.Harvard Law Review,1949(62):P1265-1285.
[19]李东红.企业核心能力理论评述[J].经济学动态.1999(1):P61-64.
[20]Penrose,E..The theory of the Growth of the Firm.John Wiley,New York,1959.
[21]Wernerfelt,B..A Resource-Based View of the firm.Strategic Management Journal 5,1984,P171-180.
[22]Cool,K.& Schendel,D.Strategic Group Formation and Performance:The Case of the U.S.Pharmaceutical Industry,1963-1982[J].Management Science,1987,33(9):P1102-1124.
[23]Demsetz,Harold.The Theory of the Firm Revisited.Journal of Law,Economics and Organization(Oxford University Press),1988,4(1):P141-161.
[24]Conner,Kathleen R..A Historical Comparison of Resource-based Theory and Five Schools of Thought within Industrial Organization Economics:Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm.Journal of Management,1991,17(1):P121-154.
[25]Conner,Kathleen R.& C.K.Prahalad.A Resource-Based Theory of the Firm:Knowledge versus Opportunism.Organization Science,Sep.-Oct.,1996,7(5):P477-501.
[26]Winter,Sidney."Knowledge and Competence as Strategic Assets," in D.Teece,ed.,The Competitive Challenge,1987:P159-184.
[27]Sidney Winter."Four Rs of Profitability:Rents,Resources,Routines and Replication," in C.Montgomery,ed.,Resource-Based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm,1995:P147-178.
[28]Sidney Winter,"Understanding Dynamic Capabilities," Strategic Management Journal 24:991-995(2003).
[29]Collis,David J..A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition:The Case of the Bearings Industry.Strategic Management Journal,1991(12):49-68.
[30]Dierickx,I.& Cool,K..Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Compeitive Advantage.Management Science,1989,35(12):1504-1511.
[31]Collis,David J..,etc.Competing on Resources:Strategy in the 1990s.Harvard Business Review,July,1995.
[32]Collis,D.J.& C.A.Montgomery.Corporate Strategy:Resources and the Scope of the Firm,Chicago:IRWIN,1997.
[33]Collis,D.J.& C.A.Montgomery.Creating Corporate Strategy.MA:Harvard Business Review",May-June 1998.
[34]Douglas,J.D.(1985),"Creative Interviewing",Beverly Hill,CA:Sage Publications.
[35]Barney,J..Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of management,1991,17(1):P99-120.
[36]Peteraf M.A..The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage:A Resource-based View.Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(3):P179-191.
[37]Rumelt,R.P..Diversification Strategy and Profitability.Strategic Management Journal,1982,3(4):P359-369.
[38]Reed,R.& DeFillippi,R.1990.Causal Ambiguity,Barriers to Imitation,and Sustainable Competitive Advantage.Academy of Management Review,15:88-102.
[39]Cool,K& Schendel,D.(1988),"Performance Differences Among Strategic Group Members",Strategic Management Journal,Vol.9,No.3,pp.207-223.
[40]阿弗里德·马歇尔.经济学原理(廉运杰译)[M].华夏出版社,2005.6.
[41]许可,徐二明.企业资源学派与能力学派的回顾与比较.经济管理,2002(2):P10-17.
[42]Prahalad,C.K.& Gary Hamel.The Core Competence of the Corporation.Harvard Busi hess Review,1990(May-June):P81.
[43]Teece,David J.,Gary Pisano &Amy Shuen.Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management.Strategic Management Journal(1986-1998),Aug 1997,18(7):P503-533.
[44]Nelson,R.& Winter,S..An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.Belknap:Harvard University Press.1982.
[45]Lippman,S.,& Rumelt,R..Uncertain Imitability:An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency Under Competition.Bell Journal of Economics,1982,13(2):P418-438.
[46]Teece,David J.& Thomas Jorde.Innovation,Dynamic Competition,and Antitrust Policy.Regulation,Fall 1990,13(3):P35-44.
[47]Langlois,Richard N.."Transaction-cost Economics in Real Time," Industrial and Corporate Change,1992,1(1):99-127.
[48]Foss,Nicolai J..Theories of the Firm:Contractual and Competence Perspectives.Journal of Evolutionary Economics,1993,3(2):P127-144.
[49]Hamel,G.& A Heene.Competence-based competition[M].John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,1994.
[50]George Stalk,Philip Evans,& Lawrence E.Shulman.Competing on Capabilitie s:The New Rules of Corporate Strategy.Havard Business Review,March-April 1992:P57-69.
[51]Campbell,Andrew,Michael Goold & Marcus Alexander.Corporate Strategy:The Guest for Parenting Advantage.Harvard Business Review,March 1995:P 120-132.
[52]Langlois,Richard N,and Paul L.Robertson.1995.Firms,Markets,and Economic Change:A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions.London:Routledge.
[53]牛顿(Newton,Isaac)(英).自然哲学之数学原理(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)(王克迪译)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[54]张鸣镛.位势论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[55]董洁霜.现代港口发展的区位势理论研究[D].上海理工大学,2004.
[56]J.L.杜布.经典位势论与概率位势论[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.12.
[57]邱曙熙.Riemann曲面及其上的位势理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,1998.
[58]陈群.对带位势调和映照及其应用[D].复旦大学,1998.
[59]白雪松.跨音速非等熵全位势方程及其数值计算[D].北京航空航天大学,1989.
[60]傅红卓.含临界位势和临界指数的拟线性椭圆型方程的多重解[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2003.
[61]蓝久雅.位势流之重整群与渐近性[D].成功大学[台湾],2001.
[62]李中杰.亚稳态系统在时间相关位势下的量子稳定性[D].淡江大学[台湾],2002.
[63]刘禄勤.Markov过程及其位势理论中的若干问题[D].武汉大学,1990.
[64]王梓坤.布朗运动与位势[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[65]杨光华.土的本构模型的广义位势理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[66]张土生.Dirichlet[形式]在位势理论及扩散过程中的应用[D].中国科学院数学研究所,1988.
[67]赵敏智.右过程和L(?)vy过程[D].浙江大学,2002.
[68]吴炯圻.现代位势理论导引[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,1999.
[69]蒋明新.关于提高企业素质的几个问题[J].企业管理,1983.11:P16-18.
[70]袁宝华.大家都要关心提高企业素质[J].企业管理,1983.11:P3-4.
[71]宇清.研究提高企业素质实现新的转变[J].企业管理,1983.11:P12-13.
[72]亚里士多德(Aristotle)(古希腊).政治学(姚仁权编译)[M].北京:北京出版社,2007.
[73]段晖.论持续竞争优势与企业素质建设[J].西北工业大学学报,2002.9,22(3):P45-49.
[74]胡杨,胡培,侯立文.企业素质及其活力的评价指标体系研究[J].软科学,1997.4:P10-15.
[75]吴邦国撰文要求大力推进企业素质和效益全面提高.经济.1999.5.
[76]陈锦华.远离浮躁全力提高企业素质[J].企业管理,2005.1:P6-8.
[77]邢幼青.提高企业素质刍议[J].企业管理,1983.11:P14-18.
[78]王川.企业素质评价模型研究(上)[J].管理世界,1985.2:P59-77.
[79]王川.企业素质评价模型研究(下)[J].管理世界,1985.2:P64-84.
[80]秦光汉.企业决策素质与最佳经济效益[J].管理科学研究,1983.6:P47-50.
[81]夏文汇.运用灰色和马尔柯夫模型预测企业素质要素[J].重庆工业管理学院学报,1999.10,13(5):P34-38.
[82]张鼎昆,陆昌勤.组织再生能力—成就百年企业的核心素质[J].IT经理世界,2001.10:P96-98.
[83]卢毅,彭燕.基于企业生命周期理论的企业家素质SVM评价方法[J].科学与科学技术管理,2006.4:P136-138.
[84]孙凤,吕月瑞.工业企业素质指标体系的探讨[J].山西财经学院学报,1992.1:P52-55.
[85]崔瑛.煤炭工业企业素质和市场竞争能力的评价研究[J].中国煤炭经济学院学报,1999.1:P32-37.
[86]高敬杰.Fisher判别法在邮电企业素质综合评估中的应用[J].长春邮电学院学报,1991.Vol.9 No.3:P35-41.
[87]张颖丽,沈颂东,赵清.通信企业素质评价方法[J].技术经济,2001.1:P61-63.
[88]李柏洲,李海超。黑龙江省高技术企业综合素质研究[J].科学与科学技术管理.2005.2:P137-140.
[89]姜明君.浙江企业素质缺陷及对策[J].浙江经济,1999.6:P55-56.
[90]盛运华.全面提高企业素质的基本途径[J].中南财经大学学报,1995.6:P86-88.
[91]杨文培.降低产品成本必须调整企业规模[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1998.8:P73-76.
[92]阿罗.信息经济学.北京经济学院出版社,1989:P201.
[93]徐佳宾,徐佳蓉.企业规模、目标市场与竞争优势—市场化取向下的中国工业企业规模分析[J].管理世界,1998.6:P146-155.
[94]Chandler,A.D..规模与范围[专著]:工业资本主义的原动力,(美)小艾尔弗雷德·钱德勒(Alfred Dupont Chandler)著;(日)引野隆志协助;张逸人[等]译
[95]丹尼斯·卡尔顿,杰弗里·佩罗夫[美].《现代产业组织》(黄亚钧等译),上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1998年版.
[96]富兰克·H·奈特.风险、不确定性和利润(王宇译)[M].中国人民大学出版社 2005.11.
[97]黄泰岩,王检贵.企业规模是如何决定的[J].中国经济问题,2000.4:P12-19.
[98]小艾尔弗雷德·D·钱德勒(Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.).看的见的手:美国企业的管理革命[M].商务印书馆,1997.
[99]汤敏,茅于轼.现代经济学前沿专题(第二集).北京:商务印书馆,1993:P217.
[100]R·科斯,A·阿尔钦[美].财产权利与制度变迁—产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M].上海:上海三联书店,1991.
[101]Coase.R.H..The Nature of the Firm.Economica,1937,4(3),386-405.
[102]Coase.R..The Problem of Social Cost.Journal of Law and Economics,1960(3):P1-44.
[103]Williamson.O.E..Transaction Cost Economics:The Governance of Contractual Relations[M].Journal of Law and Economics,1975.
[104]Williamson,O.E.,1979."Transaction-Cost Economics:The Governance of Contractual Relations," Journal of Law and Economics,pp.233-261.
[105]Williamson,Oliver."The Economics of Organization:The Transaction Cost Approach." American Journal of Sociology,1981,87:548-577.
[106]Williamson,O.E.,1985.The Economic Institutions of Capitalism:Firms,Markets,Relational Contracting,New York,NY:Macmillan Ltd.
[107]Williamson,O.,1991."Comparative Economic Organization:the Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives," Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.36,pp.269-296.
[108]Alchian,A.A.& Demsetz,H.(1972) Production,information,costs,and economic organization.American Economic Review,62(5),777-95.
[109]陈小梅.企业规模决定因素的理论综述[J].福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报,2004(2):P50-54.
[110]施培公.企业规模与技术创新[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1995,16(5):P41-43.
[111]林金忠.聚集经济与国有企业规模结构优化[J].财经研究,2001.4,27(4):P12-18.
[112]马宁,官建成,高柏杨.我国高新技术企业规模与创新分布[J].管理科学学报,2001.2,4(1):P75-80.
[113]约瑟夫·熊彼特.经济发展理论(李默译)[M].陕西师范大学出版社,2007.5.
[114]Schumpeter,Joseph A..The Theory of Economic Development.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1934.
[115]M.Cohen,Steven Klepper.The Andustry R&D Intensity Distributions[J].The American Economic Review,1992,(9):773-799.
[116]刘国新,李勃.论企业规模与R&D投入相关性[J].管理科学学报,2001.8,4(4):P68-72.
[117]Soete,Luc L.G.Firm Size and Inventive Activity:The Evidence Reconsidered.European Economic Review,1979,12(4):P319-324.
[118]柴俊武,万迪昉.企业规模与R&D投入强度关系的实证分析[J].科学学研究,2003.2,21(1):P58-62.
[119]Kamien,M.& Schwartz,N..Market Structure and Innovation[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1982.
[120]田伯伏,杨运杰.企业规模、有效竞争与我国技术创新战略选择[J].中央财经大学学报,2006.7:P55-58.
[121]Shapiro,B.P..What the Hell is Market Oriented?[J].Harvad Business Review.November-December,1988:P119-25.
[122]Kohli,A.& B.Jaworski.Market Orientation:the Construct,Research Propositions,and Managerial Implications[J],Journal of Marketing,1990.10(54):P20-35.
[123]Narver,J.C.& S.F.Slater.The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability[J].Journal of Marketing,1990.10(5):P20-35.
[124]Ruekert,R.W..Developing a Market Orientation:an Organizational Strategy Perspective.International Journal of Research in Marketing[J],1992(9):P225-45.
[125]Deshpande(1993) Deshpande,R.,Farley,J.&Webster,F..Corporate Culture,Customer Orientation,snd Innovativeness in Japanese Firms:a Quadrad Analysis[J].Journal of Marketing,1993.1(57):P23-37.
[126]林义屏.市场导向、组织学习、组织创新与组织绩效间关系之研究——以科学园区信息电子产业为例[D].台湾:国立中山大学,2001。
[127]Kumar,Nirmal Ya,L Scheer and Philip Kotler,"From Market Driven to Market Driving".European Management Journal,Vol.18,No.2,129-142,2000.
[128]Mohr,J.2001.Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations.Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
[129]Jaworski,B.J.,Kohli,A.K.,& Sahay,A..Market-driven and driving markets[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2000,28(1):P45-54
[130]Narver,J C,Slater,S F,and MacLachlan,D L.Responsive and proactive market orientation and new product success[J].The Journal of Product Innovation Management,2004,21(5):334-347.
[131]杜鹏,万后芬.创新导向与市场导向的融合——一个实证研究[J].管理科学,2007.2,20(1):P64-74.
[132]Bryan A Lukas,O.C.Ferrell.The Effect of Market Orientationon Product Innovation[J].Academy of Marketing Science,2000 spring,Vol.28:239-247
[133]Slater,S.F.& Narver,J.C..Customer—Led and Market-Oriented:Let's Not Confuse the Two[J].Strategic Management Journal,1998.10(19):P1001-1006.
[134]Zahra,Shaker A.,Sarah Nash,& Deborah J.Briekford.Transforming Technological Pioneering into Competitive Advantage[J].Academay of Management Executive.1995.2(9):P17-31.
[135]Griffin,Abbie & John R.Hauser.Integrating Mechanisms for Marketing and R&D[R].Report No.94-116.Cambridage,MA:Marketing Science Institute,1994.
[136]Whedwright,Steven C.& Kim B.Clark.Revolutionizing Product Development:Quantum in Speed,Efficiency and Quality[M].New York:Free Press,1992.
[137]荣朝和.论运输化.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993.8.
[138]汪丁丁:企业家精神.http://biz.163.com.
[139]达西·汤普森.论成长和形体.剑桥出版社,1917.
[140]彼得·德鲁克(Peter F.Drucker)(美).管理的实践(The practice of management)(齐若兰译)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,,2006.
[141]张守凤.基于超竞争环境下的企业柔性战略研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2005.
[142]Richard H.Hall(1991) Organization:Structures,Processes,and outcomes,5th ed,Eaglewoodcliffs,NT:prentice- Hall.
[143]理查德.L.达夫特.组织理论和设计[M].清华大学出版社,2008.1.
[144]Hooley,G.,J.Fahy,G.Greenley,J.Beracs,K.Fonfara,B.Snoj.Market Orientation in the Service Sector of the Transition Economies of Central Europe[J].European Journal of Marketing,2003,37(1/2):86-106.
[145]张雪兰.环境不确定性、市场导向与企业绩效[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2007(6):P123-128.
[146]Prahalad,1993,The Role of Core Competencuew in the Corporation,Research Technology Management,Vol.68,No.3,pp.79-91.
[147]何强.核心竞争力理论的局限性.管理科学文摘,2004(11):P20-22.
[148]Chakravarthy,1997 Chakravarthy,B.(1997).A new strategy framework for coping with turbulence.Sloan Management Review.,38(2) 69-82.
[149]李兴旺,陆岚.再释核心能力——对Prahlad和Hamel关于核心能力内涵表述的质疑和修正.管理科学,2004.4,17(2):P19-24.
[150]http://www.mmimm.com/MRD1640335/。
[151]唐卫东,陈海龙.位势差异与竞争优势.科学学与科学技术管理,2006(5):P105-108.
[152]张伯伦(E.Chamberlin).垄断竞争理论(1939).上海三联书店,2002.
[153]Hofer,C.W.& Schendel D..Strategy Formulation:Analytical Concepts.West Publishing Company,St.Paul,MN,1978.
[154]孙武.孙子兵法孙膑兵法.江苏古籍出版社,2002.1.
[155]亚当·斯密.国富论(1776).陕西人民出版社,2006.7.
[156]约瑟夫·熊彼特.经济发展理论(李默译)[M].陕西师范大学出版社,2007.5.
[157]Veblen,Thorstein B.,The Theory of the Leisure Class:An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions.New York,Macmillan,1899。
[158]Veblen,Thorstein B.,The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays.New York,Huebsch,1919.
[159]詹姆斯·弗·穆尔(美).竞争的衰亡:商业生态系统时代的领导与战略(梁骏译)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999.1.
[160]唐以明,张玉利.天津企业市场导向的探索性研究[J].南开管理评论,2002,5(5):P4-35.
[161]刘小红,邵兵家.物流企业市场导向度与绩效实证分析[J].软科学,2005,19(4):P19-22.
[162]朱孔来.评价指标的非线性无量纲模糊处理方法.统计与信息论坛,1997(3):P.
[163]Huselid,M.A."The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover,Productivity,and Corporate Financial Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,1995,38(3):P635-672.
[164]Arthur,J.B..Effective of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance And Turnover[J].Academy of Management Journal,1994,37(4):P670-687.
[165]Dyer,Lee & Reeves,Todd.Human Resource Strategies and Firm Performance:What Do We Know and Where Do We Need to Go?[J].International Journal of Human Resource Management,1995,6(3):P656-670.
[166]Becket,B.E.& Huselid,M.A..High Performance Work Systems And Firm Performance:A Synthesis of Research and Managerial Implications[J].Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management,1998(16):53-101.
[167]Wright,P.M.,Dunford B.B.& Snell S.A..Human Resources and the Resource Based View of the Firm[J].Jounal of Management,2001(27):P701-721.
[168]Youndt,M.A.& Snell,S.A..Human Resource Configurations,Intellectual Capital,and Organizational Performance[J].Journal of Managerial Issues,2004,16(3):P337-360.
[169]Moynihan,Lisa M.,Timothy M.Gardner,Hyeon Jeong Park & Patrick M.Wright.HR Practices and Customer Satisfaction:The Mediating Link of Commitment[R].Working Paper,Cornell University,1998.
[170]Gardner,Timothy M.,Lisa M.Moynihan,Hyeon Jeong Park & Patrick M.Wright.Beginning to Unlock the Black Box in the HR Firm Performance Relationship:The Impact of HR Practices on Employee Attitudes and Employee Outcomes[R].Working Paper,Cornell University,2001.
[171]Collins,C.J.,& Clark,K.D..Strategic Human Resource Practices,Top Management Team Social Network,and Firm Performance:The Role of Human Resource Practices in Creating Organizational Competitive Advantage.Academy of Management Journal,2003,46(6):P740-751.
[172]范秀成,英格玛·比约克曼.外商投资企业人力资源管理与绩效关系研究.管理科学学报.2003(2):P54-60.
[173]蒋春燕,赵曙明.企业特征、人力资源管理与绩效:香港企业的实证研.管理评论,2004,16(10):22-31
[174]张一驰,黄涛,李琦.高绩效工作体系人力资源管理措施的结构整合与内涵回归[J].经济科学,2004(3):P63-73.
[175]Deng,S.& Dart,J..Measuring Market Orientation:A Multi-factor,Multi-item Approach.Journal of Marketing Management,1994(10):P725-742.
[176]Deshpande & Farley(1997) Deshpande,R & Farley,J.Measuring Market Orientation:Generalization and Synthesis[J].Journal of Market-Focused Management,1998,2(3):P213-232.
[177]李小燕,冯俊文.组织标杆管理研究综述与评析.技术经济,2007,11:P97-102
[178]Peter Senge Peter M.Senge.The Fifth Discipline—The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization.Copyright Peter M.Senge 1990.Century Business,1993.
[179]Lynch,Robert Porter.Business Alliances Guide:the Hidden Competitive Weapon.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1993.
[180]秦斌.企业战略联盟理论评述.经济学动态,1998.
[181]乔尔·布利克(Joel Bleeke)(美),戴维·厄恩斯特(David Ernst)(美).协作型竞争:全球市场的战略联营与收购(林燕等译).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998.
[182]中长期铁路网规划.http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2005-09/16/content_64413.html
[2]徐全军.企业成长的理论阐述.环渤海经济瞭望.2005(8):P50-53.
[3]Mintzberg,H..The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning.New York:The Free Press,1994.
[4]Selznick,Philip.Leadership in Administration.New York:Harper & Row,1957.
[5]Chandler,Alfred D..Strategy and Structure.MA:M.I.T.Press.1962.
[6]Andrews,K.R..The Concept of Corporate Strategy.Homewood,Illinois:Richard D.Irwin,1965/1971.
[7]Ansoff,H.Igor.Corporate Strategy:an Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion.New York:McGraw-Hill,1965.
[8]Ansoff,H.I..The Concept of Strategic Planning.The Journal of Business Policy[J],1972(2).
[9]Ansoff,H.I..Strategic management.London,U.K.:Macmillan Press Ltd.,1979.
[10]Porter,M.E.,Competitive Strategy:Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors.New York:The Free Press,1980.
[11]Porter,M.Competitive Advantage.Free Press,1985.
[12]波士顿矩阵,http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5
[13]王双.波士顿矩阵的运用.企业改革与管理,2001(8),P30-31.
[14]Hatten,K.J.& Hatten,M.L..Strategic Groups:Asymmetrical Mobility Barriers and Contestability.Strategic Management Journal,1987,8(4):P329-42.
[15]Hatten,K.J.& Schendel,D.E..Heterogeneity within an Industry:Firm Conduct within the U.S.Brewing Inustry 1952-1971,Journal of Industrial Economics,1977,26(2):P97-113.
[16]Bain,J.S..Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration:American Manufacturing 1936-1940.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1951(65):P293-324.
[17]Bain,J.S..Barriers to New Competition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1956.
[18]Mason,E.S..The Current State of the Monopoly Problem in the United States.Harvard Law Review,1949(62):P1265-1285.
[19]李东红.企业核心能力理论评述[J].经济学动态.1999(1):P61-64.
[20]Penrose,E..The theory of the Growth of the Firm.John Wiley,New York,1959.
[21]Wernerfelt,B..A Resource-Based View of the firm.Strategic Management Journal 5,1984,P171-180.
[22]Cool,K.& Schendel,D.Strategic Group Formation and Performance:The Case of the U.S.Pharmaceutical Industry,1963-1982[J].Management Science,1987,33(9):P1102-1124.
[23]Demsetz,Harold.The Theory of the Firm Revisited.Journal of Law,Economics and Organization(Oxford University Press),1988,4(1):P141-161.
[24]Conner,Kathleen R..A Historical Comparison of Resource-based Theory and Five Schools of Thought within Industrial Organization Economics:Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm.Journal of Management,1991,17(1):P121-154.
[25]Conner,Kathleen R.& C.K.Prahalad.A Resource-Based Theory of the Firm:Knowledge versus Opportunism.Organization Science,Sep.-Oct.,1996,7(5):P477-501.
[26]Winter,Sidney."Knowledge and Competence as Strategic Assets," in D.Teece,ed.,The Competitive Challenge,1987:P159-184.
[27]Sidney Winter."Four Rs of Profitability:Rents,Resources,Routines and Replication," in C.Montgomery,ed.,Resource-Based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm,1995:P147-178.
[28]Sidney Winter,"Understanding Dynamic Capabilities," Strategic Management Journal 24:991-995(2003).
[29]Collis,David J..A Resource-based Analysis of Global Competition:The Case of the Bearings Industry.Strategic Management Journal,1991(12):49-68.
[30]Dierickx,I.& Cool,K..Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Compeitive Advantage.Management Science,1989,35(12):1504-1511.
[31]Collis,David J..,etc.Competing on Resources:Strategy in the 1990s.Harvard Business Review,July,1995.
[32]Collis,D.J.& C.A.Montgomery.Corporate Strategy:Resources and the Scope of the Firm,Chicago:IRWIN,1997.
[33]Collis,D.J.& C.A.Montgomery.Creating Corporate Strategy.MA:Harvard Business Review",May-June 1998.
[34]Douglas,J.D.(1985),"Creative Interviewing",Beverly Hill,CA:Sage Publications.
[35]Barney,J..Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.Journal of management,1991,17(1):P99-120.
[36]Peteraf M.A..The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage:A Resource-based View.Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(3):P179-191.
[37]Rumelt,R.P..Diversification Strategy and Profitability.Strategic Management Journal,1982,3(4):P359-369.
[38]Reed,R.& DeFillippi,R.1990.Causal Ambiguity,Barriers to Imitation,and Sustainable Competitive Advantage.Academy of Management Review,15:88-102.
[39]Cool,K& Schendel,D.(1988),"Performance Differences Among Strategic Group Members",Strategic Management Journal,Vol.9,No.3,pp.207-223.
[40]阿弗里德·马歇尔.经济学原理(廉运杰译)[M].华夏出版社,2005.6.
[41]许可,徐二明.企业资源学派与能力学派的回顾与比较.经济管理,2002(2):P10-17.
[42]Prahalad,C.K.& Gary Hamel.The Core Competence of the Corporation.Harvard Busi hess Review,1990(May-June):P81.
[43]Teece,David J.,Gary Pisano &Amy Shuen.Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management.Strategic Management Journal(1986-1998),Aug 1997,18(7):P503-533.
[44]Nelson,R.& Winter,S..An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.Belknap:Harvard University Press.1982.
[45]Lippman,S.,& Rumelt,R..Uncertain Imitability:An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency Under Competition.Bell Journal of Economics,1982,13(2):P418-438.
[46]Teece,David J.& Thomas Jorde.Innovation,Dynamic Competition,and Antitrust Policy.Regulation,Fall 1990,13(3):P35-44.
[47]Langlois,Richard N.."Transaction-cost Economics in Real Time," Industrial and Corporate Change,1992,1(1):99-127.
[48]Foss,Nicolai J..Theories of the Firm:Contractual and Competence Perspectives.Journal of Evolutionary Economics,1993,3(2):P127-144.
[49]Hamel,G.& A Heene.Competence-based competition[M].John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,1994.
[50]George Stalk,Philip Evans,& Lawrence E.Shulman.Competing on Capabilitie s:The New Rules of Corporate Strategy.Havard Business Review,March-April 1992:P57-69.
[51]Campbell,Andrew,Michael Goold & Marcus Alexander.Corporate Strategy:The Guest for Parenting Advantage.Harvard Business Review,March 1995:P 120-132.
[52]Langlois,Richard N,and Paul L.Robertson.1995.Firms,Markets,and Economic Change:A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions.London:Routledge.
[53]牛顿(Newton,Isaac)(英).自然哲学之数学原理(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)(王克迪译)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[54]张鸣镛.位势论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[55]董洁霜.现代港口发展的区位势理论研究[D].上海理工大学,2004.
[56]J.L.杜布.经典位势论与概率位势论[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.12.
[57]邱曙熙.Riemann曲面及其上的位势理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,1998.
[58]陈群.对带位势调和映照及其应用[D].复旦大学,1998.
[59]白雪松.跨音速非等熵全位势方程及其数值计算[D].北京航空航天大学,1989.
[60]傅红卓.含临界位势和临界指数的拟线性椭圆型方程的多重解[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2003.
[61]蓝久雅.位势流之重整群与渐近性[D].成功大学[台湾],2001.
[62]李中杰.亚稳态系统在时间相关位势下的量子稳定性[D].淡江大学[台湾],2002.
[63]刘禄勤.Markov过程及其位势理论中的若干问题[D].武汉大学,1990.
[64]王梓坤.布朗运动与位势[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.
[65]杨光华.土的本构模型的广义位势理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[66]张土生.Dirichlet[形式]在位势理论及扩散过程中的应用[D].中国科学院数学研究所,1988.
[67]赵敏智.右过程和L(?)vy过程[D].浙江大学,2002.
[68]吴炯圻.现代位势理论导引[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,1999.
[69]蒋明新.关于提高企业素质的几个问题[J].企业管理,1983.11:P16-18.
[70]袁宝华.大家都要关心提高企业素质[J].企业管理,1983.11:P3-4.
[71]宇清.研究提高企业素质实现新的转变[J].企业管理,1983.11:P12-13.
[72]亚里士多德(Aristotle)(古希腊).政治学(姚仁权编译)[M].北京:北京出版社,2007.
[73]段晖.论持续竞争优势与企业素质建设[J].西北工业大学学报,2002.9,22(3):P45-49.
[74]胡杨,胡培,侯立文.企业素质及其活力的评价指标体系研究[J].软科学,1997.4:P10-15.
[75]吴邦国撰文要求大力推进企业素质和效益全面提高.经济.1999.5.
[76]陈锦华.远离浮躁全力提高企业素质[J].企业管理,2005.1:P6-8.
[77]邢幼青.提高企业素质刍议[J].企业管理,1983.11:P14-18.
[78]王川.企业素质评价模型研究(上)[J].管理世界,1985.2:P59-77.
[79]王川.企业素质评价模型研究(下)[J].管理世界,1985.2:P64-84.
[80]秦光汉.企业决策素质与最佳经济效益[J].管理科学研究,1983.6:P47-50.
[81]夏文汇.运用灰色和马尔柯夫模型预测企业素质要素[J].重庆工业管理学院学报,1999.10,13(5):P34-38.
[82]张鼎昆,陆昌勤.组织再生能力—成就百年企业的核心素质[J].IT经理世界,2001.10:P96-98.
[83]卢毅,彭燕.基于企业生命周期理论的企业家素质SVM评价方法[J].科学与科学技术管理,2006.4:P136-138.
[84]孙凤,吕月瑞.工业企业素质指标体系的探讨[J].山西财经学院学报,1992.1:P52-55.
[85]崔瑛.煤炭工业企业素质和市场竞争能力的评价研究[J].中国煤炭经济学院学报,1999.1:P32-37.
[86]高敬杰.Fisher判别法在邮电企业素质综合评估中的应用[J].长春邮电学院学报,1991.Vol.9 No.3:P35-41.
[87]张颖丽,沈颂东,赵清.通信企业素质评价方法[J].技术经济,2001.1:P61-63.
[88]李柏洲,李海超。黑龙江省高技术企业综合素质研究[J].科学与科学技术管理.2005.2:P137-140.
[89]姜明君.浙江企业素质缺陷及对策[J].浙江经济,1999.6:P55-56.
[90]盛运华.全面提高企业素质的基本途径[J].中南财经大学学报,1995.6:P86-88.
[91]杨文培.降低产品成本必须调整企业规模[J].数量经济技术经济研究,1998.8:P73-76.
[92]阿罗.信息经济学.北京经济学院出版社,1989:P201.
[93]徐佳宾,徐佳蓉.企业规模、目标市场与竞争优势—市场化取向下的中国工业企业规模分析[J].管理世界,1998.6:P146-155.
[94]Chandler,A.D..规模与范围[专著]:工业资本主义的原动力,(美)小艾尔弗雷德·钱德勒(Alfred Dupont Chandler)著;(日)引野隆志协助;张逸人[等]译
[95]丹尼斯·卡尔顿,杰弗里·佩罗夫[美].《现代产业组织》(黄亚钧等译),上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1998年版.
[96]富兰克·H·奈特.风险、不确定性和利润(王宇译)[M].中国人民大学出版社 2005.11.
[97]黄泰岩,王检贵.企业规模是如何决定的[J].中国经济问题,2000.4:P12-19.
[98]小艾尔弗雷德·D·钱德勒(Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.).看的见的手:美国企业的管理革命[M].商务印书馆,1997.
[99]汤敏,茅于轼.现代经济学前沿专题(第二集).北京:商务印书馆,1993:P217.
[100]R·科斯,A·阿尔钦[美].财产权利与制度变迁—产权学派与新制度学派译文集[M].上海:上海三联书店,1991.
[101]Coase.R.H..The Nature of the Firm.Economica,1937,4(3),386-405.
[102]Coase.R..The Problem of Social Cost.Journal of Law and Economics,1960(3):P1-44.
[103]Williamson.O.E..Transaction Cost Economics:The Governance of Contractual Relations[M].Journal of Law and Economics,1975.
[104]Williamson,O.E.,1979."Transaction-Cost Economics:The Governance of Contractual Relations," Journal of Law and Economics,pp.233-261.
[105]Williamson,Oliver."The Economics of Organization:The Transaction Cost Approach." American Journal of Sociology,1981,87:548-577.
[106]Williamson,O.E.,1985.The Economic Institutions of Capitalism:Firms,Markets,Relational Contracting,New York,NY:Macmillan Ltd.
[107]Williamson,O.,1991."Comparative Economic Organization:the Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives," Administrative Science Quarterly,Vol.36,pp.269-296.
[108]Alchian,A.A.& Demsetz,H.(1972) Production,information,costs,and economic organization.American Economic Review,62(5),777-95.
[109]陈小梅.企业规模决定因素的理论综述[J].福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报,2004(2):P50-54.
[110]施培公.企业规模与技术创新[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1995,16(5):P41-43.
[111]林金忠.聚集经济与国有企业规模结构优化[J].财经研究,2001.4,27(4):P12-18.
[112]马宁,官建成,高柏杨.我国高新技术企业规模与创新分布[J].管理科学学报,2001.2,4(1):P75-80.
[113]约瑟夫·熊彼特.经济发展理论(李默译)[M].陕西师范大学出版社,2007.5.
[114]Schumpeter,Joseph A..The Theory of Economic Development.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1934.
[115]M.Cohen,Steven Klepper.The Andustry R&D Intensity Distributions[J].The American Economic Review,1992,(9):773-799.
[116]刘国新,李勃.论企业规模与R&D投入相关性[J].管理科学学报,2001.8,4(4):P68-72.
[117]Soete,Luc L.G.Firm Size and Inventive Activity:The Evidence Reconsidered.European Economic Review,1979,12(4):P319-324.
[118]柴俊武,万迪昉.企业规模与R&D投入强度关系的实证分析[J].科学学研究,2003.2,21(1):P58-62.
[119]Kamien,M.& Schwartz,N..Market Structure and Innovation[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1982.
[120]田伯伏,杨运杰.企业规模、有效竞争与我国技术创新战略选择[J].中央财经大学学报,2006.7:P55-58.
[121]Shapiro,B.P..What the Hell is Market Oriented?[J].Harvad Business Review.November-December,1988:P119-25.
[122]Kohli,A.& B.Jaworski.Market Orientation:the Construct,Research Propositions,and Managerial Implications[J],Journal of Marketing,1990.10(54):P20-35.
[123]Narver,J.C.& S.F.Slater.The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability[J].Journal of Marketing,1990.10(5):P20-35.
[124]Ruekert,R.W..Developing a Market Orientation:an Organizational Strategy Perspective.International Journal of Research in Marketing[J],1992(9):P225-45.
[125]Deshpande(1993) Deshpande,R.,Farley,J.&Webster,F..Corporate Culture,Customer Orientation,snd Innovativeness in Japanese Firms:a Quadrad Analysis[J].Journal of Marketing,1993.1(57):P23-37.
[126]林义屏.市场导向、组织学习、组织创新与组织绩效间关系之研究——以科学园区信息电子产业为例[D].台湾:国立中山大学,2001。
[127]Kumar,Nirmal Ya,L Scheer and Philip Kotler,"From Market Driven to Market Driving".European Management Journal,Vol.18,No.2,129-142,2000.
[128]Mohr,J.2001.Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations.Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
[129]Jaworski,B.J.,Kohli,A.K.,& Sahay,A..Market-driven and driving markets[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2000,28(1):P45-54
[130]Narver,J C,Slater,S F,and MacLachlan,D L.Responsive and proactive market orientation and new product success[J].The Journal of Product Innovation Management,2004,21(5):334-347.
[131]杜鹏,万后芬.创新导向与市场导向的融合——一个实证研究[J].管理科学,2007.2,20(1):P64-74.
[132]Bryan A Lukas,O.C.Ferrell.The Effect of Market Orientationon Product Innovation[J].Academy of Marketing Science,2000 spring,Vol.28:239-247
[133]Slater,S.F.& Narver,J.C..Customer—Led and Market-Oriented:Let's Not Confuse the Two[J].Strategic Management Journal,1998.10(19):P1001-1006.
[134]Zahra,Shaker A.,Sarah Nash,& Deborah J.Briekford.Transforming Technological Pioneering into Competitive Advantage[J].Academay of Management Executive.1995.2(9):P17-31.
[135]Griffin,Abbie & John R.Hauser.Integrating Mechanisms for Marketing and R&D[R].Report No.94-116.Cambridage,MA:Marketing Science Institute,1994.
[136]Whedwright,Steven C.& Kim B.Clark.Revolutionizing Product Development:Quantum in Speed,Efficiency and Quality[M].New York:Free Press,1992.
[137]荣朝和.论运输化.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993.8.
[138]汪丁丁:企业家精神.http://biz.163.com.
[139]达西·汤普森.论成长和形体.剑桥出版社,1917.
[140]彼得·德鲁克(Peter F.Drucker)(美).管理的实践(The practice of management)(齐若兰译)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,,2006.
[141]张守凤.基于超竞争环境下的企业柔性战略研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2005.
[142]Richard H.Hall(1991) Organization:Structures,Processes,and outcomes,5th ed,Eaglewoodcliffs,NT:prentice- Hall.
[143]理查德.L.达夫特.组织理论和设计[M].清华大学出版社,2008.1.
[144]Hooley,G.,J.Fahy,G.Greenley,J.Beracs,K.Fonfara,B.Snoj.Market Orientation in the Service Sector of the Transition Economies of Central Europe[J].European Journal of Marketing,2003,37(1/2):86-106.
[145]张雪兰.环境不确定性、市场导向与企业绩效[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2007(6):P123-128.
[146]Prahalad,1993,The Role of Core Competencuew in the Corporation,Research Technology Management,Vol.68,No.3,pp.79-91.
[147]何强.核心竞争力理论的局限性.管理科学文摘,2004(11):P20-22.
[148]Chakravarthy,1997 Chakravarthy,B.(1997).A new strategy framework for coping with turbulence.Sloan Management Review.,38(2) 69-82.
[149]李兴旺,陆岚.再释核心能力——对Prahlad和Hamel关于核心能力内涵表述的质疑和修正.管理科学,2004.4,17(2):P19-24.
[150]http://www.mmimm.com/MRD1640335/。
[151]唐卫东,陈海龙.位势差异与竞争优势.科学学与科学技术管理,2006(5):P105-108.
[152]张伯伦(E.Chamberlin).垄断竞争理论(1939).上海三联书店,2002.
[153]Hofer,C.W.& Schendel D..Strategy Formulation:Analytical Concepts.West Publishing Company,St.Paul,MN,1978.
[154]孙武.孙子兵法孙膑兵法.江苏古籍出版社,2002.1.
[155]亚当·斯密.国富论(1776).陕西人民出版社,2006.7.
[156]约瑟夫·熊彼特.经济发展理论(李默译)[M].陕西师范大学出版社,2007.5.
[157]Veblen,Thorstein B.,The Theory of the Leisure Class:An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions.New York,Macmillan,1899。
[158]Veblen,Thorstein B.,The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays.New York,Huebsch,1919.
[159]詹姆斯·弗·穆尔(美).竞争的衰亡:商业生态系统时代的领导与战略(梁骏译)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999.1.
[160]唐以明,张玉利.天津企业市场导向的探索性研究[J].南开管理评论,2002,5(5):P4-35.
[161]刘小红,邵兵家.物流企业市场导向度与绩效实证分析[J].软科学,2005,19(4):P19-22.
[162]朱孔来.评价指标的非线性无量纲模糊处理方法.统计与信息论坛,1997(3):P.
[163]Huselid,M.A."The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover,Productivity,and Corporate Financial Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,1995,38(3):P635-672.
[164]Arthur,J.B..Effective of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance And Turnover[J].Academy of Management Journal,1994,37(4):P670-687.
[165]Dyer,Lee & Reeves,Todd.Human Resource Strategies and Firm Performance:What Do We Know and Where Do We Need to Go?[J].International Journal of Human Resource Management,1995,6(3):P656-670.
[166]Becket,B.E.& Huselid,M.A..High Performance Work Systems And Firm Performance:A Synthesis of Research and Managerial Implications[J].Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management,1998(16):53-101.
[167]Wright,P.M.,Dunford B.B.& Snell S.A..Human Resources and the Resource Based View of the Firm[J].Jounal of Management,2001(27):P701-721.
[168]Youndt,M.A.& Snell,S.A..Human Resource Configurations,Intellectual Capital,and Organizational Performance[J].Journal of Managerial Issues,2004,16(3):P337-360.
[169]Moynihan,Lisa M.,Timothy M.Gardner,Hyeon Jeong Park & Patrick M.Wright.HR Practices and Customer Satisfaction:The Mediating Link of Commitment[R].Working Paper,Cornell University,1998.
[170]Gardner,Timothy M.,Lisa M.Moynihan,Hyeon Jeong Park & Patrick M.Wright.Beginning to Unlock the Black Box in the HR Firm Performance Relationship:The Impact of HR Practices on Employee Attitudes and Employee Outcomes[R].Working Paper,Cornell University,2001.
[171]Collins,C.J.,& Clark,K.D..Strategic Human Resource Practices,Top Management Team Social Network,and Firm Performance:The Role of Human Resource Practices in Creating Organizational Competitive Advantage.Academy of Management Journal,2003,46(6):P740-751.
[172]范秀成,英格玛·比约克曼.外商投资企业人力资源管理与绩效关系研究.管理科学学报.2003(2):P54-60.
[173]蒋春燕,赵曙明.企业特征、人力资源管理与绩效:香港企业的实证研.管理评论,2004,16(10):22-31
[174]张一驰,黄涛,李琦.高绩效工作体系人力资源管理措施的结构整合与内涵回归[J].经济科学,2004(3):P63-73.
[175]Deng,S.& Dart,J..Measuring Market Orientation:A Multi-factor,Multi-item Approach.Journal of Marketing Management,1994(10):P725-742.
[176]Deshpande & Farley(1997) Deshpande,R & Farley,J.Measuring Market Orientation:Generalization and Synthesis[J].Journal of Market-Focused Management,1998,2(3):P213-232.
[177]李小燕,冯俊文.组织标杆管理研究综述与评析.技术经济,2007,11:P97-102
[178]Peter Senge Peter M.Senge.The Fifth Discipline—The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization.Copyright Peter M.Senge 1990.Century Business,1993.
[179]Lynch,Robert Porter.Business Alliances Guide:the Hidden Competitive Weapon.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1993.
[180]秦斌.企业战略联盟理论评述.经济学动态,1998.
[181]乔尔·布利克(Joel Bleeke)(美),戴维·厄恩斯特(David Ernst)(美).协作型竞争:全球市场的战略联营与收购(林燕等译).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998.
[182]中长期铁路网规划.http://www.gov.cn/ztzl/2005-09/16/content_64413.html