关于人口老龄化对经济社会可持续发展负效应的生态哲学解读
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摘要
我们从生态哲学的视域解读人口老龄化对经济社会可持续发展的负面效应,把人口年龄结构和经济社会发展作为生态的有机组成部分与生态整体一起发展和进化,不仅符合了生态文明社会和可持续发展社会的基本要求,同时生态哲学的相关理论也为人口老龄化和经济社会可持续发展提出了一种合理的发展指向。
     通过对人口老龄化与可持续发展概念解析,我们可以明确人口老龄化与可持续发展的深刻理论内涵。从人口老龄化的内涵入手,着重从生态哲学种群结构、热力学第二定律角度介绍了人口老龄化的生态内涵,分析我国人口老龄化的特点,并从科技支持和政策导向两个方面分析我国人口老龄化出现的原因。同时从导致人口老龄化出现的偶然性因素、必然性因素及具体数据进一步分析人口年龄结构的未来发展趋势。此外,由于可持续发展的科学理论基础之一是生态学,因此,阐述经济社会可持续发展的生态哲学内涵,以及可持续发展中的人口与自然,凸显了人口与自然的整体性。
     人口老龄化对可持续发展的制约与影响,首先明确了什么是人口生态,分析了人口生态的构成与分布。重点分析人口老龄化对经济社会的负效应,从储蓄、消费、老年社会保障、劳动力这几个方面进行具体解读。
     面对人口老龄化给经济社会可持续发展带来的负效应,我们应该以生态的、科学的态度来积极应对,并在生态哲学的整体观点下采取生态的措施来避免所带来的负效应,生态措施主要包括战略决策层面的生态指向、科技创新层面的生态指向和社会文化层面的生态指向。
     我们以生态哲学这一全新的视角解读人口老龄化给经济社会可持续发展所带来的负效应,能够更加深刻的认识人口老龄化问题,对人口老龄化问题的研究乃至解决,必将起到一定的推动作用。
From the philosophy point of view, reading the negative effort between sustainable development and social aging problem and combing people's age structures and social economic development meets the basic requirement of nature civilization and sustainable developing society. Meanwhile nature philosophy conceptual theory also can be a rational director of people's aging problems and social continual development.
     Concepts of people's aging and sustainable development are to be analyzed and theoretical meanings of people's aging and sustainable development are to be identified. Starting from the meaning of people's aging problems, to analyze China's aging problem, focusing on nature philosophy bunching to introduce the meaning of nature of aging problems, and analyzing feature of China's aging from technology supports and governmental policy aspects are three ways to analyze China's aging problem. For the same time, accidental and inevitable factors to produce China's aging problems and specific data analysis can help to analyze future people's age structures. In addition, one of scientific theoretical bases for sustainable development is ecology, so explanation of ecological philosophy meaning of sustainable development of economic society as well as people and nature during sustainable development shows integrity feature of people and nature.
     Firstly, for the restriction and influence on sustainable development by people's aging, what is people ecology is clearly stated and structure and distribution of people ecology is analyzed. Secondly, after analyzing people aging negative effort on people ecology itself, saving, consuming, elder society insurance, and working force can be the factors focusing on analysis negative effort between social aging and economical society.
     By facing negative effort between people aging problem and social economical sustainable development, an ecological and scientific attitude should be accepted to avoid its negative effort. Ecological policy mostly includes decisional, scientific and social culture level.
     Ecology can be a brand new point of view to tell the negative effort between people aging and social economic sustainable development, also can be a way to deeply understand problems coming with aging, and can be positive developer for researching aging problems.
引文
[1]OECD:《OECD Figures in 2007》,OECD Observer 2007/Supplement 1,2007.
    [2]曲海波.中国人口老龄化问题研究.长春:吉林大学出版社,1990.5-6.
    [1] 余谋昌.生态哲学.西安:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.1.
    [1]United Nations. Population Distribution Policies in Development Planning. New York,1981:158.
    [2] 联合国国际人口学会.人口学词典.北京:商务印书馆,1992.
    [1] unfpa china population ageing in china-facts and figures, april,2006:45.
    [2]曹凑贵.生态学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.107.
    [1]曹凑贵.生态学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.173.
    [2]刘孟连.生命现象的熵解释.赣南师范学院学报,1995(2):51.
    [3]李然.中、欧人口老龄化比较及启示.现代经济信息,2009(4):49.
    [4]张昌彩.人口老龄化影响、特点与对策.开放导报,2008(6):28.
    [1] W. S. Chow, J. H. Shulz. International Perspectives on Aging:Population and Policy Challenges. New York:UNFPA.
    [2]宁克平.城市与人.北京:人民出版社,2009.81-84.
    [1] 马克思恩格斯全集(第23卷).北京:人民出版社,1972.692.
    [2] 马克思恩格斯选集(第3卷).北京:人民出版社,1960.389.
    [1] 郭锋.人口老龄化和社会发展的关系:(硕士学位论文).济南:山东大学,2006(10):8-11.
    [1]薄小密.我国人口老龄化的特点与对策.社科论坛,2007(7):106.
    [2]王维国,徐勇,李秋影.我国人口年龄结构变动对经济发展影响的定量分析.市场与人口分析,2004(10):3.
    [1]邬沧萍.The Ageing Process and Income Security of the Elderly Under Reform in China国际会议.
    [2]世界环境与发展委员会.我们共同的未来.长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.52.
    [3]余谋昌.生态哲学.西安:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.17.
    [1] Collins, James P. Evolitionary Ecology and the Use of Natural Selection in Ecological Theory. Journal of the History of Biology 19,1986:257-288.
    [2]赵佩华.熵理论与可持续发展.现代哲学,1999(4):18-19.
    [3] Fite, Gilbert. Daydreams and Nightmares:The Late Nineteenth-Century Agricultural Frontier. Agricultural History,1966:96.
    [1]Dunlap, R. E & Catton, W. R, Environmental Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology,1979.
    [1] 马克思恩格斯选集(第4卷).北京:人民出版社,1972:2.
    [2] 余谋昌.关于人口与可持续发展关系的思考.自然辩证法研究,2000(7):36-37.
    [1]石人炳.略论21世纪中国的人口结构问题.湖北大学学报,2000(5):92-93.
    [2] Development in an Ageing World World Economic and Social Survey 2007 Department of Economic and Social Affairs,2007:314.
    [1] 林长云.我国人口对可持续发展的影响与对策研究:(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学,2003(12):29.
    [2] 周燕玲.优化人口结构建设和谐社会.职业圈,2007(12):16-17.
    [1] 包庆德,董华.生态哲学维度-人口生态生产与可持续发展.中国人口、资源与环境,2003(4):11.
    [2] Franco · Modigliani. The Life Cycle Hypothesis of Saving and Intercountry Differences in the Saving Ratio, MIT Press,1980.
    [1] 史文莉.人口老龄化对社会经济发展的影响研究:(硕士学位论文).西安:西北大学,2007(12):14.
    [1] 马克思恩格斯选集(第2卷).北京:人民出版社,1972.94.
    [2] 马克思恩格斯全集(第46卷).北京:人民出版社,1980.225.
    [3] 史文莉.人口老龄化对社会经济发展的影响研究:(硕士学位论文).西安:西北大学,2007(12):16.
    [1] 马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷).北京:人民出版社,1995:32.
    [2] 宋晓梧,韩大卫.完善养老保险确保老有所养.北京:企业管理出版社,2001.
    [1]R·C·Clark. The Economics of Individual and Population Aging. Cambridge University Press,1980.
    [2]熊必俊.老龄经济学.北京:中国社会出版社,2009:82.
    [3]高文亮,乔万敏.马克思劳动力可持续发展思想探微.理论学刊,2007(7):44.
    [1]巴里·康芒纳.封闭的循环.长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.148-149.
    [2]李世雁.走向生态纪元.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,2004:66.
    [1]毛明芳.论生态文明的技术构建.自然辩证法研究,2008(10):870-871.
    [2]傅晓华.从可持续发展价值观透析科技创新生态化.科技管理研究,2006(3):41-44.
    [1]OECD:《OECD Figures in 2007》, OECD Observer 2007/Supplement 1,2007.
    [2]曲海波.中国人口老龄化问题研究.长春:吉林大学出版社,1990.5-6.
    [3]余谋昌.生态哲学.西安:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.1.
    [4]United Nations. Population Distribution Policies in Development Planning. New York,1981:158.
    [5]联合国国际人口学会.人口学词典.北京:商务印书馆,1992.
    [6]unfpa china population ageing in china-facts and figures, april,2006:45.
    [7]曹凑贵.生态学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.107.
    [8]曹凑贵.生态学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.173.
    [9]刘孟连.生命现象的熵解释.赣南师范学院学报,1995(2):51.
    [10]李然.中、欧人口老龄化比较及启示.现代经济信息,2009(4):49.
    [11]张昌彩.人口老龄化影响、特点与对策.开放导报,2008(6):28.
    [12]W. S. Chow, J. H. Shulz.International Perspectives on Aging:Population and Policy Challenges. New York:UNFPA.
    [13]宁克平.城市与人.北京:人民出版社,2009.81-84.
    [14]马克思恩格斯全集(第23卷).北京:人民出版社,1972.692.
    [15]马克思恩格斯选集(第3卷).北京:人民出版社,1960.389.
    [16]郭锋.人口老龄化和社会发展的关系:(硕士学位论文).济南:山东大学,2006(10):8-11.
    [17]薄小密.我国人口老龄化的特点与对策.社科论坛,2007(7):106.
    [18]王维国,徐勇,李秋影.我国人口年龄结构变动对经济发展影响的定量分析.市场与人口分析,2004(10):3.
    [19]邬沧萍The Ageing Process and Income Security of the Elderly Under Reform in China,国际会议.
    [20]世界环境与发展委员会.我们共同的未来.长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.52.
    [21]余谋昌.生态哲学.西安:陕西人民教育出版社,2000.17.
    [22]Collins, James P. Evolitionary Ecology and the Use of Natural Selection in Ecological Theory. Journal of the History of Biology 19,1986:257-288.
    [23]赵佩华.熵理论与可持续发展.现代哲学,1999(4):18-19.
    [24]Fite, Gilbert. Daydreams and Nightmares:The Late Nineteenth-Century Agricultural Frontier. Agricultural History,1966:96.
    [25]Dunlap, R. E & Catton, W. R, Environmental Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology,1979.
    [26]马克思恩格斯选集(第4卷).北京:人民出版社,1972.2.
    [27]余谋昌.关于人口与可持续发展关系的思考.自然辩证法研究,2000(7):36-37.
    [28]石人炳.略论21世纪中国的人口结构问题.湖北大学学报,2000(5):92-93.
    [29]Development in an Ageing World World Economic and Social Survey 2007 Department of Economic and Social Affairs,2007:314.
    [30]林长云.我国人口对可持续发展的影响与对策研究:(硕十学位论文).北京:北京林业大学,2003(12):29.
    [31]周燕玲.优化人口结构建设和谐社会.职业圈,2007(12):16-17.
    [32]包庆德,董华.生态哲学维度-人口生态生产与可持续发展.中国人口、资源与环境,2003(4):11.
    [33]Franco · Modigliani. The Life Cycle Hypothesis of Saving and Intercountry Differences in the Saving Ratio, MIT Press,1980.
    [34]史文莉.人口老龄化对社会经济发展的影响研究:(硕士学位论文).西安:西北大学,2007(12):14.
    [35]马克思恩格斯选集(第2卷).北京:人民出版社,1972.94.
    [36]马克思恩格斯全集(第46卷).北京:人民出版社,1980.225.
    [37]史文莉.人口老龄化对社会经济发展的影响研究:(硕士学位论文).西安:西北大学,2007(12):16.
    [38]马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷).北京:人民出版社,1995.32.
    [39]宋晓梧,韩大卫.完善养老保险确保老有所养.北京:企业管理出版社,2001.
    [40]R · C · Clark. The Economics of Individual and Population Aging. Cambridge University Press,1980.
    [41]熊必俊.老龄经济学.北京:中国社会出版社,2009.82.
    [42]高文亮,乔万敏.马克思劳动力可持续发展思想探微.理论学刊,2007(7):44.
    [43]巴里·康芒纳.封闭的循环.长春:吉林人民出版社,1997.148-149.
    [44]李世雁.走向生态纪元.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,2004.66.
    [45]毛明芳.论生态文明的技术构建.自然辩证法研究,2008(10):870-871.
    [46]傅晓华.从可持续发展价值观透析科技创新生态化.科技管理研究,2006(3):41-44.

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