面向知识创新的学术Wiki平台研究
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摘要
知识创新是科学发展的本质,是知识经济和社会前进的动力,而以开放性、协同性、共享性为主要特征的数字科研环境是保障知识创新的重要条件,是大学和科研机构开展创新工作的基础。Wiki作为支持网络协同创作的Web2.0工具之一,在促进群体知识共享和创新方面具有独特的优势。因此,将Wiki技术应用于学术领域,针对科学研究的具体需要实施基于Wiki的技术集成平台,可作为数字科研环境建构的有机组成部分,能够有效促进学术知识创新的开展。
本论文的基本思路是从系统分析Wiki对学术知识创新的支撑优势出发,以用户为中心,以用户的特定需求为导向,将重点放在学术Wiki平台的构建实现上,着重从平台技术、内容管理和社群建设三个方面详细阐述。文中附图60幅,表12个。全文约15万字,共分为6个部分,主要内容如下：
第1部分解析了Wiki的基础理论和技术。Wiki的产生与广泛应用是开源理念的普及延伸、社会性软件的不断发展和信息共享的模式演化引起的。从技术层面分析,Wiki由内容、模板、Wiki引擎和Wiki页面四个基本要素组成,大多具有创建链接、页面锁定、版本控制、沙箱测试等基本功能。作为一种Web应用程序,Wiki的特色主要体现在页面编辑中使用特有的Wiki标记语言及在线版本管理,能够支持多个终端用户对Web页面的协同编辑。虽然Wiki采用的具体技术没有特别的创新之处,但这些技术的综合不仅蕴含了自由、开放、共享、协作的理念,而且变革了传统的知识生产和信息组织方式。Wiki提供的全新的知识生产规模合作模式,是长尾效应在知识生产领域的集中体现；此外,Wiki系统具备完备的耗散结构特征和协同效应,其中的知识信息更多的是通过自组织而非他组织的方式来实现有序化的。从1995年WikiWikiWeb的出现到现今各种各样的Wiki引擎版本,Wiki系统的技术成熟度和大众关注度不断提升,在国外的诸多领域已得到了普及应用,在我国尽管发展比较迟缓,但也逐步由实验阶段进入多元化发展的新阶段。
第2部分探讨了Wiki与学术知识创新的契合性。学术知识创新主要指大学和科研机构中从事的知识创新活动,在分类上隶属职业知识创新,在过程上包括知识创造和知识应用两个阶段。知识交流和共享作为学术知识创新的前提,经历了从传统科学交流到网络环境下科学交流的模式变迁,具有交互协同的趋势；而学科内、跨学科协作研究的内在需要和网络新技术产生及广泛应用的外在驱动,也促使学术知识创新的模式逐步向网络协同方向发展。与基于异步协同的Blog系统、基于实时协同的P2P系统和基于协同过滤的推荐系统等诸多网络协同工具相比,Wiki在支持学术知识创新方面具有独特的优势。Wiki倡导集体智慧、协同创作的理念,与知识协同思想相契合；Wiki采用的以自组织和非线性为主要特点的知识链接机制,可以有效促进知识网络的构建；Wiki平台可视为一个空间或场所,其分享与参与的架构为网络头脑风暴的实现提供了可能；此外,Wiki社群用户在协作的基础上围绕着共同关注的问题能够自发形成多个科学共同体,提升知识创新的效率。根据Wiki平台中知识创新活动开展的过程流和知识流,基于Wiki的学术知识创新机制可具体归纳为如下四种：知识发布机制,知识共享机制,知识整合机制和知识反馈机制。
第3部分从系统技术的角度对学术Wiki平台进行研究。Wiki系统是社群用户间协作的基础,也是内容组织和存储的基础。基于客观明确的需求分析,并结合对当前流行Wiki引擎的评估比较,可选取适合的开源Wiki引擎搭建学术Wiki平台。但传统Wiki系统中的知识信息大多用自然语言描述,缺少结构,不支持重用和结构化的信息检索,因此并不能够被用户有效的管理和利用。而将RDF、OWL、主题图或概念图等语义网相关技术融入传统Wiki系统,通过语义标注的方式,则可以实现高效的检索、导航,以及内容的整合与集成。现今语义Wiki是国外研究的热点和难点,开发中的语义Wiki原型系统主要有Platypus Wiki、IkeWiki、WikSAR、SemperWiki和Semantic MediaWiki等,普遍具有链接标注、上下文感知的表达、增强的导航功能、语义检索和支持推理等共同特征。在学术Wiki平台中添加语义插件,对内容进行语义标注后即可简单实现语义检索等基本功能,但仍存在链接或属性类型描述不一致、语义信息呈现不明晰等问题。对此,本部分提出一种基于领域知识元本体的语义模型,尝试将受控语义和Wiki开放系统相融合,通过人机交互、知识元抽取、语义地图生成和关联推理等核心功能模块来实现学术Wiki平台语义功能的扩展和优化。此外,为了更好地满足用户的需求,学术Wiki平台可集成RSS技术和Tag技术来提供基于用户协作的个性化定制服务。
第4部分从内容管理的角度对学术Wiki平台进行研究。为了使Wiki知识库中的条目在数量增长的同时保持较高的质量,保障学术Wiki平台的持续稳定发展,本部分在评析维基百科和百度百科等通用Wiki平台内容管理策略的基础上,结合学术领域的应用实际,提出如下内容管理措施：其一,基于权限管理的内容读写控制。学术Wiki平台具有专注于不同研究领域的明确的目标用户群体。为了满足用户对内容组织上的专业性、访问上的限制性和审核上的分权性等特定需求,通过分析比较经典访问控制模型的适用性,本部分选取RBAC模型进行学术Wiki平台权限框架的建构及权限管理的实现,以达到内容读写可控的目的。其二,基于开放式授权的内容版权保护。在阐释Copyleft的内涵及理念的基础上,探讨了主要的开放式授权协议的兼容性和平台适用性。学术Wiki平台可采用GNU自由文档许可证和知识共享协议等较为成熟的开放式授权协议,既能明晰网络著作权关系,又能降低知识生产成本,充实公共域可用资源,从而鼓励知识共享和创新。其三,基于相关规则的内容质量提升。Wiki知识库中的内容属于可公共获取的网络开放学术信息资源,在参考网络信息资源评价标准的基础上,本部分从准确性、时效性、客观性和完整性等方面制定了相关规则以提升学术Wiki平台的信息内容质量。
第5部分从社群建设的角度对学术Wiki平台进行研究。只有激发社群用户的参与创作热情,进行持续的知识共享与创新活动,才能保障学术Wiki平台的正常运行。根据社群用户参与互动程度、知识水平和表达能力的不同,可将其分为成员领袖、呼应者、浏览者、干扰者等角色类型,而社群建设的目的是促使用户从知识消费者社群向知识生产者社群转化。本部分基于班杜拉社会认知论的三方互惠决定模型,从社区环境和用户主体认知两个方面着手,分析出影响社群用户知识共享行为的因素主要包括学术Wiki社区的技术机制、组织文化,社群用户知识共享的自我效能感,以及社群用户对知识共享行为的结果预期。进而提出完善信息技术设施、建立有效的激励机制、逐步营造良好的文化氛围等策略以促进社群用户的知识共享行为。此外,信任是社群建设的关键性问题,而信任与用户信誉是密切相关的。用户信誉评价体系一般由事件监控、指标分析及应用策略三个模块构成,主要存在用户驱动和内容驱动两类评价模型。本部分在参考通用架构和一般模型的基础上,结合Wiki系统自身的特点,将用户-内容驱动相结合的信誉评价机制引入学术Wiki平台的建设中,以营造更好的信任环境,同时作为一种激励机制,鼓励用户持续贡献高质量的内容。
第6部分结合学术Wiki平台的实践进行案例分析。本部分选取了应用于学术领域的具有典型代表性的OpenWetWare和WikiGenes两个Wiki平台作为案例,从技术特征和功能特征的角度详细阐述了各自对学术知识创新的支撑与促进,并加以实例证明。此外,总结归纳了学术Wiki平台的特色与不足,指出尚待解决的问题。
最后对本文进行了总结,指出了研究中存在的不足之处,并对面向知识创新的学术Wiki平台的发展进行了展望。
本文系国家社会科学基金项目“基于Wiki的知识共享与创新服务系统实现研究”(项目批准号07BTQ012)的主要研究成果。
As the core of scientific development, knowledge innovation has become the essential impetus for economic growth and social development. Digital research environment, characterized by its openness, cooperativeness and shareability, is the prerequisite for knowledge innovation and provides the basis for innovative works in universities and research institutions. Web 2.0-based Wiki system supports network collaboration and has obvious advantages in information sharing and knowledge innovation. Therefore, application of Wiki technology in academic field, such as constructing integrated Wiki platform for academic community, can become an indispensable part of digital research environment to promote academic knowledge innovation.
From a user-centric point of view, this dissertation presented a systematic analysis of the impact of Wiki on knowledge innovation, with the focus on construction of academic Wiki platform. Various aspects of platform construction, including platform technology, content management, and community construction, have been discussed in detail. The dissertation has six chapters, with 150,000 words,60 figures and 12 tables.
In the first chapter, we reviewed the fundamental theory and technology of Wiki. The ultimate impetus of the development of Wiki is attributed to the concept of open source, social software and the changes in information sharing pattern. At technical level, Wiki is composed of four essential elements:contents, templates, Wiki engines and pages, with basic functions such as creating links, locking pages, revision control and sandbox testing etc. As a web application software, Wiki is characterized by its unique markup language and online revision management, which supports multiple end users editing Wiki pages cooperatively. Although no innovative technologies have been adopted by Wiki, the integration of these technologies develops concepts of freedom, openness, sharing and cooperativeness, which revolutionizes the traditional patterns of knowledge production and information organization and embodies the long tail effect of knowledge production. Moreover, as a system with dissipative structure and synergistic effect, the contents of Wiki are ordered mainly through self-organization rather than hetero-organization. From the appearance of WikiWikiWeb in 1995, various editions of Wiki engine have been developed, which promote the maturity and visibility of Wiki system, as well as the application of Wiki in many fields. Compared to overseas, Wiki is developing at a relatively slow pace in China, and is now entering the stage of diversification development.
The connection between Wiki and academic knowledge innovation was analyzed in chapter two. Academic knowledge innovation is mainly about the knowledge innovating activities in universities and research institutions, which is classified as the professional knowledge innovation and consisted of two stages including knowledge creation and knowledge application. Knowledge communication and sharing, which is transformed from traditional pattern to network pattern with a trend of interaction and cooperativeness, is the premise of academic knowledge innovation; the intrinsic needs of interdisciplinary research and the external impetus of generation and application of new network technologies is also driving the transformation of the pattern of academic knowledge innovation. Compared with the other network cooperative tools such as Blogs, P2P and collaborative recommendation systems, Wiki has special advantages in supporting the academic knowledge innovation. Firstly, Wiki advocates the concept of group wisdom and collaborative creation, which is in accordance with the idea of knowledge synergy. Secondly, Wiki uses the mechanism of knowledge linking, which is characterized by self-organization and nonlinearity, to promote the construction of knowledge network. Thirdly, Wiki platform can be viewed as a space or a location with sharing and participative architecture for implementation of brainstorming in network environment. Fourthly, the Wiki users can spontaneously form various scientific communities focusing on the problems of common interests, which promotes the efficiency of knowledge innovation. According to the knowledge flow and the process of knowledge innovation activities, we divided the Wiki-based academic knowledge innovation into four categories:knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge integration and knowledge feedback.
The system technical aspect of academic Wiki platform was discussed in chapter three. Wiki system provides the basis for user collaboration, content organization and storage. Based on the analysis of objective requirements, and the evaluation of the popular Wiki engines, we intended to select the suitable open source Wiki engines to construct academic Wiki platform.However, most knowledge and information in traditional Wiki systems is described in natural languages, which lacks structure to support reusing and structured information retrieval, and is difficult to be effectively managed and utilized by users.Combining semantic web technologies such as RDF, OWL, topic map and concept map with traditional Wiki system, through the way of semantic annotation, can highly efficiently realize content retrieval, navigation, and integration. Nowadays, semantic Wiki is a hot issue in Wiki research overseas, several prototype systems, including Platypus Wiki, IkeWiki, WikSAR, SemperWiki, Semantic MediaWiki, etc, are under development, which have the common characteristics such as typing/annotating of links, context-aware presentation, enhanced navigation, semantic search, and reasoning support, etc. Integrating the semantic plug-in into Wiki platform can easily implement the simple functions of semantic retrieval through semantic annotation of the content, but still has problems such as the inconsistent description of links types and attributes, and the ambiguity of semantic information. To address such issues, we proposed a semantic model based on domain knowledge element ontology, in an attempt to integrate controlled semantic into Wiki system, and to expand and optimize the semantic function of academic Wiki platform through the core modules of human-computer interaction, knowledge element extraction, semantic map generation and reasoning support. Besides, the academic Wiki platform can also integrate RSS and Tag technologies to provide personalized service for users.
The content management of academic Wiki platform was discussed in chapter four. Maintaining the high quality of items in Wiki knowledge base along with the growth in quantity, is crucial for the healthy and consistent development of academic Wiki platform. Based on the analysis of content management strategies adopted by the common Wiki platforms such as Wikipedia and Baidupedia, and combined with the practice of academic field, we proposed several tactics for content management. Firstly, read/write control of content is based on authority management. Academic Wiki platform has target user groups that focus on different research topics. In order to meet users'special needs for professional content organization, restrictive access, and independent audit, we selected the model of Role Based Access Control (RBAC) to construct the framework of the academic Wiki platform and to implement the authority management to control read/write of content. Secondly, content copyrights are protected based on open authorization protocols. We overviewed the concepts and essentials of the Copyleft, and discussed the compatibility and platform applicability of the major open authorization protocols. By adopting these accepted open authorization protocols such as GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons, academic Wiki platform can not only clearly determine the authorships in the network environment but also reduce the costs of knowledge producing and enrich available public resource, which in turn promotes knowledge sharing and innovation. Thirdly, the promotion of content quality is based on the related rules. The contents of Wiki knowledge base belong to public web-based academic resources which can be accessed publicly via Internet from anywhere. Referring to the standards of web information evaluation, we proposed standards on the accuracy, timeliness, objectivity, and integrity of Wiki platform contents, in order to keep its high quality.
Chapter five focuses on the aspect of community construction. Stimulating the enthusiasm of participants and sustaining the persistent knowledge sharing and innovation activity is the only way to keep the academic Wiki platform running normally. Based on the communication activity, knowledge level and expression capability, community users can be assigned different roles such as leader, supporter, browser, and interrupter etc, with the aim of transforming the Wiki community users from knowledge consumer to producer. Based on Bandura's social cognitive theory and from the aspects of community environment and user cognitive, we identified several factors that influence the knowledge sharing activity of community users, which includes the technical mechanism of academic Wiki community, organization culture, self-efficacy of user knowledge sharing activity, and outcome expectancy of knowledge sharing activity of community users. We further proposed a series of measures to promote users'knowledge sharing behavior, such as optimizing information technology facilities, introducing effective incentive mechanisms, and developing cultural atmosphere for knowledge sharing. In addition, trust is the critical issue of community construction, and is relative to users'reputation. The user reputation evaluation system adopts either a user-based or a content-based model and generally consists of three modules including events monitoring, index analysis, and application strategy. Based on the general model and common framework, and combined with the characteristics of Wiki system, we proposed a new reputation evaluation system named user-content driven model, aiming at developing a better trust environment to encourage Wiki users to contribute high quality content persistently.
In chapter six, OpenWetWare and WikiGenes were selected for case studies of academic Wiki platform. From a technical and functional viewpoint, we discussed the promotion and support effects of these two Wiki platforms in their respective academic fields.Besides,we also summarized the characteristics and limitations of the chosen academic Wiki platforms, and pinpointed the problems waiting to be solved.
In the end, we summarized the limitations of our research and pointed out the perspectives of application of academic Wiki platform in knowledge innovation.
This dissertation presented the major research achievements of project "Research on Wiki-based knowledge sharing and innovation service system", which is supported by the National Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation (Grant No.07BTQ012).
本论文的基本思路是从系统分析Wiki对学术知识创新的支撑优势出发,以用户为中心,以用户的特定需求为导向,将重点放在学术Wiki平台的构建实现上,着重从平台技术、内容管理和社群建设三个方面详细阐述。文中附图60幅,表12个。全文约15万字,共分为6个部分,主要内容如下：
第1部分解析了Wiki的基础理论和技术。Wiki的产生与广泛应用是开源理念的普及延伸、社会性软件的不断发展和信息共享的模式演化引起的。从技术层面分析,Wiki由内容、模板、Wiki引擎和Wiki页面四个基本要素组成,大多具有创建链接、页面锁定、版本控制、沙箱测试等基本功能。作为一种Web应用程序,Wiki的特色主要体现在页面编辑中使用特有的Wiki标记语言及在线版本管理,能够支持多个终端用户对Web页面的协同编辑。虽然Wiki采用的具体技术没有特别的创新之处,但这些技术的综合不仅蕴含了自由、开放、共享、协作的理念,而且变革了传统的知识生产和信息组织方式。Wiki提供的全新的知识生产规模合作模式,是长尾效应在知识生产领域的集中体现；此外,Wiki系统具备完备的耗散结构特征和协同效应,其中的知识信息更多的是通过自组织而非他组织的方式来实现有序化的。从1995年WikiWikiWeb的出现到现今各种各样的Wiki引擎版本,Wiki系统的技术成熟度和大众关注度不断提升,在国外的诸多领域已得到了普及应用,在我国尽管发展比较迟缓,但也逐步由实验阶段进入多元化发展的新阶段。
第2部分探讨了Wiki与学术知识创新的契合性。学术知识创新主要指大学和科研机构中从事的知识创新活动,在分类上隶属职业知识创新,在过程上包括知识创造和知识应用两个阶段。知识交流和共享作为学术知识创新的前提,经历了从传统科学交流到网络环境下科学交流的模式变迁,具有交互协同的趋势；而学科内、跨学科协作研究的内在需要和网络新技术产生及广泛应用的外在驱动,也促使学术知识创新的模式逐步向网络协同方向发展。与基于异步协同的Blog系统、基于实时协同的P2P系统和基于协同过滤的推荐系统等诸多网络协同工具相比,Wiki在支持学术知识创新方面具有独特的优势。Wiki倡导集体智慧、协同创作的理念,与知识协同思想相契合；Wiki采用的以自组织和非线性为主要特点的知识链接机制,可以有效促进知识网络的构建；Wiki平台可视为一个空间或场所,其分享与参与的架构为网络头脑风暴的实现提供了可能；此外,Wiki社群用户在协作的基础上围绕着共同关注的问题能够自发形成多个科学共同体,提升知识创新的效率。根据Wiki平台中知识创新活动开展的过程流和知识流,基于Wiki的学术知识创新机制可具体归纳为如下四种：知识发布机制,知识共享机制,知识整合机制和知识反馈机制。
第3部分从系统技术的角度对学术Wiki平台进行研究。Wiki系统是社群用户间协作的基础,也是内容组织和存储的基础。基于客观明确的需求分析,并结合对当前流行Wiki引擎的评估比较,可选取适合的开源Wiki引擎搭建学术Wiki平台。但传统Wiki系统中的知识信息大多用自然语言描述,缺少结构,不支持重用和结构化的信息检索,因此并不能够被用户有效的管理和利用。而将RDF、OWL、主题图或概念图等语义网相关技术融入传统Wiki系统,通过语义标注的方式,则可以实现高效的检索、导航,以及内容的整合与集成。现今语义Wiki是国外研究的热点和难点,开发中的语义Wiki原型系统主要有Platypus Wiki、IkeWiki、WikSAR、SemperWiki和Semantic MediaWiki等,普遍具有链接标注、上下文感知的表达、增强的导航功能、语义检索和支持推理等共同特征。在学术Wiki平台中添加语义插件,对内容进行语义标注后即可简单实现语义检索等基本功能,但仍存在链接或属性类型描述不一致、语义信息呈现不明晰等问题。对此,本部分提出一种基于领域知识元本体的语义模型,尝试将受控语义和Wiki开放系统相融合,通过人机交互、知识元抽取、语义地图生成和关联推理等核心功能模块来实现学术Wiki平台语义功能的扩展和优化。此外,为了更好地满足用户的需求,学术Wiki平台可集成RSS技术和Tag技术来提供基于用户协作的个性化定制服务。
第4部分从内容管理的角度对学术Wiki平台进行研究。为了使Wiki知识库中的条目在数量增长的同时保持较高的质量,保障学术Wiki平台的持续稳定发展,本部分在评析维基百科和百度百科等通用Wiki平台内容管理策略的基础上,结合学术领域的应用实际,提出如下内容管理措施：其一,基于权限管理的内容读写控制。学术Wiki平台具有专注于不同研究领域的明确的目标用户群体。为了满足用户对内容组织上的专业性、访问上的限制性和审核上的分权性等特定需求,通过分析比较经典访问控制模型的适用性,本部分选取RBAC模型进行学术Wiki平台权限框架的建构及权限管理的实现,以达到内容读写可控的目的。其二,基于开放式授权的内容版权保护。在阐释Copyleft的内涵及理念的基础上,探讨了主要的开放式授权协议的兼容性和平台适用性。学术Wiki平台可采用GNU自由文档许可证和知识共享协议等较为成熟的开放式授权协议,既能明晰网络著作权关系,又能降低知识生产成本,充实公共域可用资源,从而鼓励知识共享和创新。其三,基于相关规则的内容质量提升。Wiki知识库中的内容属于可公共获取的网络开放学术信息资源,在参考网络信息资源评价标准的基础上,本部分从准确性、时效性、客观性和完整性等方面制定了相关规则以提升学术Wiki平台的信息内容质量。
第5部分从社群建设的角度对学术Wiki平台进行研究。只有激发社群用户的参与创作热情,进行持续的知识共享与创新活动,才能保障学术Wiki平台的正常运行。根据社群用户参与互动程度、知识水平和表达能力的不同,可将其分为成员领袖、呼应者、浏览者、干扰者等角色类型,而社群建设的目的是促使用户从知识消费者社群向知识生产者社群转化。本部分基于班杜拉社会认知论的三方互惠决定模型,从社区环境和用户主体认知两个方面着手,分析出影响社群用户知识共享行为的因素主要包括学术Wiki社区的技术机制、组织文化,社群用户知识共享的自我效能感,以及社群用户对知识共享行为的结果预期。进而提出完善信息技术设施、建立有效的激励机制、逐步营造良好的文化氛围等策略以促进社群用户的知识共享行为。此外,信任是社群建设的关键性问题,而信任与用户信誉是密切相关的。用户信誉评价体系一般由事件监控、指标分析及应用策略三个模块构成,主要存在用户驱动和内容驱动两类评价模型。本部分在参考通用架构和一般模型的基础上,结合Wiki系统自身的特点,将用户-内容驱动相结合的信誉评价机制引入学术Wiki平台的建设中,以营造更好的信任环境,同时作为一种激励机制,鼓励用户持续贡献高质量的内容。
第6部分结合学术Wiki平台的实践进行案例分析。本部分选取了应用于学术领域的具有典型代表性的OpenWetWare和WikiGenes两个Wiki平台作为案例,从技术特征和功能特征的角度详细阐述了各自对学术知识创新的支撑与促进,并加以实例证明。此外,总结归纳了学术Wiki平台的特色与不足,指出尚待解决的问题。
最后对本文进行了总结,指出了研究中存在的不足之处,并对面向知识创新的学术Wiki平台的发展进行了展望。
本文系国家社会科学基金项目“基于Wiki的知识共享与创新服务系统实现研究”(项目批准号07BTQ012)的主要研究成果。
As the core of scientific development, knowledge innovation has become the essential impetus for economic growth and social development. Digital research environment, characterized by its openness, cooperativeness and shareability, is the prerequisite for knowledge innovation and provides the basis for innovative works in universities and research institutions. Web 2.0-based Wiki system supports network collaboration and has obvious advantages in information sharing and knowledge innovation. Therefore, application of Wiki technology in academic field, such as constructing integrated Wiki platform for academic community, can become an indispensable part of digital research environment to promote academic knowledge innovation.
From a user-centric point of view, this dissertation presented a systematic analysis of the impact of Wiki on knowledge innovation, with the focus on construction of academic Wiki platform. Various aspects of platform construction, including platform technology, content management, and community construction, have been discussed in detail. The dissertation has six chapters, with 150,000 words,60 figures and 12 tables.
In the first chapter, we reviewed the fundamental theory and technology of Wiki. The ultimate impetus of the development of Wiki is attributed to the concept of open source, social software and the changes in information sharing pattern. At technical level, Wiki is composed of four essential elements:contents, templates, Wiki engines and pages, with basic functions such as creating links, locking pages, revision control and sandbox testing etc. As a web application software, Wiki is characterized by its unique markup language and online revision management, which supports multiple end users editing Wiki pages cooperatively. Although no innovative technologies have been adopted by Wiki, the integration of these technologies develops concepts of freedom, openness, sharing and cooperativeness, which revolutionizes the traditional patterns of knowledge production and information organization and embodies the long tail effect of knowledge production. Moreover, as a system with dissipative structure and synergistic effect, the contents of Wiki are ordered mainly through self-organization rather than hetero-organization. From the appearance of WikiWikiWeb in 1995, various editions of Wiki engine have been developed, which promote the maturity and visibility of Wiki system, as well as the application of Wiki in many fields. Compared to overseas, Wiki is developing at a relatively slow pace in China, and is now entering the stage of diversification development.
The connection between Wiki and academic knowledge innovation was analyzed in chapter two. Academic knowledge innovation is mainly about the knowledge innovating activities in universities and research institutions, which is classified as the professional knowledge innovation and consisted of two stages including knowledge creation and knowledge application. Knowledge communication and sharing, which is transformed from traditional pattern to network pattern with a trend of interaction and cooperativeness, is the premise of academic knowledge innovation; the intrinsic needs of interdisciplinary research and the external impetus of generation and application of new network technologies is also driving the transformation of the pattern of academic knowledge innovation. Compared with the other network cooperative tools such as Blogs, P2P and collaborative recommendation systems, Wiki has special advantages in supporting the academic knowledge innovation. Firstly, Wiki advocates the concept of group wisdom and collaborative creation, which is in accordance with the idea of knowledge synergy. Secondly, Wiki uses the mechanism of knowledge linking, which is characterized by self-organization and nonlinearity, to promote the construction of knowledge network. Thirdly, Wiki platform can be viewed as a space or a location with sharing and participative architecture for implementation of brainstorming in network environment. Fourthly, the Wiki users can spontaneously form various scientific communities focusing on the problems of common interests, which promotes the efficiency of knowledge innovation. According to the knowledge flow and the process of knowledge innovation activities, we divided the Wiki-based academic knowledge innovation into four categories:knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge integration and knowledge feedback.
The system technical aspect of academic Wiki platform was discussed in chapter three. Wiki system provides the basis for user collaboration, content organization and storage. Based on the analysis of objective requirements, and the evaluation of the popular Wiki engines, we intended to select the suitable open source Wiki engines to construct academic Wiki platform.However, most knowledge and information in traditional Wiki systems is described in natural languages, which lacks structure to support reusing and structured information retrieval, and is difficult to be effectively managed and utilized by users.Combining semantic web technologies such as RDF, OWL, topic map and concept map with traditional Wiki system, through the way of semantic annotation, can highly efficiently realize content retrieval, navigation, and integration. Nowadays, semantic Wiki is a hot issue in Wiki research overseas, several prototype systems, including Platypus Wiki, IkeWiki, WikSAR, SemperWiki, Semantic MediaWiki, etc, are under development, which have the common characteristics such as typing/annotating of links, context-aware presentation, enhanced navigation, semantic search, and reasoning support, etc. Integrating the semantic plug-in into Wiki platform can easily implement the simple functions of semantic retrieval through semantic annotation of the content, but still has problems such as the inconsistent description of links types and attributes, and the ambiguity of semantic information. To address such issues, we proposed a semantic model based on domain knowledge element ontology, in an attempt to integrate controlled semantic into Wiki system, and to expand and optimize the semantic function of academic Wiki platform through the core modules of human-computer interaction, knowledge element extraction, semantic map generation and reasoning support. Besides, the academic Wiki platform can also integrate RSS and Tag technologies to provide personalized service for users.
The content management of academic Wiki platform was discussed in chapter four. Maintaining the high quality of items in Wiki knowledge base along with the growth in quantity, is crucial for the healthy and consistent development of academic Wiki platform. Based on the analysis of content management strategies adopted by the common Wiki platforms such as Wikipedia and Baidupedia, and combined with the practice of academic field, we proposed several tactics for content management. Firstly, read/write control of content is based on authority management. Academic Wiki platform has target user groups that focus on different research topics. In order to meet users'special needs for professional content organization, restrictive access, and independent audit, we selected the model of Role Based Access Control (RBAC) to construct the framework of the academic Wiki platform and to implement the authority management to control read/write of content. Secondly, content copyrights are protected based on open authorization protocols. We overviewed the concepts and essentials of the Copyleft, and discussed the compatibility and platform applicability of the major open authorization protocols. By adopting these accepted open authorization protocols such as GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons, academic Wiki platform can not only clearly determine the authorships in the network environment but also reduce the costs of knowledge producing and enrich available public resource, which in turn promotes knowledge sharing and innovation. Thirdly, the promotion of content quality is based on the related rules. The contents of Wiki knowledge base belong to public web-based academic resources which can be accessed publicly via Internet from anywhere. Referring to the standards of web information evaluation, we proposed standards on the accuracy, timeliness, objectivity, and integrity of Wiki platform contents, in order to keep its high quality.
Chapter five focuses on the aspect of community construction. Stimulating the enthusiasm of participants and sustaining the persistent knowledge sharing and innovation activity is the only way to keep the academic Wiki platform running normally. Based on the communication activity, knowledge level and expression capability, community users can be assigned different roles such as leader, supporter, browser, and interrupter etc, with the aim of transforming the Wiki community users from knowledge consumer to producer. Based on Bandura's social cognitive theory and from the aspects of community environment and user cognitive, we identified several factors that influence the knowledge sharing activity of community users, which includes the technical mechanism of academic Wiki community, organization culture, self-efficacy of user knowledge sharing activity, and outcome expectancy of knowledge sharing activity of community users. We further proposed a series of measures to promote users'knowledge sharing behavior, such as optimizing information technology facilities, introducing effective incentive mechanisms, and developing cultural atmosphere for knowledge sharing. In addition, trust is the critical issue of community construction, and is relative to users'reputation. The user reputation evaluation system adopts either a user-based or a content-based model and generally consists of three modules including events monitoring, index analysis, and application strategy. Based on the general model and common framework, and combined with the characteristics of Wiki system, we proposed a new reputation evaluation system named user-content driven model, aiming at developing a better trust environment to encourage Wiki users to contribute high quality content persistently.
In chapter six, OpenWetWare and WikiGenes were selected for case studies of academic Wiki platform. From a technical and functional viewpoint, we discussed the promotion and support effects of these two Wiki platforms in their respective academic fields.Besides,we also summarized the characteristics and limitations of the chosen academic Wiki platforms, and pinpointed the problems waiting to be solved.
In the end, we summarized the limitations of our research and pointed out the perspectives of application of academic Wiki platform in knowledge innovation.
This dissertation presented the major research achievements of project "Research on Wiki-based knowledge sharing and innovation service system", which is supported by the National Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation (Grant No.07BTQ012).
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