高产小麦耗水特性和干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的研究
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摘要
1不同品种小麦耗水特性和产量及水分利用效率的差异
供试品种为泰山23(T23)和济麦20(J20)。设置2个水分处理:全生育期不灌水(W0);底水+拔节水+开花水(W1),每次灌水量为60mm。研究了小麦耗水特性和产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果如下:在W0和W1条件下,T23品种的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均高于J20。
1.1不同品种小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的差异
在W0处理条件下,播前至返青期两个品种主要利用了0~80cm土层土壤水分;返青至开花期T23品种利用了80~160cm土层土壤水分,J20利用了80~140cm土层土壤水分;开花至成熟期T23主要利用了160~200cm土层土壤水分,J20主要利用了140~200cm土层土壤水分。
在W1处理条件下,播前至返青期两个品种主要利用了0~40cm土层土壤水分;返青至开花期T23利用了40~140cm土层土壤水分,J20利用了40~100cm土层土壤水分;开花至成熟期T23主要利用了80~200cm土层土壤水分,J20主要利用了100~200cm土层土壤水分。
T23品种的0~200cm土层土壤耗水量显著高于J20;对0~200cm各土层分析,在W0处理条件下,T23 40~100cm土层土壤耗水量显著高于J20,100cm以下各土层无显著差异,T23对40~100cm土层土壤水分利用高于J20;在W1处理条件下,T23的60~100cm和120~200cm土层土壤耗水量显著高于J20,对深层(120~200cm)土壤水分的利用能力高于J20。
在W0处理条件下,返青至拔节期两个品种土壤贮水消耗量最大,T23显著高于J20;在W1处理条件下,土壤贮水消耗量最大的时期后移,T23在开花至成熟期最大,J20在拔节至开花期最大,T23土壤贮水消耗量高于J20,对土壤水的利用能力高。
播种至冬前期的耗水量,在W0和W1处理条件下T23品种比J20分别低7.42%和42.32%,在开花至成熟期耗水量分别高10.27%和13.11%。T23的土壤供水量占耗水量的比例高于J20,降水量占耗水量的比例低于J20;T23对土壤水的利用能力高于J20。
1.2不同品种小麦干物质积累与分配和产量的差异
T23的旗叶衰老缓慢,光合速率、蔗糖含量、干物质积累量和开花后干物质向籽粒的再分配率显著高于J20,T23的籽粒产量亦高于J20。
2水氮互作对高产小麦耗水特性和产量及品质的影响
供试品种泰山23(T23)和济麦20(J20)。采用裂区设计,主区为灌水量,副区为施氮量;设置6个灌水处理:不灌水(W0)、底水(W1)、底水+拔节水(W2)、底水+拔节水+开花水(W3)、底水+冬水+开花水(W4)、底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水(W5),每次灌水60mm;设置2个施氮量处理:N1 180kg/hm2; N2 240kg/hm2。研究了灌水量和施氮量对小麦耗水特性、产量和品质的影响。结果如下:
N1W2处理的水分利用效率和产量高于其他处理,品质较优。
2.1水氮互作对小麦耗水特性的影响
N1W2处理冬前至返青期和返青至拔节期的耗水量高于N1W0处理,低于N1W4和N1W5处理;拔节至开花期的耗水量高于其他处理;开花至成熟期的耗水量低于N1W3、N1W4和N1W5处理。
N1W2处理的农田耗水量低于N1W3、N1W4和N1W5处理,水分利用效率高于上述各处理。在W2处理基础上增加灌水量的N1W3、N1W4和N1W5处理,灌水量占耗水量比例提高,土壤供水量占比例降低,不利于提高水分利用效率。
2.2水氮互作对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响
N1W2处理J20品种开花前贮存在营养器官中的干物质开花后向籽粒的再分配量和再分配率高于其他处理, T23籽粒中来自花后积累干物质的比例高于其他处理,两个品种均获得高产。
2.3水氮互作对小麦植株氮素吸收、转运和分配及氮素利用效率的影响
N1W2和N1W3处理的成熟期籽粒氮素积累量和氮素转运量高于其他处理,N1W0和灌水量多的处理均不利于氮素向籽粒的转运;两个品种N1W2处理面粉吸水速率、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和沉降值高于其他处理。
两个品种在N2处理条件下,各灌水处理的产量和水分利用率均和N1处理中的各相应灌水处理无显著差异。
3灌水时期和数量对高产小麦耗水特性和产量及品质的影响
供试品种济麦22(J22)。设置5个灌水处理:全生育期不灌水(W0);底水(W1);底水+拔节水(W2);底水+拔节水+开花水(W3);底水+开花水(W4),每次灌水量为60mm。研究了公顷产9000kg条件下小麦的耗水特性和干物质与氮素的积累与分配规律。结果如下:
W2处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率高于其他灌水处理、品质较优。
3.1灌水时期和数量对高产小麦耗水特性和产量的影响
W2处理在拔节期,0~20、20~60、60~100、100~140和140~200cm土层的土壤含水量分别为19.50%、19.40%、18.95%、19.45%和21.93%;拔节期补充60mm灌水,拔节至开花期降水19.9 mm,开花期上述各土层土壤含水量分别为19.00%、17.90%、17.60%、20.05%和21.90%;开花至成熟期降水107.5mm,成熟期上述各土层的土壤含水量分别为15.77%、15.05%、14.33%、13.38%和15.89%。
W2处理的农田耗水量为520.73 mm,降水量、灌水量和土壤供水量分别占农田耗水量的比例分别为47.32%、23.04%和29.64%,土壤供水量占农田耗水量的比例高于W3和W4处理。W2处理增加了拔节至开花期的耗水量,返青至拔节期的耗水量低于W0处理,开花至成熟期的耗水量高于W0和W1处理,低于W3和W4处理。W2处理的产量和水分利用效率均高于其他灌水处理。
3.2灌水时期和数量对小麦植株氮素转运和分配及品质的影响
W2处理植株氮素积累量、氮素吸收效率和氮素收获指数最高;湿面筋含量、吸水速率、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间均高于其他灌水处理,籽粒品质较优。
3.3灌水时期和数量对土壤氮素淋溶的影响
灌水促进了氮素向深层土壤的运移,W2处理在1m以下土层硝态氮含量低于W3、W4处理,说明该处理氮素向深层土壤淋溶少。
1 Differences of water consumption characteristic and grain yield and WUE between different wheat cultivars
Differences of water consumption characteristic and water use efficiency (WUE) between different wheat cultivars was studied by using two wheat cultivars including Taishan 23(T23) which with medium gluten and Jimai 20(J20) which with strong gluten. Setting up two treatments including no irrigation (W0), and irrigated before sowing, at jointing and anthesis stage (W1). Each irrigation received 60 mm water. The principal results were as follows.
Under the treatments W0 and W1, the grain yield and WUE of T23 were significantly higher than that of J20.
1.1 Differences of water consumption characteristic and WUE between different wheat cultivars
Under the treatment W0, the two wheat cultivars were mainly using the soil moisture of 0~80cm soil layers from sowing to revival. From revival to anthesis, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~160cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~140cm soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 160~200cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 140~200cm soil layers.
Under the treatment W1, the two wheat cultivars were mainly using the soil moisture of 0~40cm soil layers from sowing to revival. From revival to anthesis, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 40~140cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 40~100cm soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~200cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 100~200cm soil layers.
The soil consumption amount in 0~200cm of T23 was significantly higher than that of J20. Analysis of every soil layer in 0~200cm, the soil consumption amount in 40~100cm of T23 was higher than that of J20, there was no significant change in 100~200cm soil layers for the both wheat cultivars under the treatment W0. The soil consumption amount in 60~100cm and 120~200cm of T23 was higher than that of J20, so T23 could use the soil moisture of more deeper soil layers(120~200cm) under the treatment W1.
The soil consumption amount was the highest from revival to jointing for the two wheat cultivars under the treatment W0. Under the treatment W1, the stages from anthesis to maturity of T23 and from jointing to anthesis of J20 were the highest stage of soil consumption amount. The soil consumption amount of T23 was higher than that of J20, so T23 had higher ability utilizing the soil moisture than J20.
Under the treatments W0 and W1, water consumption amount of T23 was lower 7.42% and 42.32% respectively than that of J20 from sowing to pre- wintering, but it was higher 10.27% and 13.11% respectively from anthesis to maturity. The water consumption amount and the ratio of soil water amount on water consumption amount of T23 were higher than J20, the ratio of precipitation on water consumption amount of T23 was lower than J20 under both W0 and W1 treatments. There was no significant difference for the ratio of irrigation on water consumption amount between T23 and J20 under the treatment W1. So T23 had higher ability utilizing the soil moisture than J20.
1.2 Differences of dry matter accumulation and grain yield between different wheat cultivars
The senescence speed of flag leaf with T23 was slower than that of J20. The photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, dry matter accumulation amount and dry matter redistribution ratio to kernel after anthesis of T23 were significantly higher than J20 under the treatments W0 and W1. The yield of T23 was higher than that of J20.
2 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality
Cultivar Taishan 23 (T23), a middle gluten winter wheat cultivar and cultivar Jimai 20 (J20),a strong gluten winter wheat cultivar were used. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design. Main-plot treatments were irrigation rate, consisting of no irrigation (W0), irrigation applied before sowing (W1), before sowing and jointing stage (W2), irrigation applied before sowing, jointing stage and anthesis (W3), irrigation applied before sowing, pre-wintering stage and anthesis (W4), irrigation applied before sowing, pre-wintering stage, jointing and anthesis stage (W5), each irrigation received 60mm water. Sub-plot treatments were nitrogen application rate, consisting of 180kg N·hm-2 (N1) and 240kg N·hm-2 (N2). Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality were studied in this experiment. The principal results were as follows.
The WUE and grain yield of treatment N1W2 were higher than other treatments, the quality of treatment N1W2 was better.
2.1 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic
The water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 from pre-wintering to jointing was higher than that of treatment N1W0, but was lower than that of N1W4 and N1W5. From jointing to anthesis, the water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was higher than that of other treatments. And from anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was lower than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5.
Water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was lower than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5, but the WUE of treatment N1W2 was higher than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5. Based on the treatment of W2, the treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5 were irrigated more water, their ratio of irrigation amount on water consumption amount increased, the ratio of soil water amount on water consumption amount decreased, which were unfavorable improvement of WUE.
2.2 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on dry matter accumulation and distribution
Under the treatment of N1W2, dry matter redistribution amount after anthesis and dry matter redistribution ratio after anthesis of J20 were higher than that of other treatments, and contribution of dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis to kernels of T23 was also higher than that of other treatments. Both T23 and J20 could achieve high yield under the treatment of N1W2.
2.3 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on nitrogen absorption, translation, distribution and nitrogen use efficiency
Nitrogen accumulation amount of kernel at maturity and nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organ to kernel of treatments N1W2 and N1W3 were higher than other treatments. The treatment N1W0 and treatments that irrigated more water were unfavorable the nitrogen translocation from vegetative organ to kernel. Under the treatment N1W2, water absorption, wet gluten content, dough stability time and sedimentation volume of both T23 and J20 were higher than other treatments.
Compared with treatment N1, there was no significant difference in grain yield and WUE among irrigated treatments in treatment N2 both T23 and J20.
3 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality in high-yielding wheat
Cultivar Jimai 22 (J22),a middle gluten winter wheat cultivar was used. Five treatments were included: no irrigation (W0); irrigation before sowing (W1); irrigation before sowing and jointing stage (W2); irrigation before sowing, jointing and anthesis stage (W3); irrigation before sowing and anthesis stage (W4). Each irrigation received 60mm water. Effects of the quantity and period of irrigation on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality in high-yielding wheat were studied in this experiment. The principal results were as follows.
The WUE and grain yield of treatment W2 were higher than other irrigation treatments, the quality of treatment W2 was better.
3.1 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on water consumption characteristic and yield in high-yielding wheat
According to the developing rule of wheat root, soil layer of 0~200cm were divided into 5 layers, 0~20cm, 20~60cm, 60~100cm, 100~140cm and 140~200cm. Soil moisture content of treatment W2 in 0~20cm, 20~60cm, 60~100cm, 100~140cm and 140~200cm soil layer were 19.50%, 19.40%, 18.95%, 19.45% and 21.93% respectively at jointing period. When it was irrigated 60mm water and the precipitation was 19.9mm from jointing to anthesis, soil moisture content of the 5 layers were 19.00%, 17.90%, 17.60%, 20.05% and 21.90% at anthesis period. At maturity, soil moisture content of treatment W2 in the 5 layers were 15.77%, 15.05%, 14.33%, 13.38% and 15.89% respectively, when the precipitation was 107.5mm from anthesis to maturity.
Water consumption amount of treatment W2, which got the highest grain yield was 520.73mm, the contribution rate of precipitation, irrigation amount and soil water amount to water consumption amount were 47.32%, 23.04% and 29.64% respectively. The proportion of soil water amount to water consumption amount of treatment W2 was higher than that of treatment W3 and W4. The water consumption amount of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W0 from revival to jointing, but it was higher than that of treatments W0 and W1 from jointing to anthesis. From anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W3 and W4 but it was higher than that of treatments W0 and W1. Both the WUE of yield and WUE of irrigation of treatment were higher than other irrigation treatments.
3.2 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on nitrogen translation, distribution and grain quality in high-yielding wheat
Nitrogen accumulation rate of plant, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of treatment W2 were the highest among the different irrigation treatments. Its wet gluten content, water absorption, dough stability time and dough developing time were higher than other irrigation treatments. The quality of treatment W2 was better.
3.2 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on soil nitrate leaching
Irrigation promoted the soil NO3-N to move in deeper soil layers. The soil NO3-N content of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W3 and W4 in the soil layers below 1m, which indicated treatment W2 reduce N leaching loss.
供试品种为泰山23(T23)和济麦20(J20)。设置2个水分处理:全生育期不灌水(W0);底水+拔节水+开花水(W1),每次灌水量为60mm。研究了小麦耗水特性和产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果如下:在W0和W1条件下,T23品种的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均高于J20。
1.1不同品种小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的差异
在W0处理条件下,播前至返青期两个品种主要利用了0~80cm土层土壤水分;返青至开花期T23品种利用了80~160cm土层土壤水分,J20利用了80~140cm土层土壤水分;开花至成熟期T23主要利用了160~200cm土层土壤水分,J20主要利用了140~200cm土层土壤水分。
在W1处理条件下,播前至返青期两个品种主要利用了0~40cm土层土壤水分;返青至开花期T23利用了40~140cm土层土壤水分,J20利用了40~100cm土层土壤水分;开花至成熟期T23主要利用了80~200cm土层土壤水分,J20主要利用了100~200cm土层土壤水分。
T23品种的0~200cm土层土壤耗水量显著高于J20;对0~200cm各土层分析,在W0处理条件下,T23 40~100cm土层土壤耗水量显著高于J20,100cm以下各土层无显著差异,T23对40~100cm土层土壤水分利用高于J20;在W1处理条件下,T23的60~100cm和120~200cm土层土壤耗水量显著高于J20,对深层(120~200cm)土壤水分的利用能力高于J20。
在W0处理条件下,返青至拔节期两个品种土壤贮水消耗量最大,T23显著高于J20;在W1处理条件下,土壤贮水消耗量最大的时期后移,T23在开花至成熟期最大,J20在拔节至开花期最大,T23土壤贮水消耗量高于J20,对土壤水的利用能力高。
播种至冬前期的耗水量,在W0和W1处理条件下T23品种比J20分别低7.42%和42.32%,在开花至成熟期耗水量分别高10.27%和13.11%。T23的土壤供水量占耗水量的比例高于J20,降水量占耗水量的比例低于J20;T23对土壤水的利用能力高于J20。
1.2不同品种小麦干物质积累与分配和产量的差异
T23的旗叶衰老缓慢,光合速率、蔗糖含量、干物质积累量和开花后干物质向籽粒的再分配率显著高于J20,T23的籽粒产量亦高于J20。
2水氮互作对高产小麦耗水特性和产量及品质的影响
供试品种泰山23(T23)和济麦20(J20)。采用裂区设计,主区为灌水量,副区为施氮量;设置6个灌水处理:不灌水(W0)、底水(W1)、底水+拔节水(W2)、底水+拔节水+开花水(W3)、底水+冬水+开花水(W4)、底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水(W5),每次灌水60mm;设置2个施氮量处理:N1 180kg/hm2; N2 240kg/hm2。研究了灌水量和施氮量对小麦耗水特性、产量和品质的影响。结果如下:
N1W2处理的水分利用效率和产量高于其他处理,品质较优。
2.1水氮互作对小麦耗水特性的影响
N1W2处理冬前至返青期和返青至拔节期的耗水量高于N1W0处理,低于N1W4和N1W5处理;拔节至开花期的耗水量高于其他处理;开花至成熟期的耗水量低于N1W3、N1W4和N1W5处理。
N1W2处理的农田耗水量低于N1W3、N1W4和N1W5处理,水分利用效率高于上述各处理。在W2处理基础上增加灌水量的N1W3、N1W4和N1W5处理,灌水量占耗水量比例提高,土壤供水量占比例降低,不利于提高水分利用效率。
2.2水氮互作对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响
N1W2处理J20品种开花前贮存在营养器官中的干物质开花后向籽粒的再分配量和再分配率高于其他处理, T23籽粒中来自花后积累干物质的比例高于其他处理,两个品种均获得高产。
2.3水氮互作对小麦植株氮素吸收、转运和分配及氮素利用效率的影响
N1W2和N1W3处理的成熟期籽粒氮素积累量和氮素转运量高于其他处理,N1W0和灌水量多的处理均不利于氮素向籽粒的转运;两个品种N1W2处理面粉吸水速率、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和沉降值高于其他处理。
两个品种在N2处理条件下,各灌水处理的产量和水分利用率均和N1处理中的各相应灌水处理无显著差异。
3灌水时期和数量对高产小麦耗水特性和产量及品质的影响
供试品种济麦22(J22)。设置5个灌水处理:全生育期不灌水(W0);底水(W1);底水+拔节水(W2);底水+拔节水+开花水(W3);底水+开花水(W4),每次灌水量为60mm。研究了公顷产9000kg条件下小麦的耗水特性和干物质与氮素的积累与分配规律。结果如下:
W2处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率高于其他灌水处理、品质较优。
3.1灌水时期和数量对高产小麦耗水特性和产量的影响
W2处理在拔节期,0~20、20~60、60~100、100~140和140~200cm土层的土壤含水量分别为19.50%、19.40%、18.95%、19.45%和21.93%;拔节期补充60mm灌水,拔节至开花期降水19.9 mm,开花期上述各土层土壤含水量分别为19.00%、17.90%、17.60%、20.05%和21.90%;开花至成熟期降水107.5mm,成熟期上述各土层的土壤含水量分别为15.77%、15.05%、14.33%、13.38%和15.89%。
W2处理的农田耗水量为520.73 mm,降水量、灌水量和土壤供水量分别占农田耗水量的比例分别为47.32%、23.04%和29.64%,土壤供水量占农田耗水量的比例高于W3和W4处理。W2处理增加了拔节至开花期的耗水量,返青至拔节期的耗水量低于W0处理,开花至成熟期的耗水量高于W0和W1处理,低于W3和W4处理。W2处理的产量和水分利用效率均高于其他灌水处理。
3.2灌水时期和数量对小麦植株氮素转运和分配及品质的影响
W2处理植株氮素积累量、氮素吸收效率和氮素收获指数最高;湿面筋含量、吸水速率、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间均高于其他灌水处理,籽粒品质较优。
3.3灌水时期和数量对土壤氮素淋溶的影响
灌水促进了氮素向深层土壤的运移,W2处理在1m以下土层硝态氮含量低于W3、W4处理,说明该处理氮素向深层土壤淋溶少。
1 Differences of water consumption characteristic and grain yield and WUE between different wheat cultivars
Differences of water consumption characteristic and water use efficiency (WUE) between different wheat cultivars was studied by using two wheat cultivars including Taishan 23(T23) which with medium gluten and Jimai 20(J20) which with strong gluten. Setting up two treatments including no irrigation (W0), and irrigated before sowing, at jointing and anthesis stage (W1). Each irrigation received 60 mm water. The principal results were as follows.
Under the treatments W0 and W1, the grain yield and WUE of T23 were significantly higher than that of J20.
1.1 Differences of water consumption characteristic and WUE between different wheat cultivars
Under the treatment W0, the two wheat cultivars were mainly using the soil moisture of 0~80cm soil layers from sowing to revival. From revival to anthesis, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~160cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~140cm soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 160~200cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 140~200cm soil layers.
Under the treatment W1, the two wheat cultivars were mainly using the soil moisture of 0~40cm soil layers from sowing to revival. From revival to anthesis, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 40~140cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 40~100cm soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, T23 was mainly using the soil moisture of 80~200cm soil layers, but J20 was mainly using the soil moisture of 100~200cm soil layers.
The soil consumption amount in 0~200cm of T23 was significantly higher than that of J20. Analysis of every soil layer in 0~200cm, the soil consumption amount in 40~100cm of T23 was higher than that of J20, there was no significant change in 100~200cm soil layers for the both wheat cultivars under the treatment W0. The soil consumption amount in 60~100cm and 120~200cm of T23 was higher than that of J20, so T23 could use the soil moisture of more deeper soil layers(120~200cm) under the treatment W1.
The soil consumption amount was the highest from revival to jointing for the two wheat cultivars under the treatment W0. Under the treatment W1, the stages from anthesis to maturity of T23 and from jointing to anthesis of J20 were the highest stage of soil consumption amount. The soil consumption amount of T23 was higher than that of J20, so T23 had higher ability utilizing the soil moisture than J20.
Under the treatments W0 and W1, water consumption amount of T23 was lower 7.42% and 42.32% respectively than that of J20 from sowing to pre- wintering, but it was higher 10.27% and 13.11% respectively from anthesis to maturity. The water consumption amount and the ratio of soil water amount on water consumption amount of T23 were higher than J20, the ratio of precipitation on water consumption amount of T23 was lower than J20 under both W0 and W1 treatments. There was no significant difference for the ratio of irrigation on water consumption amount between T23 and J20 under the treatment W1. So T23 had higher ability utilizing the soil moisture than J20.
1.2 Differences of dry matter accumulation and grain yield between different wheat cultivars
The senescence speed of flag leaf with T23 was slower than that of J20. The photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, dry matter accumulation amount and dry matter redistribution ratio to kernel after anthesis of T23 were significantly higher than J20 under the treatments W0 and W1. The yield of T23 was higher than that of J20.
2 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality
Cultivar Taishan 23 (T23), a middle gluten winter wheat cultivar and cultivar Jimai 20 (J20),a strong gluten winter wheat cultivar were used. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design. Main-plot treatments were irrigation rate, consisting of no irrigation (W0), irrigation applied before sowing (W1), before sowing and jointing stage (W2), irrigation applied before sowing, jointing stage and anthesis (W3), irrigation applied before sowing, pre-wintering stage and anthesis (W4), irrigation applied before sowing, pre-wintering stage, jointing and anthesis stage (W5), each irrigation received 60mm water. Sub-plot treatments were nitrogen application rate, consisting of 180kg N·hm-2 (N1) and 240kg N·hm-2 (N2). Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality were studied in this experiment. The principal results were as follows.
The WUE and grain yield of treatment N1W2 were higher than other treatments, the quality of treatment N1W2 was better.
2.1 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on water consumption characteristic
The water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 from pre-wintering to jointing was higher than that of treatment N1W0, but was lower than that of N1W4 and N1W5. From jointing to anthesis, the water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was higher than that of other treatments. And from anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was lower than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5.
Water consumption amount of treatment N1W2 was lower than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5, but the WUE of treatment N1W2 was higher than that of treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5. Based on the treatment of W2, the treatments N1W3, N1W4 and N1W5 were irrigated more water, their ratio of irrigation amount on water consumption amount increased, the ratio of soil water amount on water consumption amount decreased, which were unfavorable improvement of WUE.
2.2 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on dry matter accumulation and distribution
Under the treatment of N1W2, dry matter redistribution amount after anthesis and dry matter redistribution ratio after anthesis of J20 were higher than that of other treatments, and contribution of dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis to kernels of T23 was also higher than that of other treatments. Both T23 and J20 could achieve high yield under the treatment of N1W2.
2.3 Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on nitrogen absorption, translation, distribution and nitrogen use efficiency
Nitrogen accumulation amount of kernel at maturity and nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organ to kernel of treatments N1W2 and N1W3 were higher than other treatments. The treatment N1W0 and treatments that irrigated more water were unfavorable the nitrogen translocation from vegetative organ to kernel. Under the treatment N1W2, water absorption, wet gluten content, dough stability time and sedimentation volume of both T23 and J20 were higher than other treatments.
Compared with treatment N1, there was no significant difference in grain yield and WUE among irrigated treatments in treatment N2 both T23 and J20.
3 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality in high-yielding wheat
Cultivar Jimai 22 (J22),a middle gluten winter wheat cultivar was used. Five treatments were included: no irrigation (W0); irrigation before sowing (W1); irrigation before sowing and jointing stage (W2); irrigation before sowing, jointing and anthesis stage (W3); irrigation before sowing and anthesis stage (W4). Each irrigation received 60mm water. Effects of the quantity and period of irrigation on water consumption characteristic, yield and quality in high-yielding wheat were studied in this experiment. The principal results were as follows.
The WUE and grain yield of treatment W2 were higher than other irrigation treatments, the quality of treatment W2 was better.
3.1 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on water consumption characteristic and yield in high-yielding wheat
According to the developing rule of wheat root, soil layer of 0~200cm were divided into 5 layers, 0~20cm, 20~60cm, 60~100cm, 100~140cm and 140~200cm. Soil moisture content of treatment W2 in 0~20cm, 20~60cm, 60~100cm, 100~140cm and 140~200cm soil layer were 19.50%, 19.40%, 18.95%, 19.45% and 21.93% respectively at jointing period. When it was irrigated 60mm water and the precipitation was 19.9mm from jointing to anthesis, soil moisture content of the 5 layers were 19.00%, 17.90%, 17.60%, 20.05% and 21.90% at anthesis period. At maturity, soil moisture content of treatment W2 in the 5 layers were 15.77%, 15.05%, 14.33%, 13.38% and 15.89% respectively, when the precipitation was 107.5mm from anthesis to maturity.
Water consumption amount of treatment W2, which got the highest grain yield was 520.73mm, the contribution rate of precipitation, irrigation amount and soil water amount to water consumption amount were 47.32%, 23.04% and 29.64% respectively. The proportion of soil water amount to water consumption amount of treatment W2 was higher than that of treatment W3 and W4. The water consumption amount of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W0 from revival to jointing, but it was higher than that of treatments W0 and W1 from jointing to anthesis. From anthesis to maturity, the water consumption amount of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W3 and W4 but it was higher than that of treatments W0 and W1. Both the WUE of yield and WUE of irrigation of treatment were higher than other irrigation treatments.
3.2 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on nitrogen translation, distribution and grain quality in high-yielding wheat
Nitrogen accumulation rate of plant, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of treatment W2 were the highest among the different irrigation treatments. Its wet gluten content, water absorption, dough stability time and dough developing time were higher than other irrigation treatments. The quality of treatment W2 was better.
3.2 Effects of the stage and amount of irrigation on soil nitrate leaching
Irrigation promoted the soil NO3-N to move in deeper soil layers. The soil NO3-N content of treatment W2 was lower than that of treatment W3 and W4 in the soil layers below 1m, which indicated treatment W2 reduce N leaching loss.
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