大型锻件高温扩散的理论与实验研究
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摘要
高温扩散是大型锻件生产中的重要环节,源于上世纪70年代。其目的是通过在高温状态下长时间地加热钢锭,减轻或消除钢锭中的枝晶偏析,以提高大锻件产品的性能。尽管高温扩散在我国已有数十年的使用历史,但由于我国采用该技术时可参考的资料非常少,工艺参数的确定缺乏理论分析和实验研究依据。随着我国电力、冶金、石油化工、造船等工业的迅速发展,大锻件的需求量迅速增加,大型锻件出现了产量与产能的严重矛盾。加之来自成本、节能减排政策和环境法规的压力,对高温扩散工艺提出了一系列问题。本文以加氢锻件用2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢为对象,通过理论分析和多种实验,研究了高温扩散对其在不同变形条件下成分分布、组织结构和力学性能的影响规律,给出了一些新的看法和结论。
本文提出了基于偏析比SR的Guass解形式的枝晶偏析均匀化数学模型。用最小二乘实验拟合方法确定了1100oC~1200oC范围内Cr、Mo元素在2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢中的扩散系数,并进一步确定了Cr、Mo元素在1100oC~1200oC范围内的扩散常数和扩散激活能,最终建立了预测2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锭中Cr、Mo元素均匀化程度的数学模型。
本文通过组织实验,细致全面地研究了加热温度、保温时间对2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锭中的树枝晶、枝晶组织、残余奥氏体、显微硬度的影响。基于偏析比SR,依据组织实验结果,建立了制定高温扩散工艺参数的判定准则。
本文通过力学性能实验,研究了不同锻比条件下保温时间对锻后强度的影响。研究了不同锻比条件下高温扩散对锻后冲击韧性的影响。力学性能实验结果表明,对于以2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锭为坯料的加氢反应器筒体锻件,可以不做锻前高温扩散。
为缩短保温时间、优化工艺,本文提出了预变形高温扩散的概念。在枝晶偏析均匀化数学模型的基础上,建立了预变形后合金元素的均匀化数学模型,实验测得的数据与模型曲线基本吻合。还用实验的方法,研究了预变形高温扩散对树枝晶、枝晶组织的影响。依据理论分析和实验结果,给出了2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢的预变形高温扩散工艺参数。
The high temperature diffusion, originating in the 1970s, is a significant process in the production of large forgings. It aims at mitigating or eliminating the dendritic segregation in steel ingots to improve the capability of large forging products by the way of heating up steel ingots in high temperature. Although the use of high temperature diffusion has a history of dozens of years in China, we are short of theoretical analysis and experimental research foundation in confirming the processing parameters because of the sparsity of reference materials. With the rapid development of electric power, metallurgy, petrochemical engineering, shipbuilding and other industries, more large forgings are highly demanded. The increasing demand causes the severe disproportion between the output and productivity of large forgings. Together with the pressure from the cost, the energy-saving policy of reducing discharge and environmental legislation, the technology of high temperature diffusion is facing a series of problems. With 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel used in hydrogenation forgings as a research object, this paper explores the law of impact of the high temperature diffusion on its ingredient distribution, organization, and mechanical property under different deformation conditions, and puts forward some new views and conclusions through theoretical analysis and all kinds of experiments.
The paper suggests the dendritic segregation homogenization mathematic model based segregation ratio and shaped Guass Solution.The least square experimental fitting method is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of Cr and Mo in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel under 1100oC~1200oC, and further determine their diffusion constant and diffusion activation energy. Finally, a mathematic model is created to forecast the homogenization degree of Cr and Mo in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Ingot.
Relying on experiments, the paper gives a comprehensive research about the impact of heating and holding time on dendrite, dendritic structure, retained austenite and microhardness. The decision rule for processing parameter of the high temperature diffusion is found on the basis of segregation ratio and experiment results.
With mechanical property experiments, the paper painstakingly explores the impact of holding time on as-forged force and the impact of high temperature diffusion on as-forged impact-toughness under different forging ratios. The result of mechanical property shows that the pre-forging high temperature diffusion is not necessary for hydrogenation reactor tube forging with 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Ingot as stock.
The paper advances the idea of predeformation high temperature diffusion for the sake of shortening the holding time and optimizing the craft. The homogenization mathematic model of predeforming alloying agents is created on the basis of the dendritic segregation homogenization mathematic model. The data from experiments tally with the model curve. With the method of experiments, the paper also researches the impact of the predeformation high temperature diffusion on dendrite and dendritic structure. By theoretical analysis and results from experiments, the paper presents the predeformation high temperature diffusion processing parameter of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel.
本文提出了基于偏析比SR的Guass解形式的枝晶偏析均匀化数学模型。用最小二乘实验拟合方法确定了1100oC~1200oC范围内Cr、Mo元素在2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢中的扩散系数,并进一步确定了Cr、Mo元素在1100oC~1200oC范围内的扩散常数和扩散激活能,最终建立了预测2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锭中Cr、Mo元素均匀化程度的数学模型。
本文通过组织实验,细致全面地研究了加热温度、保温时间对2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锭中的树枝晶、枝晶组织、残余奥氏体、显微硬度的影响。基于偏析比SR,依据组织实验结果,建立了制定高温扩散工艺参数的判定准则。
本文通过力学性能实验,研究了不同锻比条件下保温时间对锻后强度的影响。研究了不同锻比条件下高温扩散对锻后冲击韧性的影响。力学性能实验结果表明,对于以2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢锭为坯料的加氢反应器筒体锻件,可以不做锻前高温扩散。
为缩短保温时间、优化工艺,本文提出了预变形高温扩散的概念。在枝晶偏析均匀化数学模型的基础上,建立了预变形后合金元素的均匀化数学模型,实验测得的数据与模型曲线基本吻合。还用实验的方法,研究了预变形高温扩散对树枝晶、枝晶组织的影响。依据理论分析和实验结果,给出了2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V钢的预变形高温扩散工艺参数。
The high temperature diffusion, originating in the 1970s, is a significant process in the production of large forgings. It aims at mitigating or eliminating the dendritic segregation in steel ingots to improve the capability of large forging products by the way of heating up steel ingots in high temperature. Although the use of high temperature diffusion has a history of dozens of years in China, we are short of theoretical analysis and experimental research foundation in confirming the processing parameters because of the sparsity of reference materials. With the rapid development of electric power, metallurgy, petrochemical engineering, shipbuilding and other industries, more large forgings are highly demanded. The increasing demand causes the severe disproportion between the output and productivity of large forgings. Together with the pressure from the cost, the energy-saving policy of reducing discharge and environmental legislation, the technology of high temperature diffusion is facing a series of problems. With 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel used in hydrogenation forgings as a research object, this paper explores the law of impact of the high temperature diffusion on its ingredient distribution, organization, and mechanical property under different deformation conditions, and puts forward some new views and conclusions through theoretical analysis and all kinds of experiments.
The paper suggests the dendritic segregation homogenization mathematic model based segregation ratio and shaped Guass Solution.The least square experimental fitting method is used to determine the diffusion coefficient of Cr and Mo in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel under 1100oC~1200oC, and further determine their diffusion constant and diffusion activation energy. Finally, a mathematic model is created to forecast the homogenization degree of Cr and Mo in 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Ingot.
Relying on experiments, the paper gives a comprehensive research about the impact of heating and holding time on dendrite, dendritic structure, retained austenite and microhardness. The decision rule for processing parameter of the high temperature diffusion is found on the basis of segregation ratio and experiment results.
With mechanical property experiments, the paper painstakingly explores the impact of holding time on as-forged force and the impact of high temperature diffusion on as-forged impact-toughness under different forging ratios. The result of mechanical property shows that the pre-forging high temperature diffusion is not necessary for hydrogenation reactor tube forging with 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Ingot as stock.
The paper advances the idea of predeformation high temperature diffusion for the sake of shortening the holding time and optimizing the craft. The homogenization mathematic model of predeforming alloying agents is created on the basis of the dendritic segregation homogenization mathematic model. The data from experiments tally with the model curve. With the method of experiments, the paper also researches the impact of the predeformation high temperature diffusion on dendrite and dendritic structure. By theoretical analysis and results from experiments, the paper presents the predeformation high temperature diffusion processing parameter of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel.
引文
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