金链花与欧洲红花山楂引种及繁殖技术研究
|
摘要
金链花与红花山楂是观赏价值很高的观花乔木。本文对从法国引种的金链花和红花山楂的物候期、生长节律、抗逆性研究入手，以同科、属的北京乡土树种，槐树和山楂为参照，观察两树种在北京引种的适应性，为栽培养护措施的制定提供了参考。同时对它们繁殖技术进行了初步探讨。结果如下：
1、金链花与槐树芽萌动期一致，但抽梢展叶慢、落叶迟；喜热、耐干，枝条生长量与月平均气温正相关；耐旱性比槐树强，耐热、抗寒性比槐树差。
2、金链花可以用扦插繁殖。早春硬枝扦插，以珍珠岩作基质，5000×10~(-6)IBA与600×10~(-6)NAA混合液或600×10~(-6)NAA浸泡插条5～8秒，生根率达到30～33％；秋季软枝扦插，以细沙作基质，2000×10~(-6)IBA与600×10~(-6)NAA混合液处理插条5～8秒，生根率为55％。金链花可以嫁接繁殖，以同属的苏格兰金链花为砧木嫁接成功，但与同科非同属的8种植物嫁接没有成活。
3、红花山楂芽萌动期、落叶期都晚于山楂；喜高温、高湿、不耐干旱，枝条生长量与月降水量正相关；耐热、耐旱、抗寒性比山楂差，但与槐树相近似。
4、红花山楂可以嫁接繁殖，砧木选用辽宁山楂、彰武山楂、甘肃山楂等，嫁接成活率高达85～100％。扦插繁殖没有成功，可以产生愈伤组织，但不生根。
5、通过引种理论分析，及引种北京露地栽培一年的生长表现，金链花与红花山楂可塑性强、生态适应性广，自身具有潜在较强的耐热、耐旱、抗寒性。引种北京初期，冬季须采取必要的防寒措施，经2～3年驯化后，两树种应该可以在北京露地越冬，正常生长。
Goldenchain Tree and Midland Hawthorn are very good ornamental trees. The phenology, growth rhythm and adversity-resistant were investigated after they were introduced into Beijing. The adaptation was analyzed by comparing those and some physiological items to that of some local trees: Sophorajaponica (in the same family with goldenchain tree) and Crataegus pinatifida (in the same genus with midland hawthorn). That would be helpful for making methods of planting and management. The propagation technique of them also was researched.
The results as follows:
1, The Goldenchain Tree's sprouting time is identical with Sophorajaponica, but the buds opening and development is slow and falling time of leaves are later than that of Sophorajaponica. It prefers the heat and humidity to dry environment. The growth of branch is positive to monthly average temperature. Its ability of droungt-torlerance is strong than that of Sophora japonica. But heat-torlerance and cold-torlerance are weaker than later's.
2, Cutting is the best way for Goldenchain propagation. Hardwood cutting picked in the early of spring and dipped in mixture solution of 5000 ppm IBA and 600 ppm NAA or 600 ppm NAA for 5-8 second , with perline as media the rootage rate is 30-33 %. Soft wood cutting picked in autumn and dipped in mixture solution of 2000 ppm IBA and 600 ppm NAA for 5-8 second , with fine sand as media the rootage rate is 55% . Goldenchain also can be propagated by grafting on Labunum alpinum. But using other plants from Leguminosae as rootstocks, no buts survival.
3, The date of sprouting and defoliation of Midland Hawthorn are later than that of hawthorn. It prefers high temperature and humidity to dry environment. The growth of branch is positive to monthly precipitation. Compare with hawthorn, the heat-torlerance, droungt-torlerance and cold-torlerance are all weaker. But those are consistent with that of Sophora japonica's.
4, Grafting is the best way for Midland Hawthorn propagation. The survival rate of grafting is 80-100% with our local hawthorns as the rootstock. It is difficult to
propagate by cutting. Cutting only produces callus but no roots.
5, According to the theory of introduction and the behave of those two kinds tree at the first year in Beijing , we draw a rough conclusion: Golenchain Tree and Midland Hawthorn has strong ability to adapt the climate of Beijing. They would growth well through the winter and survive in Beijing after anther 1-2 years' domestication.
1、金链花与槐树芽萌动期一致，但抽梢展叶慢、落叶迟；喜热、耐干，枝条生长量与月平均气温正相关；耐旱性比槐树强，耐热、抗寒性比槐树差。
2、金链花可以用扦插繁殖。早春硬枝扦插，以珍珠岩作基质，5000×10~(-6)IBA与600×10~(-6)NAA混合液或600×10~(-6)NAA浸泡插条5～8秒，生根率达到30～33％；秋季软枝扦插，以细沙作基质，2000×10~(-6)IBA与600×10~(-6)NAA混合液处理插条5～8秒，生根率为55％。金链花可以嫁接繁殖，以同属的苏格兰金链花为砧木嫁接成功，但与同科非同属的8种植物嫁接没有成活。
3、红花山楂芽萌动期、落叶期都晚于山楂；喜高温、高湿、不耐干旱，枝条生长量与月降水量正相关；耐热、耐旱、抗寒性比山楂差，但与槐树相近似。
4、红花山楂可以嫁接繁殖，砧木选用辽宁山楂、彰武山楂、甘肃山楂等，嫁接成活率高达85～100％。扦插繁殖没有成功，可以产生愈伤组织，但不生根。
5、通过引种理论分析，及引种北京露地栽培一年的生长表现，金链花与红花山楂可塑性强、生态适应性广，自身具有潜在较强的耐热、耐旱、抗寒性。引种北京初期，冬季须采取必要的防寒措施，经2～3年驯化后，两树种应该可以在北京露地越冬，正常生长。
Goldenchain Tree and Midland Hawthorn are very good ornamental trees. The phenology, growth rhythm and adversity-resistant were investigated after they were introduced into Beijing. The adaptation was analyzed by comparing those and some physiological items to that of some local trees: Sophorajaponica (in the same family with goldenchain tree) and Crataegus pinatifida (in the same genus with midland hawthorn). That would be helpful for making methods of planting and management. The propagation technique of them also was researched.
The results as follows:
1, The Goldenchain Tree's sprouting time is identical with Sophorajaponica, but the buds opening and development is slow and falling time of leaves are later than that of Sophorajaponica. It prefers the heat and humidity to dry environment. The growth of branch is positive to monthly average temperature. Its ability of droungt-torlerance is strong than that of Sophora japonica. But heat-torlerance and cold-torlerance are weaker than later's.
2, Cutting is the best way for Goldenchain propagation. Hardwood cutting picked in the early of spring and dipped in mixture solution of 5000 ppm IBA and 600 ppm NAA or 600 ppm NAA for 5-8 second , with perline as media the rootage rate is 30-33 %. Soft wood cutting picked in autumn and dipped in mixture solution of 2000 ppm IBA and 600 ppm NAA for 5-8 second , with fine sand as media the rootage rate is 55% . Goldenchain also can be propagated by grafting on Labunum alpinum. But using other plants from Leguminosae as rootstocks, no buts survival.
3, The date of sprouting and defoliation of Midland Hawthorn are later than that of hawthorn. It prefers high temperature and humidity to dry environment. The growth of branch is positive to monthly precipitation. Compare with hawthorn, the heat-torlerance, droungt-torlerance and cold-torlerance are all weaker. But those are consistent with that of Sophora japonica's.
4, Grafting is the best way for Midland Hawthorn propagation. The survival rate of grafting is 80-100% with our local hawthorns as the rootstock. It is difficult to
propagate by cutting. Cutting only produces callus but no roots.
5, According to the theory of introduction and the behave of those two kinds tree at the first year in Beijing , we draw a rough conclusion: Golenchain Tree and Midland Hawthorn has strong ability to adapt the climate of Beijing. They would growth well through the winter and survive in Beijing after anther 1-2 years' domestication.
引文
1 北京市气象局气候资料室著．北京气候志．北京出版社，1987，9
2 董保华，张治明．林木引种驯化与森林可持续经营，1998
3 董保华．乔灌木引种的回顾与展望．植物引种驯化集刊，1983，3：39-45
4 国家林业局固有林场和林木种苗工作总结．中国木本植物种子．中国林业出版社，2001，12
5 何若韫．植物低温逆境生理．中国农业出版社，1995，5
6 洪伟．林业试验设计技术与方法．北京科学技术出版社，1993，1
7 胡能书，万贤国．同工酶技术及其应用．湖南科学技术出版社，1985，5
8 霍亚贞．北京市自然地理．北京师范学院出版社，1989，9：95-96
9 江泽平，王豁然，吴中伦．论北美木本植物资源与中国林木引种的关系．地理学报，1997，3：169-176
10 李国庆，刘君慧．树木引种技术．中国林业出版社，1982，12
11 李文漪．中国第四纪植被与环境．科学出版社，1998，7：83-84，215-233
12 李继华．扦插的原理与应用．上海科学技术出版社，1987，12
13 梁鸣，周德本，张悦．低温在木本植物种子发芽促进种的应用．中国野生植物资源，2000，19(4)：47～48
14 梁玉棠，龙庄如．树木营养繁殖原理与技术．中国林业出版社，1993
15 梁艳荣，胡晓红，张颖力，等．植物过氧化物酶生理功能研究进展．内蒙古农业大学学报，2003，24(2)：110—113
16 廖馥荪．植物引种驯化理论研究的概况．植物引种驯化集刊2，1965，154—160
17 刘克辉，伍寿彭，宗建海．树木驯化中单叶净光合速率的比较研究．植物引种驯化集刊，1983，第3集：93～98
18 刘祖祺，张石诚．植物抗性生理学．中国农业出版社，1994，9
19 陆士伟，赖文斌．同工酶在农业上的应用．广东科技出版社，1987
20 路丙社．阿月浑子光合特性反应及其影响因子的研究．园艺学报，1999，26(5)：287～290
21 马燕，陈俊愉．几种蔷薇属植物抗寒性指标的测定．园艺学报．1991，18(4)：，351—356
22 孟繁静，刘道宏，苏业瑜．植物生理生化．中国农业出版社，1992，12
23 南京农业大学主编．田间试验和统计方法(第二版)．农业出版社，1979，12
24 潘志刚，游应天．中国主要外来树种引种栽培．北京科学技术出版社，1994，12
25 盛承禹．世界气候．气象出版社，1988，1
26 宋慧芬，张长芹，龚洵．植物引种驯化研究概述．广西植物，2003，23(1)：52～
60
27 孙锦，鲁东和，张文善，等．园林苗圃．中国建筑工业出版社，1984，6：122-123
28 盛诚桂，张宇和．植物的驯服．上海科学技术出版社，1979
29 王炳庭．世界区域气候．中国农业出版社，1996，10
30 王名金，刘克辉，伍寿彭．树木引种驯化概论．江苏科学技术出版社，1990．5
31 王名金，陈应辉，伍寿彭．北美树种在我国引种驯化的回顾与展望．植物引种驯化集刊．1993，8
32 吴中伦．国外树种引种概论．科学技术出版社，1983．3：10-34，81-45
33 吴鲁夫，著．仲崇信，译．历史植物地理学．科学出版社，1964，364—383
34 徐本美，闪崇辉，董靖知．山楂种子裂口处理对当年出苗的作用．植物生理学通讯，1989(6)：23～27
35 徐本美，顾增辉．硫酸处理硬实种子的效果．植物生理学通讯，1985(2)：22～
25 杨镇．山楂嫩枝插条育苗研究．北京林业大学学报，1989，11(2)：1～17
36 于锡宏，夏妍，张庆华．同工酶技术在瓜类育种中的应用．北方园艺，2003，(2)：58—59
37 张治明．北美乔灌木植物的引种．植物引种驯化集刊，1990，7：25-32
38 张天麟．园林树木1000种．学术书刊出版社，1990，1
39 张宇和．果树引种驯化．上海科学技术出版社，1982，9
40 张志良．植物生理学实验指导(第二版)．高等教育出版社，2000，16
41 赵焕谆，丰宝田．中国果树志山楂卷．中国林业出版社，1996，5
42 郑万钧．中国植物志．第二卷．中国树木出版社，1985，12
43 周泽生．木本植物引种驯化的理论和方法述评(一)．陕西林业科技，1986，(3)，52～57
44 竺可桢，宛敏渭．物候学．科学出版社，1980，10
45 朱立武，李绍稳，刘加法．李抗逆性生理生化指标及其相关性的研究．园艺学报，2001，28(2)：164～166
46 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会．中国植物志．第36卷．科学出版社，1974
47 [美]乔纳森．W．赖特．郭锡昌，等译．森林遗传学．中国林业出版社，1981，302—329，251—254
48 G．克吕斯曼著．郭连生译．苗圃学．内蒙古人民出版社，1985：121-140
49 H．T．哈特曼，D．E．凯斯特．(郑开文，吴应祥，李嘉乐，等．译)．植物繁殖原理和技术．中国林业出版社，1985．12
50 Andreas Bartels. Gardening with Dwarf Trees and Shrubs. First Published in Great Britain by Christopher Helm Ltd, 1987, 56
51 Christopher Lloyd. The Well-chosen Garden. Produced by The Rainbird Publishing
Group Ltd, 1984, 55, 61,118, 11,164
52 Cardine Boisset. The Plant Growth Planner. 200 Illustrated Cbarts for Shrubs, Trees, Climbers and Perennials. Published by Mitchell Beazley International Ltd, 1992, 36
53 Costanza Lunardi. The Macdonald Enoyclopedia of Shrubs and Trees, First Published in Great Britain by Macdonald and Co Ltd London and Sydoney, 1988, 118
54 Darid and Charles. The Hillier Colour Dictionary of Trees or Shrubs. Published in the United States of America, third impression, 1984, 134-135
55 David Joyce. The complete Guide to Pruning and Training Plants. Edited and Designed by Mitchell Beazley Publishers, Part of Reed International Books, 1992, 108
56 Dr. H. Marc Cathey. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers, Published in the United States by DK Publishing, Inc. New York, 1992, 92-93
57 George E. Brown, N. D. H. The Pruning of Trees Shrubs and Conifers, First Published in Faber Paperbacks by Faberand Faber Limited, 1977, 56
58 Harrison L. Flint. Landscape Plants for Eastern North America Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast, Published Simultaneously in Canada, 1982,285
59 Michael Wright. The Complete Handbook of Garden Plants. First Published in Great Britain by Michael Joseph Ltd, 1984, 124-126
60 Mitchell Beazley. The Principles and Practice of The Gardeners Art. First Published by Mitchell Beazley, an imprint of Read international Books Ltd, 1996, 189
61 Nico Vermeulen. Encyclopaedia Trees and Shrubs. Published by Rebo Productions Ltd, 1997, 82-84
62 Rodney Helliwell. Garden Trees. Research Studies Press, 1983, 68
63 Sonia Kinahan. Gardening with Trees. Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Butler and Tunner, Frome, Somerset, 1990, 57, 127
64 The Reader's Digest Association Limiited, London. Reader's Digest Guide to Creatiye Gardening. Published by the Reader's Digest Association Limited London NewYork Montreal Sydney CapeTown, 1984, 343
65 The Gargen Club of America. Plants that merit attention. Volume 1-trees. Timber press, Portland, Oregon, 1984
66 The Reader's Digest Association Limited, London. Reader's Digest Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants and Flowers. Published by the Reader's Digest Association Limited
London NewYorkMontreal Sydney CapeTown, 1985, 382
67 William H. Frederick, Jr. 100 Great Garden Plants. Published by Arrangement with Alfred A., 1986, 202
2 董保华，张治明．林木引种驯化与森林可持续经营，1998
3 董保华．乔灌木引种的回顾与展望．植物引种驯化集刊，1983，3：39-45
4 国家林业局固有林场和林木种苗工作总结．中国木本植物种子．中国林业出版社，2001，12
5 何若韫．植物低温逆境生理．中国农业出版社，1995，5
6 洪伟．林业试验设计技术与方法．北京科学技术出版社，1993，1
7 胡能书，万贤国．同工酶技术及其应用．湖南科学技术出版社，1985，5
8 霍亚贞．北京市自然地理．北京师范学院出版社，1989，9：95-96
9 江泽平，王豁然，吴中伦．论北美木本植物资源与中国林木引种的关系．地理学报，1997，3：169-176
10 李国庆，刘君慧．树木引种技术．中国林业出版社，1982，12
11 李文漪．中国第四纪植被与环境．科学出版社，1998，7：83-84，215-233
12 李继华．扦插的原理与应用．上海科学技术出版社，1987，12
13 梁鸣，周德本，张悦．低温在木本植物种子发芽促进种的应用．中国野生植物资源，2000，19(4)：47～48
14 梁玉棠，龙庄如．树木营养繁殖原理与技术．中国林业出版社，1993
15 梁艳荣，胡晓红，张颖力，等．植物过氧化物酶生理功能研究进展．内蒙古农业大学学报，2003，24(2)：110—113
16 廖馥荪．植物引种驯化理论研究的概况．植物引种驯化集刊2，1965，154—160
17 刘克辉，伍寿彭，宗建海．树木驯化中单叶净光合速率的比较研究．植物引种驯化集刊，1983，第3集：93～98
18 刘祖祺，张石诚．植物抗性生理学．中国农业出版社，1994，9
19 陆士伟，赖文斌．同工酶在农业上的应用．广东科技出版社，1987
20 路丙社．阿月浑子光合特性反应及其影响因子的研究．园艺学报，1999，26(5)：287～290
21 马燕，陈俊愉．几种蔷薇属植物抗寒性指标的测定．园艺学报．1991，18(4)：，351—356
22 孟繁静，刘道宏，苏业瑜．植物生理生化．中国农业出版社，1992，12
23 南京农业大学主编．田间试验和统计方法(第二版)．农业出版社，1979，12
24 潘志刚，游应天．中国主要外来树种引种栽培．北京科学技术出版社，1994，12
25 盛承禹．世界气候．气象出版社，1988，1
26 宋慧芬，张长芹，龚洵．植物引种驯化研究概述．广西植物，2003，23(1)：52～
60
27 孙锦，鲁东和，张文善，等．园林苗圃．中国建筑工业出版社，1984，6：122-123
28 盛诚桂，张宇和．植物的驯服．上海科学技术出版社，1979
29 王炳庭．世界区域气候．中国农业出版社，1996，10
30 王名金，刘克辉，伍寿彭．树木引种驯化概论．江苏科学技术出版社，1990．5
31 王名金，陈应辉，伍寿彭．北美树种在我国引种驯化的回顾与展望．植物引种驯化集刊．1993，8
32 吴中伦．国外树种引种概论．科学技术出版社，1983．3：10-34，81-45
33 吴鲁夫，著．仲崇信，译．历史植物地理学．科学出版社，1964，364—383
34 徐本美，闪崇辉，董靖知．山楂种子裂口处理对当年出苗的作用．植物生理学通讯，1989(6)：23～27
35 徐本美，顾增辉．硫酸处理硬实种子的效果．植物生理学通讯，1985(2)：22～
25 杨镇．山楂嫩枝插条育苗研究．北京林业大学学报，1989，11(2)：1～17
36 于锡宏，夏妍，张庆华．同工酶技术在瓜类育种中的应用．北方园艺，2003，(2)：58—59
37 张治明．北美乔灌木植物的引种．植物引种驯化集刊，1990，7：25-32
38 张天麟．园林树木1000种．学术书刊出版社，1990，1
39 张宇和．果树引种驯化．上海科学技术出版社，1982，9
40 张志良．植物生理学实验指导(第二版)．高等教育出版社，2000，16
41 赵焕谆，丰宝田．中国果树志山楂卷．中国林业出版社，1996，5
42 郑万钧．中国植物志．第二卷．中国树木出版社，1985，12
43 周泽生．木本植物引种驯化的理论和方法述评(一)．陕西林业科技，1986，(3)，52～57
44 竺可桢，宛敏渭．物候学．科学出版社，1980，10
45 朱立武，李绍稳，刘加法．李抗逆性生理生化指标及其相关性的研究．园艺学报，2001，28(2)：164～166
46 中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会．中国植物志．第36卷．科学出版社，1974
47 [美]乔纳森．W．赖特．郭锡昌，等译．森林遗传学．中国林业出版社，1981，302—329，251—254
48 G．克吕斯曼著．郭连生译．苗圃学．内蒙古人民出版社，1985：121-140
49 H．T．哈特曼，D．E．凯斯特．(郑开文，吴应祥，李嘉乐，等．译)．植物繁殖原理和技术．中国林业出版社，1985．12
50 Andreas Bartels. Gardening with Dwarf Trees and Shrubs. First Published in Great Britain by Christopher Helm Ltd, 1987, 56
51 Christopher Lloyd. The Well-chosen Garden. Produced by The Rainbird Publishing
Group Ltd, 1984, 55, 61,118, 11,164
52 Cardine Boisset. The Plant Growth Planner. 200 Illustrated Cbarts for Shrubs, Trees, Climbers and Perennials. Published by Mitchell Beazley International Ltd, 1992, 36
53 Costanza Lunardi. The Macdonald Enoyclopedia of Shrubs and Trees, First Published in Great Britain by Macdonald and Co Ltd London and Sydoney, 1988, 118
54 Darid and Charles. The Hillier Colour Dictionary of Trees or Shrubs. Published in the United States of America, third impression, 1984, 134-135
55 David Joyce. The complete Guide to Pruning and Training Plants. Edited and Designed by Mitchell Beazley Publishers, Part of Reed International Books, 1992, 108
56 Dr. H. Marc Cathey. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers, Published in the United States by DK Publishing, Inc. New York, 1992, 92-93
57 George E. Brown, N. D. H. The Pruning of Trees Shrubs and Conifers, First Published in Faber Paperbacks by Faberand Faber Limited, 1977, 56
58 Harrison L. Flint. Landscape Plants for Eastern North America Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast, Published Simultaneously in Canada, 1982,285
59 Michael Wright. The Complete Handbook of Garden Plants. First Published in Great Britain by Michael Joseph Ltd, 1984, 124-126
60 Mitchell Beazley. The Principles and Practice of The Gardeners Art. First Published by Mitchell Beazley, an imprint of Read international Books Ltd, 1996, 189
61 Nico Vermeulen. Encyclopaedia Trees and Shrubs. Published by Rebo Productions Ltd, 1997, 82-84
62 Rodney Helliwell. Garden Trees. Research Studies Press, 1983, 68
63 Sonia Kinahan. Gardening with Trees. Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Butler and Tunner, Frome, Somerset, 1990, 57, 127
64 The Reader's Digest Association Limiited, London. Reader's Digest Guide to Creatiye Gardening. Published by the Reader's Digest Association Limited London NewYork Montreal Sydney CapeTown, 1984, 343
65 The Gargen Club of America. Plants that merit attention. Volume 1-trees. Timber press, Portland, Oregon, 1984
66 The Reader's Digest Association Limited, London. Reader's Digest Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants and Flowers. Published by the Reader's Digest Association Limited
London NewYorkMontreal Sydney CapeTown, 1985, 382
67 William H. Frederick, Jr. 100 Great Garden Plants. Published by Arrangement with Alfred A., 1986, 202