基于WITNESS的集装箱码头物流系统建模与仿真
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摘要
集装箱码头物流系统，是指在一定的集装箱码头空间里，由集装箱、船舶、装卸搬运机械、泊位、堆场、道路、人员以及通信联系等若干相互制约的动态要素构成的有机整体。集装箱码头，作为集装箱运输系统的枢纽，对加强国内、国际间的贸易往来与提高集装箱运输系统的运输效率具有极其重要的作用。本文结合教育部重点科技项目“基于无线局域网的集装箱堆场机械调度与监控系统的研究”，对集装箱码头物流系统进行了深入的研究，揭示了集装箱码头物流系统内部元素之间的关系，提出了增强港口生产能力的一些新措施。
本文首先回顾了国内外集装箱码头物流系统的研究动态，分析存在的一些问题，并结合集装箱码头物流系统的特点，提出采用Petri网对集装箱港口物流系统进行整体建模的思路，接着系统地介绍了集装箱码头的基本组成、布局、装卸工艺、作业流程后，评估了集装箱码头物流系统的相关性能指标，并结合实际码头的历史数据，介绍一些相关的经验公式。
在讲述了Petri网的一些理论基础后，分析了基本Petri网存在的“封闭性”等问题，并结合集装箱码头物流系统的内部功能，引入复合建模的概念，建立了集装箱码头物流系统及集箱、卸船、装船、提箱四个子系统的层次模型和动态模型，归纳了它们的变迁事件表。
根据集装箱码头物流系统的层次模型和动态模型的思路，以实际码头的数据为原型，根据集装箱码头生产作业的特点与仿真目标的要求，在对码头物流系统进行合理的简化之后，借助现代离散事件动态系统仿真语言WITNESS，建立了集装箱码头物流系统的计算机仿真模型，并利用码头的实际营运数据验证了仿真模型的可靠性。最后对实际码头当前的生产能力和未来扩建后的生产能力做了仿真实验分析，指出码头潜在的作业“瓶颈”。为生产实际提供了决策基础。
Container terminal logistics is an organic system, made of interactive and dynamic components, such as containers, ships, berths, yards, tracks, quay cranes and yard cranes, trucks, labors and communications, in a limited terminal space. Since container terminals play a fundamental role in the container transportation to ensure a smooth transfer between different modes of transport, it is very important in internal and international trade. Because of the fast-developing global containerization, most of container ports are facing great challenges and chances.
Combined with Ministry of Education's important scientific and technological project "Research on the Machinery Allocation and Supervision System of Container Yards Based on Wireless Local Networks", this paper does research on the theoretical methods on the scheduling and simulation of container terminal logistics systems, and put forward some methods to improve the operational efficiency of this system.
At the beginning of the paper, a literature review on the domestic and abroad researches of container terminal logistics system is provided; A Petri-net based idea to model the whole container terminal logistics system is put forward; then the paper introduces the basic components, layout, loading and unloading process flow of container terminals, evaluates the related performance parameters and at last introduces some related experience formulas based on the historical data of an actual terminal.
After going over the basic theoretical principles of Petri-net, the paper analyzes the exiting problems such as "block" of basic Petri-net, then introduces a compound modeling idea, makes a hierarchical and dynamic model of container terminal logistics system with the four sub-models of collecting containers, unloading ships, loading ships and picking up containers, and summaries their events-changing list.
According to the idea of the finished Petri-net model and the process characteristics and simulation aims of container terminals, a computer simulation
model of container terminal logistics system is made based on the software of WITNESS and is validated by the data of an actual terminal. At last the model is used to analyze the present productivity of an actual container terminal and the bottleneck of its logistics system after the terminal is expanded, and provides the decision support for the terminal.
本文首先回顾了国内外集装箱码头物流系统的研究动态，分析存在的一些问题，并结合集装箱码头物流系统的特点，提出采用Petri网对集装箱港口物流系统进行整体建模的思路，接着系统地介绍了集装箱码头的基本组成、布局、装卸工艺、作业流程后，评估了集装箱码头物流系统的相关性能指标，并结合实际码头的历史数据，介绍一些相关的经验公式。
在讲述了Petri网的一些理论基础后，分析了基本Petri网存在的“封闭性”等问题，并结合集装箱码头物流系统的内部功能，引入复合建模的概念，建立了集装箱码头物流系统及集箱、卸船、装船、提箱四个子系统的层次模型和动态模型，归纳了它们的变迁事件表。
根据集装箱码头物流系统的层次模型和动态模型的思路，以实际码头的数据为原型，根据集装箱码头生产作业的特点与仿真目标的要求，在对码头物流系统进行合理的简化之后，借助现代离散事件动态系统仿真语言WITNESS，建立了集装箱码头物流系统的计算机仿真模型，并利用码头的实际营运数据验证了仿真模型的可靠性。最后对实际码头当前的生产能力和未来扩建后的生产能力做了仿真实验分析，指出码头潜在的作业“瓶颈”。为生产实际提供了决策基础。
Container terminal logistics is an organic system, made of interactive and dynamic components, such as containers, ships, berths, yards, tracks, quay cranes and yard cranes, trucks, labors and communications, in a limited terminal space. Since container terminals play a fundamental role in the container transportation to ensure a smooth transfer between different modes of transport, it is very important in internal and international trade. Because of the fast-developing global containerization, most of container ports are facing great challenges and chances.
Combined with Ministry of Education's important scientific and technological project "Research on the Machinery Allocation and Supervision System of Container Yards Based on Wireless Local Networks", this paper does research on the theoretical methods on the scheduling and simulation of container terminal logistics systems, and put forward some methods to improve the operational efficiency of this system.
At the beginning of the paper, a literature review on the domestic and abroad researches of container terminal logistics system is provided; A Petri-net based idea to model the whole container terminal logistics system is put forward; then the paper introduces the basic components, layout, loading and unloading process flow of container terminals, evaluates the related performance parameters and at last introduces some related experience formulas based on the historical data of an actual terminal.
After going over the basic theoretical principles of Petri-net, the paper analyzes the exiting problems such as "block" of basic Petri-net, then introduces a compound modeling idea, makes a hierarchical and dynamic model of container terminal logistics system with the four sub-models of collecting containers, unloading ships, loading ships and picking up containers, and summaries their events-changing list.
According to the idea of the finished Petri-net model and the process characteristics and simulation aims of container terminals, a computer simulation
model of container terminal logistics system is made based on the software of WITNESS and is validated by the data of an actual terminal. At last the model is used to analyze the present productivity of an actual container terminal and the bottleneck of its logistics system after the terminal is expanded, and provides the decision support for the terminal.
引文
[01] http://www.moc.gov.cn/zhinengbm/ghs/5.htm
[02] 郑大钟，赵千川编．离散事件动态动态系统．北京：清华大学出版社．2001
[03] 张晓萍等编．现代生产物流及仿真．北京：清华大学出版社．2000
[04] 顾启泰编著．离散事件系统建模与仿真．北京：清华大学出版社．1999
[05] 熊光楞等编．连续系统仿真与离散事件系统仿真．北京：清华大学出版社．1999
[06] 陈戌源主编．集装箱码头业务管理．大连：大连海事大学出版社．1998
[07] 龙前编著，集装箱码头设备工程管理．北京：人民交通出版社．2000
[08] 袁福昌等编．集装箱装卸搬运机械．武汉：港口装卸杂志社．1988
[09] 真虹编著．港口生产调度过程优化．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社．1999
[10] 洪承礼主编．港口规则与布置．北京：人民交通出版社．1999
[11] 何家祥主编．港口模拟．大连：大连海事大学出版社．1994
[12] 荣朝和等编．集装箱多式联运与综合物流。北京：中国铁道出版社．2001
[13] 林闯编著．随机Petri网和系统性能评价．北京：清华大学出版社．2000
[14] 张新艳．港口集装箱物流系统规则与仿真建模方法的研究与实现．[博士学位论文]．武汉：武汉理工大学，2002
[15] 鲁子爱，林民标．港口服务系统的计算机仿真研究．河海大学学报，1999．27(3)：17～20
[16] Imai, A., Nagaiwa, K. and Tat, C. W. Efficient planning of berth allocation for container terminals in Asia. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1997.31(1): 75～94
[17] Chen, C.Y and Hsieh, T-W. Atime-space network model for the berth allocation problem. 19th IFIP TC7 Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, July 1999. Cambridge, UK
[18] Lai, K. K. and Shih, K. A study of container berth allocation. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1992.26(1): 45～60
[19] 秦永宏，陈强努，沙梅．港口集装箱装卸工艺系统的计算机仿真．计算机辅助工程，2000．(4)：11～18
[20] Daganzo, C. F. The crane scheduling problem. Transportation Research, 1989. 23B(3): 159～175
[21] Peterkofsky, R. I. and Daganzo C. F. A branch and bound solution method for the crane scheduling problem. Transportation Research, 1990. 24B(3): 59～172
[22] Daganzo, C. F. Crane productivity and ship delay in ports. Transportation
Research Record 1251, 1990: 1-9
[23] Tabernacle, J. B. A study of the changes in performance of quayside container cranes. Maritime Policy and Management, 1995． 22(2) : 115-124
[24] Taleb-Ibrahimi, M., De Castilho, B. and Daganzo, C. F. Storage space vs handling work in container terminals. Transportation Research, 1993． 27B(1) : 13-32
[25] De Castilho, B. and Daganzo, C. F. Handling strategies for import containers at marine terminals. Transportation Research, 1993． 27B(2) : 151-166
[26] Kim, K. H. and Kim, D. Y. Group storage methods at container port terminals. MH-2, The Materials Handling Engineering Division, 75th Anniversary Commemorative Volume, 1994: 15-20
[27] Kim, K. H. and Park, K. T. A dynamic space allocation method for outbound containers in carrier-direct system. Proceedings of the 3th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering Theories, Applications and practice 2, 1998: 859-867
[28] Kim, K. H. and Kim, H. B. The optimal determination of the space requirement and the number of transfer cranes for import containers, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1998． 35(3) : 427-430
[29] Lai, K. K. and Lam, K. A study of container yard equipment allocation strategy in Hong Kong. International Journal of Modeling and Simulation, 1994． 14(3) : 134-138
[30] Kim, K. H. and Kim, K. Y. An optimal routing algorithm for a transfer crane in port container terminals. Transportation Science, 1999． 33(1) : 17-33
[31] Zhang, C. Dynamic crane deployment in container storage yards: [PhD thesis]. Hong Kong: Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2000
[32] Kozan, E. and Preston, P. Genetic algorithm to schedule container transfers at multimodal terminals. International Transactions in Operational Research 6, 1999: 311-329
[33] Ballis, A and Abacoumkin, C. A container terminal simulation modei with animation capabilities. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1996． 30(1) : 37-57
[34] Kozan, E. Increasing the operational efficiency of container terminals in Australia. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 1997． 48: 151-161
[35] Kozan, E. Comparison of analytical and simulation planning models of seaport
container terminals. Transportation Planning and Technology, 1997. 20(3) 235～248
[36] 彭传圣．一个集装箱码头计算机模拟研究实例．水运科学研究所学报，2002．(2)：26～33
[37] 彭传圣．国外港口计算机模拟技术的发展．港口装卸，1998．(1)：7～9
[38] 蔡峥．集装箱码头的通过能力、堆场通过能力、出入口车道数计算公式探讨．水运工程，1998．(11)：11～15
[39] 郑志虹．堆场计划管理在集装箱码头中的应用．水运管理，2002．(3)：28～29
[40] 真虹．集装箱码头生产过程动态图形仿真优化的研究．中国图象图形学报，1999．4A(6)：502～506
[41] 金健．国际集装箱码头的生产组织管理．集装箱化，2001．(1)：15～18
[42] 常发亮，刘长有．自动化立体仓库输送系统调度的优化仿真及其应用研究．系统仿真学报，1998．10(5)：14～19
[43] 杜力．建立我国集装箱运输综合信息系统的研究．[硕士学位论文]．武汉：武汉理工大学，1999
[44] http://www.3rd56.com/wwwroot/list.asp?id=2261
[45] 于汝民主编．集装箱码头经营管理．北京：人民交通出版社．1999
[46] 黄国胜．建立主枢纽港运用机制．北京：中国交通报．2001年10月26号
[47] 高玮，周强，集装箱码头集卡作业模式比较及其建模与仿真．港口装卸，2003．(2)：7～9
[48] 李威．WITNESS世界上最先进的模拟工具．中外科技政策与管理，1997．(9)：101～106
[49] 樊丽彬。WITNESS版本7分析．港口装卸，中外科技政策与管理，1997．(9)：107～116
[50] Gao Wei, Zhou Qiang. Influence of modern logistics on container intermodal transport in China. In: Logistics Engineering Institution of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society, eds., Proceedings of the 4th International conference on Material Handling & Logistics Systems. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House, 2002. 201～203
[51] 张杰．沿海煤炭港口通过能力分析及发展对策研究．[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连海事大学。2001
[52] 李洪娟．秦皇岛市海港区拥挤路口交通状况的优化研究．[硕士学位论文]．辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学，2001
[53] Kozan, E. Optimizing container Transfers at multimodal terminals. mathematical and computer modeling, 2000. 20(3): 235～243
[54] Lanner Group. WITNESS Version 9 User Manual. The Oaks, Clews Road, Redditch, Worcs. , B98 7ST, UK: Lanner Group, 1999
[02] 郑大钟，赵千川编．离散事件动态动态系统．北京：清华大学出版社．2001
[03] 张晓萍等编．现代生产物流及仿真．北京：清华大学出版社．2000
[04] 顾启泰编著．离散事件系统建模与仿真．北京：清华大学出版社．1999
[05] 熊光楞等编．连续系统仿真与离散事件系统仿真．北京：清华大学出版社．1999
[06] 陈戌源主编．集装箱码头业务管理．大连：大连海事大学出版社．1998
[07] 龙前编著，集装箱码头设备工程管理．北京：人民交通出版社．2000
[08] 袁福昌等编．集装箱装卸搬运机械．武汉：港口装卸杂志社．1988
[09] 真虹编著．港口生产调度过程优化．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社．1999
[10] 洪承礼主编．港口规则与布置．北京：人民交通出版社．1999
[11] 何家祥主编．港口模拟．大连：大连海事大学出版社．1994
[12] 荣朝和等编．集装箱多式联运与综合物流。北京：中国铁道出版社．2001
[13] 林闯编著．随机Petri网和系统性能评价．北京：清华大学出版社．2000
[14] 张新艳．港口集装箱物流系统规则与仿真建模方法的研究与实现．[博士学位论文]．武汉：武汉理工大学，2002
[15] 鲁子爱，林民标．港口服务系统的计算机仿真研究．河海大学学报，1999．27(3)：17～20
[16] Imai, A., Nagaiwa, K. and Tat, C. W. Efficient planning of berth allocation for container terminals in Asia. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1997.31(1): 75～94
[17] Chen, C.Y and Hsieh, T-W. Atime-space network model for the berth allocation problem. 19th IFIP TC7 Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, July 1999. Cambridge, UK
[18] Lai, K. K. and Shih, K. A study of container berth allocation. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1992.26(1): 45～60
[19] 秦永宏，陈强努，沙梅．港口集装箱装卸工艺系统的计算机仿真．计算机辅助工程，2000．(4)：11～18
[20] Daganzo, C. F. The crane scheduling problem. Transportation Research, 1989. 23B(3): 159～175
[21] Peterkofsky, R. I. and Daganzo C. F. A branch and bound solution method for the crane scheduling problem. Transportation Research, 1990. 24B(3): 59～172
[22] Daganzo, C. F. Crane productivity and ship delay in ports. Transportation
Research Record 1251, 1990: 1-9
[23] Tabernacle, J. B. A study of the changes in performance of quayside container cranes. Maritime Policy and Management, 1995． 22(2) : 115-124
[24] Taleb-Ibrahimi, M., De Castilho, B. and Daganzo, C. F. Storage space vs handling work in container terminals. Transportation Research, 1993． 27B(1) : 13-32
[25] De Castilho, B. and Daganzo, C. F. Handling strategies for import containers at marine terminals. Transportation Research, 1993． 27B(2) : 151-166
[26] Kim, K. H. and Kim, D. Y. Group storage methods at container port terminals. MH-2, The Materials Handling Engineering Division, 75th Anniversary Commemorative Volume, 1994: 15-20
[27] Kim, K. H. and Park, K. T. A dynamic space allocation method for outbound containers in carrier-direct system. Proceedings of the 3th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering Theories, Applications and practice 2, 1998: 859-867
[28] Kim, K. H. and Kim, H. B. The optimal determination of the space requirement and the number of transfer cranes for import containers, Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1998． 35(3) : 427-430
[29] Lai, K. K. and Lam, K. A study of container yard equipment allocation strategy in Hong Kong. International Journal of Modeling and Simulation, 1994． 14(3) : 134-138
[30] Kim, K. H. and Kim, K. Y. An optimal routing algorithm for a transfer crane in port container terminals. Transportation Science, 1999． 33(1) : 17-33
[31] Zhang, C. Dynamic crane deployment in container storage yards: [PhD thesis]. Hong Kong: Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2000
[32] Kozan, E. and Preston, P. Genetic algorithm to schedule container transfers at multimodal terminals. International Transactions in Operational Research 6, 1999: 311-329
[33] Ballis, A and Abacoumkin, C. A container terminal simulation modei with animation capabilities. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 1996． 30(1) : 37-57
[34] Kozan, E. Increasing the operational efficiency of container terminals in Australia. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 1997． 48: 151-161
[35] Kozan, E. Comparison of analytical and simulation planning models of seaport
container terminals. Transportation Planning and Technology, 1997. 20(3) 235～248
[36] 彭传圣．一个集装箱码头计算机模拟研究实例．水运科学研究所学报，2002．(2)：26～33
[37] 彭传圣．国外港口计算机模拟技术的发展．港口装卸，1998．(1)：7～9
[38] 蔡峥．集装箱码头的通过能力、堆场通过能力、出入口车道数计算公式探讨．水运工程，1998．(11)：11～15
[39] 郑志虹．堆场计划管理在集装箱码头中的应用．水运管理，2002．(3)：28～29
[40] 真虹．集装箱码头生产过程动态图形仿真优化的研究．中国图象图形学报，1999．4A(6)：502～506
[41] 金健．国际集装箱码头的生产组织管理．集装箱化，2001．(1)：15～18
[42] 常发亮，刘长有．自动化立体仓库输送系统调度的优化仿真及其应用研究．系统仿真学报，1998．10(5)：14～19
[43] 杜力．建立我国集装箱运输综合信息系统的研究．[硕士学位论文]．武汉：武汉理工大学，1999
[44] http://www.3rd56.com/wwwroot/list.asp?id=2261
[45] 于汝民主编．集装箱码头经营管理．北京：人民交通出版社．1999
[46] 黄国胜．建立主枢纽港运用机制．北京：中国交通报．2001年10月26号
[47] 高玮，周强，集装箱码头集卡作业模式比较及其建模与仿真．港口装卸，2003．(2)：7～9
[48] 李威．WITNESS世界上最先进的模拟工具．中外科技政策与管理，1997．(9)：101～106
[49] 樊丽彬。WITNESS版本7分析．港口装卸，中外科技政策与管理，1997．(9)：107～116
[50] Gao Wei, Zhou Qiang. Influence of modern logistics on container intermodal transport in China. In: Logistics Engineering Institution of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society, eds., Proceedings of the 4th International conference on Material Handling & Logistics Systems. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House, 2002. 201～203
[51] 张杰．沿海煤炭港口通过能力分析及发展对策研究．[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连海事大学。2001
[52] 李洪娟．秦皇岛市海港区拥挤路口交通状况的优化研究．[硕士学位论文]．辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学，2001
[53] Kozan, E. Optimizing container Transfers at multimodal terminals. mathematical and computer modeling, 2000. 20(3): 235～243
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