同塔线路故障分析及其对继电保护影响研究
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摘要
为了提高土地利用率,提升线路单位走廊的输电容量,降低电力建设成本,同塔输电模式已在我国的电力系统中广泛采用,获得了巨大的经济效益。与普通线路相比,同塔线路对继电保护提出了更高的要求。零序互感和跨线故障是影响同塔线路继电保护正确动作与否的两大主要因素。本文紧紧围绕这两个方面,从故障分析的层面对同塔线路所处的电网支撑背端电源强弱、电磁联系强弱以及同塔线路自身的不同运行方式等情形下不同故障模式的故障特征开展研究,从继电保护的层面对选相、距离保护动作区、零序电流、接地阻抗、纵联零序方向元件等动作行为的影响进行系统性分析与评估。主要研究内容如下:
     1)研究了同塔线路故障特征的影响因素,建立了同塔线路故障分析的统一解析模型,从机理、装置和对策的不同层面,深入系统地研究了同塔输电线路故障特征及其对继电保护的影响,揭示了同塔线路零序耦合与跨线故障的形式、程度和范围,提出了在继电保护配置、整定、运行以及装置方面的对策。
     2)研究了零序互感对故障特征与继电保护的影响,同塔线路零序互阻抗的特征、考虑零序互阻抗的故障电气特征以及零序互阻抗对继电保护的影响。将“电磁竞争”的思想引入同塔线路继电保护特性分析,提出了强磁弱电定量判据,研究其对继电保护零序方向的影响规律。提出了用零序互感效率因子来计算多回同塔线路对继电保护的影响,用零序互感长度因子来计算分段同塔线路对继电保护的影响,并统一用零序互感因子进行描述。
     3)研究了跨线故障对故障电气特征与继电保护的影响,特别是异名相跨线接地故障的故障特征及其对继电保护的影响。分析了跨线故障时同塔线路主流保护中纵联零序、纵联距离与各种后备保护与选相元件的灵敏性与选择性所受到的影响;对同塔线路保护选相,弱馈线路距离保护动作行为,零序电流、相间阻抗、接地阻抗、突变量方向元件与纵联零序方向元件等进行定性与定量评估;对因同塔线路间零序互感而影响保护边界的情形进行解析分析,尤其是回路间的强磁特征影响保护临界的情形(如零序功率方向反向)进行计算与界定。
     4)结合电网实际,评估了电网同塔线路特征及对继电保护的影响,特别是现行保护在同塔线路下的固有缺陷,提出新运行环境同塔条件下保护的防范措施和解决方案,形成电网保护的配置以及整定方案建议。
     5)基于RTDS与实际的继电保护装置,建立了完整、科学的实验模型,结合理论分析成果,实证研究了同塔线路继电保护改进措施的有效性和实际效果。
As an effective transmission mode, the transmission lines on the same tower have beenwidely adopted in the power grid of China because of its efficiency in land use, highertransmission capacity and lower construction cost. Compared with other transmission modes,this transmission mode features strong zero-sequence mutual inductance and great possibilityof cross-line fault, which in turn demands more effective and accurate relay protection. Bystudying the fault characteristics of transmission lines on the same tower under differentoperating conditions of power system and transmission lines, this dissertation sets out toexamine the influence of the zero-sequence mutual inductance and the cross-line fault on theperformance of faulty phase selection element, distance protection, zero sequence currentprotection, pilot zero sequence directional element et al, assesses the operation characteristicsof relay protection from different viewpoints. Based on the above analysis, this dissertationpresents feasible suggestions to improve the performance of relay protection of transmissionlines on the same tower. The main research works and results are listed as following:
     1. By analyzing the fault characteristics of transmission lines on the same tower, a typicalfault analysis model has been built, which is used in this paper for systematic research of thefeatures of zero-sequence mutual inductance and cross-line fault and their influences on theperformance of relay protection. On the basis of the analyses, the countermeasures on theconfiguration and setting of relay protection have been put forward as well.
     2. As one of the inherently features of transmission line on same tower, the zero-sequencemutual inductance influence on fault characteristics and relay protection has been studied.According to the analysis, the conception of magnetically-strong and electrically-weakconnected power network has been proposed in this dissertation. By introducing the concept of“electromagnetic competition” to the fault characteristic analysis, the criterion ofmagnetically-strong and electrically-weak detection is put forward to study the influence ofzero-sequence mutual inductance on the zero sequence directional protection. Moreover, anovel method has also been presented, which utilizes the efficiency factor to analyze thezero-sequence mutual inductance influence on the performance of relay protection.
     3. In order to improve the performance of relay protection used on transmission lines onthe same tower, the characteristic of cross-line fault and its influence on relay protection,especially the different-phase cross-line grounding fault, has been studied. By analyzing theinfluence of cross-line fault on the performance of various types of relay protection elementssuch as the pilot protection, the distance protection, the phase selection element etc, thisdissertation draws practical conclusions on the methods to improve the sensitivity, selectivityand reliability of the relay protection, especially the operation border demarcation under thecircumstance of magnetically-strong and electrically-weak system.
     4. Based on the collected data in power system operation, the inherent defects of existingrelay protection methods used in the transmission line on same tower have been analyzed.Meanwhile, this paper puts forward several precautionary measures and solutions to the relayprotection suitable for the transmission line on same tower and discusses novel configurationand setting schemes of the relay protection.
     5. By utilizing the practical relay protection devices and the dynamic simulation of RTDS(Real Time Digital Simulation), the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed methods andmeasures of relay protection used on the transmission lines on same tower are examined andvalidated.
引文
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