电流源逆变器型STATCOM技术研究
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摘要
无功控制对于交流传输系统已经成为一个重要的课题。因为大多数负荷都消耗无功功率(例如感应电机)。负荷和负荷的功率因数的改变能引起终端电压的很大改变。这将导致由于电压过低而影响负荷功能的执行或者由于过电压引起绝缘的损坏。这就需要在适当的地方进行无功补偿。传统的无功补偿设备有同步调相机、固定容量的电容器、开关控制的并联电抗器等，这些设备可满足一定范围的无功补偿要求，但存在响应速度慢、故障维护困难等缺点，难以满足现代快速控制的要求。STATCOM是一种静止同步无功补偿器，它的容量或感应输出电流能独立于交流系统电压，STATCOM比SVC有着更快速和动态的反应，通常没有必要增加额外的滤波网络。目前，国内国际上所投入使用的STATCOM多为电压源逆变器型(VSI)，而另外一种基于电流源逆变器的STATCOM(CSI)也是一种潜在的拓扑结构，在国内和国外还没有被广泛的研究和应用，它通过直流侧的电感经逆变器输出电流来使STATCOM吸收和发出无功，达到无功调节的目的。与电压源型STATCOM相比，它可以直接控制于补偿电流，不需要与交流系统间有磁场的耦合。
本文将主要进行以下工作：建立能反映装置主要特性的数学模型，我们可以采用输入输出的建模方法来建立STATCOM装置的数学模型；根据补偿器要实现的功能和应用的场合来决定采用开环控制、闭环控制或者两者相结合的控制策略；利用MATLAB附带的动态通用仿真软件包SIMULINK对其进行系统级建模仿真；电流源型STATCOM的软件和硬件的初步设计。
本文阐述基于电流源逆变器(CSI)STATCOM的电路结构，工作原理，数学模型。它的特点是以通过控制电感线圈的电流来实现对无功的控制。电流源逆变器(CSI)STATCOM的优点在于对并联补偿电流的直接控制。这种结构不需要耦合磁铁。由于半导体的串联配置，导体损耗相对较高。但随着电力电子技术的快速发展，如果有更好的半导体器件的出现，这种电流源逆变器(CSI)STATCOM将具有广泛应用的潜力。
Reactive power control has been an important issue since the emergence of the ac transmission system, because the most loads consume are reactive power (for example induction motors). The load and load power factor change can cause large amplitude variation in receiving end voltage, which will degrade the performance of the load due to the undervoltage or cause insulation damage to the load due to the overvoltage. So the compensation on proper location is necessary. Traditional reactive power compensation equipment, such as rotary condenser, capacitor, electric reactor, can suffice the demand of compensation, but it has many shortcoming, for example slow response speed and difficult maintenance of accident. So it is difficult for traditional reactive power compensation equipment to meet the demand of modern fast control. STATCOM is a static synchronous generator operated as shunt-connected static var compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled independent of the ac system voltage. It has faster dynamic response than the SVC. Presently most of these commercialized STATCOMs are based on the voltage source inverter (VSI). Another potential topology that can be applied to STATCOM is current source inverter (CSI). It can absorb and generate reactive power through the current produced by converter. Compared with the voltage source converter STATCOM, it can control the compensation current and needn't has magnetic Field Coupling with ac system.
In this chapter, some work would be done as followed:
(1) Derive the mathematical model of the STATCOM on the fundamental frequency model. We want to build the mathematical model that can reflect main character of CSC STATCOM and don't pay attention to some device current at some time. So we use input and output modeling method to built the mathematical model of CSI STATCOM.
(2) Design of control for CSI STATCOM. The control is based on the fundamental model of the CSI based STATCOM. There are two control objectives: one is to regulate the dc inductor current; the other is to design a controller to regulate the bus voltage. We decide to use open-loop control strategy or close-loop control strategy according to what CSI STATCOM function.
(3) Do some simulation and experimental work on CSI STACOM and Simulation of the dynamics using SimuLink. According to the mathematical model have been built, we can do some simulation and experimental work using MATLAB and SimuLink.
In this chapter, The advantage of the CSI topology is the direct control of the current for shunt compensation. No coupling magnetics are needed for this topology. Due to the configuration of semiconductors in series, the conduction loss is relatively high. If better semiconductors are available, this topology can be potentially widely used.
本文将主要进行以下工作：建立能反映装置主要特性的数学模型，我们可以采用输入输出的建模方法来建立STATCOM装置的数学模型；根据补偿器要实现的功能和应用的场合来决定采用开环控制、闭环控制或者两者相结合的控制策略；利用MATLAB附带的动态通用仿真软件包SIMULINK对其进行系统级建模仿真；电流源型STATCOM的软件和硬件的初步设计。
本文阐述基于电流源逆变器(CSI)STATCOM的电路结构，工作原理，数学模型。它的特点是以通过控制电感线圈的电流来实现对无功的控制。电流源逆变器(CSI)STATCOM的优点在于对并联补偿电流的直接控制。这种结构不需要耦合磁铁。由于半导体的串联配置，导体损耗相对较高。但随着电力电子技术的快速发展，如果有更好的半导体器件的出现，这种电流源逆变器(CSI)STATCOM将具有广泛应用的潜力。
Reactive power control has been an important issue since the emergence of the ac transmission system, because the most loads consume are reactive power (for example induction motors). The load and load power factor change can cause large amplitude variation in receiving end voltage, which will degrade the performance of the load due to the undervoltage or cause insulation damage to the load due to the overvoltage. So the compensation on proper location is necessary. Traditional reactive power compensation equipment, such as rotary condenser, capacitor, electric reactor, can suffice the demand of compensation, but it has many shortcoming, for example slow response speed and difficult maintenance of accident. So it is difficult for traditional reactive power compensation equipment to meet the demand of modern fast control. STATCOM is a static synchronous generator operated as shunt-connected static var compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled independent of the ac system voltage. It has faster dynamic response than the SVC. Presently most of these commercialized STATCOMs are based on the voltage source inverter (VSI). Another potential topology that can be applied to STATCOM is current source inverter (CSI). It can absorb and generate reactive power through the current produced by converter. Compared with the voltage source converter STATCOM, it can control the compensation current and needn't has magnetic Field Coupling with ac system.
In this chapter, some work would be done as followed:
(1) Derive the mathematical model of the STATCOM on the fundamental frequency model. We want to build the mathematical model that can reflect main character of CSC STATCOM and don't pay attention to some device current at some time. So we use input and output modeling method to built the mathematical model of CSI STATCOM.
(2) Design of control for CSI STATCOM. The control is based on the fundamental model of the CSI based STATCOM. There are two control objectives: one is to regulate the dc inductor current; the other is to design a controller to regulate the bus voltage. We decide to use open-loop control strategy or close-loop control strategy according to what CSI STATCOM function.
(3) Do some simulation and experimental work on CSI STACOM and Simulation of the dynamics using SimuLink. According to the mathematical model have been built, we can do some simulation and experimental work using MATLAB and SimuLink.
In this chapter, The advantage of the CSI topology is the direct control of the current for shunt compensation. No coupling magnetics are needed for this topology. Due to the configuration of semiconductors in series, the conduction loss is relatively high. If better semiconductors are available, this topology can be potentially widely used.
引文
[1]姜齐荣，谢小荣，陈建业等．电力系统并联补偿——结构、原理、控制与应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2004．8．
[2]王仲鸿，沈斐，吴铁．FACTS技术研究现状及其在中国的应用与发展．电力系统自动化，2000．121-4．
[3]李坚．商业化电网的经济运行及无功电压调整．北京：中国电力出版社．
[4]黄春阳，赵慧春，黄顺礼．FACTS设备的应用和发展前景．吉林电力，2002．6 23-25．
[5]刘乾．低压电网无功补偿研究及实现：(硕士学位论文)．南京：南京理工大学，2003．1．
[6]董云龙，静止同步补偿器(statcom)的仿真与实现：(硕士学位论文)．南京：东南大学．2004．3．
[7]陆安定．发电厂变电所及电力系统的无功功率．北京：中国电力出版社．2003．8．
[8]苑舜，韩水．配电网无功优化及无功补偿装置．北京：中国电力出版社，2003．10．
[9]徐政 译．基于晶闸管的柔性交流输电控制装置．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．4．
[10]罗承廉，纪勇，刘遵义．静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)的原理与实现．北京：中国电力出版社．2005．
[11]刘宝宏．statcom拓扑结构及其阻尼作用的仿真研究：(硕士学位论文)．北京：华北电力大学．2003．1．
[12]Bingsen Wang. SHUNT COMPENSATION USING CSIBASED STATCOM. ECE714 Project Report. 2003.
[13]Dong Shen and P. W. Lehn. Modeling, Analysis, and Control of a Current Source Inverter-Based STATCOM. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2002.1.
[14]Reed, G. Paserba, J. Croasdaile. STATCOM application at VELCO Essex substation. Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. 2001(2) 1109-1114.
[15]张崇巍，张兴．PWM整流器及其控制．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．
[16]查丛梅，王东升．基于PWM控制技术的新型无功发生器．华北电力技术．2002／07．
[17]宋栋梁．一种三相逆变电流源的研究：(硕士学位论文)．杭州：浙江大学，2003．3．
[18]Ying Cheng, Mariesa L. Crow. A Diode-Clamped Multi-level Inverter For the StatCom/BESS[J].IEEE, 2002(7) 470-475.
[19]Boon Teck Ooi, Geza Joos, Xiaogang Huang. Operating Principles of Shunt STATCOM based on3-level Diode-Clamped Converters[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1999,14(4) 1504-1510.
[20]Yiqiao Liang;Nwankpa, C.O. A new type of STATCOM based on cascading voltage-source inverters with phase-shifted unipolar SPWN. Industry Application, IEEE Transactions on,1999 35(5) 1118-1123.
[21]李传奇，盛义发，邹其洪．电力电子技术计算机仿真实验．北京：电子工业出版社，2006．
[22]王兆安，黄俊．电力电子技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[23]Cai Rong. Analysis of STATCOM for Voltage Dip Mitigation. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science, 2004.12.
[24]C.K. Sao, P.W. Lehn, M. R. Iravani and J.A. Martinez. A Bench mark System for Digital Time-Domain Simulation of a Pulse-Width-ModulatedD-STATCOM[J]. IEEE Transaction on power delivery, 2002,17(4):1113-1120.
[25]李维波．MATLAB在电气工程中的应用．北京：中国电力出版社，2006．
[26]薛定宇．陈阳泉．基于MATLAB／Simulink的系统仿真技术与应用．北京：清华大学出版社．2002．4．
[27]吴天明，谢小竹等．MATLAB电力系统设计与分析，北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1．
[28]孙晓娟，高嵩，敬伟．STATCOM的系统仿真．微计算机信息，2005／18 170-172．
[29]邓瑶．关于STATCOM的系统仿真．西安航空技术高等专科学校学报．2005／05 11-13．
[30]孟燕妮，杨晓萍，张贤洪．基于MATLAB的DSTATCOM控制器仿真研究．计算技术与自动化，2005／01 20-23．
[31]盖志武，李东升，宋蛰存等．脉冲调宽式逆变电源的建模及仿真．计算机仿真，2003／03 97-99．
[32]孙晓娟．靳红梅．基于MATLAB的静止无功发生器系统仿真．电子工业专用设备，2005．4 60-64．
[33]高芳，王伟，俞旭峰等．STATCOM在上海电网中的应用仿真．电力系统自动化，2003．6 71-74．
[34]王超．静止无功补偿器D-statcom的研究：(硕士学位论文)．西安：西安理工大学，2003．3．
[35]姜齐荣，刘文华，韩英铎等．±20MvarSTATCOM控制器设计．电力系统自动化，2000．12 24-27．
[36]刘文华，姜齐荣等．±20MvarSTATCOM总体设计．电力系统自动化，2000．10 14-18．
[37]陈贤明，许和平等．±500kvar静止无功发生器的研制．电力系统自动化，2001．10 53-57．
[38]滕金玉，关宗安．statcom装置主电路的设计．沈阳航空工业学院学报，2005．3 61-62．
[39]Wanki Min, Joonki Min, Jacho Choi. Control of STATCOM Using Cascade Multilevel Inverter forHigh Power Application[J]. IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1999(8) 871-876.
[40]Z.K. Mahapatra, Arindam Ghosh and S.R. Doradla. Simplified Model for Control Design of STATCOM Using Three-level Inverter[J]. IEEE, 1998(9) 536-539.
[41]C. Schauder, M. Gernhardt, E. Stacey, et. Development of a ±MVAr TVA STATCOM. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1997,12(4) 1530-1535.
[42]Wanki Min;Jooki Min;Jaeho Choi. Control of STATCOM using cascade multilevel inverter for high power application. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1999. (2) 871-876.
[2]王仲鸿，沈斐，吴铁．FACTS技术研究现状及其在中国的应用与发展．电力系统自动化，2000．121-4．
[3]李坚．商业化电网的经济运行及无功电压调整．北京：中国电力出版社．
[4]黄春阳，赵慧春，黄顺礼．FACTS设备的应用和发展前景．吉林电力，2002．6 23-25．
[5]刘乾．低压电网无功补偿研究及实现：(硕士学位论文)．南京：南京理工大学，2003．1．
[6]董云龙，静止同步补偿器(statcom)的仿真与实现：(硕士学位论文)．南京：东南大学．2004．3．
[7]陆安定．发电厂变电所及电力系统的无功功率．北京：中国电力出版社．2003．8．
[8]苑舜，韩水．配电网无功优化及无功补偿装置．北京：中国电力出版社，2003．10．
[9]徐政 译．基于晶闸管的柔性交流输电控制装置．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．4．
[10]罗承廉，纪勇，刘遵义．静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)的原理与实现．北京：中国电力出版社．2005．
[11]刘宝宏．statcom拓扑结构及其阻尼作用的仿真研究：(硕士学位论文)．北京：华北电力大学．2003．1．
[12]Bingsen Wang. SHUNT COMPENSATION USING CSIBASED STATCOM. ECE714 Project Report. 2003.
[13]Dong Shen and P. W. Lehn. Modeling, Analysis, and Control of a Current Source Inverter-Based STATCOM. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 2002.1.
[14]Reed, G. Paserba, J. Croasdaile. STATCOM application at VELCO Essex substation. Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. 2001(2) 1109-1114.
[15]张崇巍，张兴．PWM整流器及其控制．北京：机械工业出版社，2005．
[16]查丛梅，王东升．基于PWM控制技术的新型无功发生器．华北电力技术．2002／07．
[17]宋栋梁．一种三相逆变电流源的研究：(硕士学位论文)．杭州：浙江大学，2003．3．
[18]Ying Cheng, Mariesa L. Crow. A Diode-Clamped Multi-level Inverter For the StatCom/BESS[J].IEEE, 2002(7) 470-475.
[19]Boon Teck Ooi, Geza Joos, Xiaogang Huang. Operating Principles of Shunt STATCOM based on3-level Diode-Clamped Converters[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1999,14(4) 1504-1510.
[20]Yiqiao Liang;Nwankpa, C.O. A new type of STATCOM based on cascading voltage-source inverters with phase-shifted unipolar SPWN. Industry Application, IEEE Transactions on,1999 35(5) 1118-1123.
[21]李传奇，盛义发，邹其洪．电力电子技术计算机仿真实验．北京：电子工业出版社，2006．
[22]王兆安，黄俊．电力电子技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[23]Cai Rong. Analysis of STATCOM for Voltage Dip Mitigation. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science, 2004.12.
[24]C.K. Sao, P.W. Lehn, M. R. Iravani and J.A. Martinez. A Bench mark System for Digital Time-Domain Simulation of a Pulse-Width-ModulatedD-STATCOM[J]. IEEE Transaction on power delivery, 2002,17(4):1113-1120.
[25]李维波．MATLAB在电气工程中的应用．北京：中国电力出版社，2006．
[26]薛定宇．陈阳泉．基于MATLAB／Simulink的系统仿真技术与应用．北京：清华大学出版社．2002．4．
[27]吴天明，谢小竹等．MATLAB电力系统设计与分析，北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1．
[28]孙晓娟，高嵩，敬伟．STATCOM的系统仿真．微计算机信息，2005／18 170-172．
[29]邓瑶．关于STATCOM的系统仿真．西安航空技术高等专科学校学报．2005／05 11-13．
[30]孟燕妮，杨晓萍，张贤洪．基于MATLAB的DSTATCOM控制器仿真研究．计算技术与自动化，2005／01 20-23．
[31]盖志武，李东升，宋蛰存等．脉冲调宽式逆变电源的建模及仿真．计算机仿真，2003／03 97-99．
[32]孙晓娟．靳红梅．基于MATLAB的静止无功发生器系统仿真．电子工业专用设备，2005．4 60-64．
[33]高芳，王伟，俞旭峰等．STATCOM在上海电网中的应用仿真．电力系统自动化，2003．6 71-74．
[34]王超．静止无功补偿器D-statcom的研究：(硕士学位论文)．西安：西安理工大学，2003．3．
[35]姜齐荣，刘文华，韩英铎等．±20MvarSTATCOM控制器设计．电力系统自动化，2000．12 24-27．
[36]刘文华，姜齐荣等．±20MvarSTATCOM总体设计．电力系统自动化，2000．10 14-18．
[37]陈贤明，许和平等．±500kvar静止无功发生器的研制．电力系统自动化，2001．10 53-57．
[38]滕金玉，关宗安．statcom装置主电路的设计．沈阳航空工业学院学报，2005．3 61-62．
[39]Wanki Min, Joonki Min, Jacho Choi. Control of STATCOM Using Cascade Multilevel Inverter forHigh Power Application[J]. IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1999(8) 871-876.
[40]Z.K. Mahapatra, Arindam Ghosh and S.R. Doradla. Simplified Model for Control Design of STATCOM Using Three-level Inverter[J]. IEEE, 1998(9) 536-539.
[41]C. Schauder, M. Gernhardt, E. Stacey, et. Development of a ±MVAr TVA STATCOM. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1997,12(4) 1530-1535.
[42]Wanki Min;Jooki Min;Jaeho Choi. Control of STATCOM using cascade multilevel inverter for high power application. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 1999. (2) 871-876.