余甘子干果活性成分的分离鉴定与生理活性研究
|
摘要
余甘子(phyllanthus emblica L.)是大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)叶下珠属(Phyllanthus)的果实,富含多种对人体有益的生物活性物质,包括多酚、黄酮、甾醇、生物碱、活性多糖、维生素、氨基酸以及微量元素。具有化痰止咳、健胃消食、清热生津、保肝解毒等功效,被广泛用于抗氧化、抗肝损伤、降脂减肥、抗肿瘤和抗菌抗炎等方面。本研究目的在于探讨惠州产地野生余甘子干果的化学成分组成,并对其药理及生物活性进行研究,为其在食品行业和医药行业的应用和开发提供一定的理论依据,以便更好地综合开发和利用我国大量的野生余甘子资源及发展我国传统中药。
本课题采用有机溶剂分级、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、制备TLC和制备HPLC等分离方法。从惠州产地余甘子干果95%乙醇提取物中共分离得到18种化合物。利用一维和二维核磁共振波谱、质谱和红外光谱等方法分别鉴定为Mallotusinin (C1)、柯子宁(C2)、柯黎勒酸(C3)、异柯里拉京(C4)、粘酸-1,4-内酯-3-O-没食子酸酯(C5)、槲皮素(C6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-葡萄糖苷(C7)、柚皮素(C8)、云香苷(C9)、没食子酸(C10)、鞣花酸(C11)、焦性没食子酸(C12)、β-谷甾醇(C13)、β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(C14)、β-胡萝卜苷(C15)、桂皮酸(C16)、5-羟基甲基糠醛(C17)、二十六烷酸(C18)。其中化合物C1、C2、C8、C9、C14、C17、C18为首次从余甘子中分离得到,C1为首次从该植物属中分离得到。
采用体外抗氧化实验方法,对余甘子干果中提取得到的单体化合物清除DPPH?自由基、ABTS?+自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力进行了研究。结果表明,余甘子中提取得到的多酚化合物都具有较强的自由基清除活性。其中mallotusinin对自由基的清除活性最强。清除DPPH?自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的IC50值分别为3.99μM和2.27μM,清除ABTS?+自由基的TEAC值为6.15。同时还讨论了余甘子中提取化合物自由基清除能力与化合物分子结构之间的构效关系。本文还考察了余甘子中的多酚化合物对Fe~(2+)离子的螯合能力以及对Fe~(2+)引发的亚油酸脂质过氧化反应的抑制能力。结果显示,各多酚化合物均可螯合Fe~(2+)并能抑制Fe~(2+)引发的亚油酸过氧化反应,而且其抑制脂质过氧化能力与螯合Fe~(2+)能力一致。
采用MTT方法,利用人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)及人肝癌细胞(HepG-2)两种细胞系,以抑制细胞增殖为目标,对余甘子干果中的多酚类化合物进行了抑制细胞增殖的活性研究。结果显示,余甘子干果中的多酚类化合物对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞和HepG-2肝癌细胞的增殖均有不同程度的抑制作用,且不同多酚化合物对癌细胞增殖的抑制效果各不相同。在测试浓度范围内,余甘子多酚化合物对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞增殖的影响大于对HepG-2肝癌细胞增殖的影响(P < 0.05)。其中单宁化合物mallotusinin对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞增殖抑制效果最好,且与浓度呈现良好的量效关系, IC50值为0.055mM。
Emblica, a dry fruit of plant phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthus) of Euphorbiaceae, is a good source of polyphenolic, flavone, tannin and other bioactive substances. Emblica fruit has been used widely in many local traditional medicinal systems and believed to increase defense against diseases, its actions include moistening the lung and relieving cough, cleaning heat and detoxifying fire poison. Similarly, it has application as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, analgesic, cytoprotective and etc. The study was conducted to understand the chemical constituents of the dried fruit of wild emblica. The objective was to screen the biological and pharmacological activities, and provide a theoretical basis in the food and pharmaceutical industry. It would serve as a basis for value-added development and utilization of emblica resources, as well as promote Chinese traditional medicine.
Through our research work, 18 compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the dried fruit of emblica by repeated column chromatography and elucidated on the basis of various spectral analyses (1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, MS, IR etc.). The structure of them have been elucidated as: Mallotusinin(C1)、Chebulanin(C2)、Chebulagic acid (C3)、Isocorilagin (C4)、Mucic acid 1,4- Lactone-2-o-gallate (5)、Quercetin (C6)、Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (C7)、Naringenin (C8)、Rutin (C9)、Gallic acid (C10)、Ellagic acid (C11)、Pyrogallo (C12)、β-Sitosterol (C13)、β-Sitosterol palmitate (C14)、β-Daucosterol (C15)、β-Phenylacrylic acid (C16)、5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (C17)、Hexacosanol acid (C18). Among the isolated compounds, compound C1、C2、C8、C9、C14、C17 and C18 were isolated for the first time in this plant and compound C1 were isolated for the first time in Phyllanthus.
The antioxidant activities of purified compounds were evaluated by in vitro experiments using scavenging assays of DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, chelating ability of ferrous ion and inhibition capability of Fe (II)-induced lipid peroxidation, respectively. Most of the purified compounds showed strong radical scavenging activity. Amongst, mallotusinin showed the highest radical sanvenging ablitily than other purified compounds. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals and superoxide anion radicals were 3.99μM and 2.27μM, respectively. The TEAC value for ABTS radical sanvenging was 6.15. Mallotusinin showed significantly higher radical sanvenging capacity compared to TBHQ, BHT and VC (P < 0.01). All phenolics from emblica fruit showed good potency to chelate Fe~(2+) and could inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by Fe~(2+).
The in vitro cytotoxicity of phenolics compounds from emblcia against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and HepG-2 hepatic carcinoma cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. The resulted showed that all the tested compounds exibitied varying degree cytotoxity to the cell line MCF-7 and HepG-2. Amongst, mallotusinin showed higher antiproliferation capacity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines compared to other purified compounds (P < 0.05) and showed in a dose-dependent manner;
本课题采用有机溶剂分级、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、制备TLC和制备HPLC等分离方法。从惠州产地余甘子干果95%乙醇提取物中共分离得到18种化合物。利用一维和二维核磁共振波谱、质谱和红外光谱等方法分别鉴定为Mallotusinin (C1)、柯子宁(C2)、柯黎勒酸(C3)、异柯里拉京(C4)、粘酸-1,4-内酯-3-O-没食子酸酯(C5)、槲皮素(C6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-葡萄糖苷(C7)、柚皮素(C8)、云香苷(C9)、没食子酸(C10)、鞣花酸(C11)、焦性没食子酸(C12)、β-谷甾醇(C13)、β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(C14)、β-胡萝卜苷(C15)、桂皮酸(C16)、5-羟基甲基糠醛(C17)、二十六烷酸(C18)。其中化合物C1、C2、C8、C9、C14、C17、C18为首次从余甘子中分离得到,C1为首次从该植物属中分离得到。
采用体外抗氧化实验方法,对余甘子干果中提取得到的单体化合物清除DPPH?自由基、ABTS?+自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力进行了研究。结果表明,余甘子中提取得到的多酚化合物都具有较强的自由基清除活性。其中mallotusinin对自由基的清除活性最强。清除DPPH?自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的IC50值分别为3.99μM和2.27μM,清除ABTS?+自由基的TEAC值为6.15。同时还讨论了余甘子中提取化合物自由基清除能力与化合物分子结构之间的构效关系。本文还考察了余甘子中的多酚化合物对Fe~(2+)离子的螯合能力以及对Fe~(2+)引发的亚油酸脂质过氧化反应的抑制能力。结果显示,各多酚化合物均可螯合Fe~(2+)并能抑制Fe~(2+)引发的亚油酸过氧化反应,而且其抑制脂质过氧化能力与螯合Fe~(2+)能力一致。
采用MTT方法,利用人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)及人肝癌细胞(HepG-2)两种细胞系,以抑制细胞增殖为目标,对余甘子干果中的多酚类化合物进行了抑制细胞增殖的活性研究。结果显示,余甘子干果中的多酚类化合物对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞和HepG-2肝癌细胞的增殖均有不同程度的抑制作用,且不同多酚化合物对癌细胞增殖的抑制效果各不相同。在测试浓度范围内,余甘子多酚化合物对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞增殖的影响大于对HepG-2肝癌细胞增殖的影响(P < 0.05)。其中单宁化合物mallotusinin对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞增殖抑制效果最好,且与浓度呈现良好的量效关系, IC50值为0.055mM。
Emblica, a dry fruit of plant phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthus) of Euphorbiaceae, is a good source of polyphenolic, flavone, tannin and other bioactive substances. Emblica fruit has been used widely in many local traditional medicinal systems and believed to increase defense against diseases, its actions include moistening the lung and relieving cough, cleaning heat and detoxifying fire poison. Similarly, it has application as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, analgesic, cytoprotective and etc. The study was conducted to understand the chemical constituents of the dried fruit of wild emblica. The objective was to screen the biological and pharmacological activities, and provide a theoretical basis in the food and pharmaceutical industry. It would serve as a basis for value-added development and utilization of emblica resources, as well as promote Chinese traditional medicine.
Through our research work, 18 compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the dried fruit of emblica by repeated column chromatography and elucidated on the basis of various spectral analyses (1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, MS, IR etc.). The structure of them have been elucidated as: Mallotusinin(C1)、Chebulanin(C2)、Chebulagic acid (C3)、Isocorilagin (C4)、Mucic acid 1,4- Lactone-2-o-gallate (5)、Quercetin (C6)、Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (C7)、Naringenin (C8)、Rutin (C9)、Gallic acid (C10)、Ellagic acid (C11)、Pyrogallo (C12)、β-Sitosterol (C13)、β-Sitosterol palmitate (C14)、β-Daucosterol (C15)、β-Phenylacrylic acid (C16)、5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (C17)、Hexacosanol acid (C18). Among the isolated compounds, compound C1、C2、C8、C9、C14、C17 and C18 were isolated for the first time in this plant and compound C1 were isolated for the first time in Phyllanthus.
The antioxidant activities of purified compounds were evaluated by in vitro experiments using scavenging assays of DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, chelating ability of ferrous ion and inhibition capability of Fe (II)-induced lipid peroxidation, respectively. Most of the purified compounds showed strong radical scavenging activity. Amongst, mallotusinin showed the highest radical sanvenging ablitily than other purified compounds. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals and superoxide anion radicals were 3.99μM and 2.27μM, respectively. The TEAC value for ABTS radical sanvenging was 6.15. Mallotusinin showed significantly higher radical sanvenging capacity compared to TBHQ, BHT and VC (P < 0.01). All phenolics from emblica fruit showed good potency to chelate Fe~(2+) and could inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by Fe~(2+).
The in vitro cytotoxicity of phenolics compounds from emblcia against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and HepG-2 hepatic carcinoma cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. The resulted showed that all the tested compounds exibitied varying degree cytotoxity to the cell line MCF-7 and HepG-2. Amongst, mallotusinin showed higher antiproliferation capacity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines compared to other purified compounds (P < 0.05) and showed in a dose-dependent manner;
引文
[1] Morton J. F. The Emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.)[J]. Economic Botany. 1960, 14: 119-128
[2]王开良,姚小华.余甘子培育与利用现状分析及发展前景[J].江西农业大学学报,2003, 5 (3): 397-401
[3] Saw L. G., Lafrankie J. V., Kochnmmen K. M., et al. Fruit trees in a Malaysian Rain Forest[J]. Economic Botany. 1991, 45: 120-136
[4]刘凤书,侯开卫,李绍家等.余甘子的保健价值和及开发利用前景[J].自然资源学报, 1993, 8(4): 299-306
[5]李芳.从文献计量看我国余甘子的研究现状[J].广西热带农业,2002,4:41-42
[6]中国营养学会.推荐的每日膳食营养素供量[J].营养学报. 1989, 11(1):93-96.
[7]陈智毅,刘学铭等.余甘子生物学特性及营养成分[J].中国南方果树. 2003, 32(6):71-73
[8]张国平.余甘子的营养价值[J].中国食物与营养, 2004, 1: 251
[9] Nadkarni K. M. Indian Materia Medica[M]. Bombay: Popular Book Deport, 1994: 94:481.
[10]周涛,邱德文.民族药余甘子的本草药学概况[J].贵阳中医学院学报, 2002, 24: 3-4
[11]李峰.我国民族药研究述略[J].山东中医药大学学报, 2000, 24(2):158
[12]夏泉.中国叶下珠属植物(phyllanthus)的生药学及民族药学研究[D].中国协和医科大学博士论文,北京, 1997, 134-142
[13]刘荣光.防癌、抗衰老的果树--余甘[J].广西园艺, 2003, 6:33-634
[14]董平,黄儒强,曾庆孝等.荔枝余甘子保健酒的研制[J].酿酒科技, 2003, 4: 89-91
[15]肖建春.余甘子精粉的提取技术[J].山东食品科技, 2001, 1: 29-30
[16]张芳,徐学万.余甘子的开发与利用[J].保鲜与加工, 2001, 1 (2) : 319 - 321
[17]中国科学院植物研究所,中国经济植物志, 1961, 1177
[18] Barthakur N. N. Chemical analysis of the emblica(Phyllanthus emblica) and its potential as a source[J]. Scientia Hoticultural. 1991, 47 (1-2): 99-105
[19] Liu X. L., Cui C., Zhao M. M., Wang J. S. Luo W., Yang B., Jiang Y. M. Identification of phenolics in the fruit of emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.) and their antioxidant activities[J]. Food Chemistry, 2008, 109:909-915
[20] Yang C. B., Zhang F., Deng M. C., He G. Y., Yue J. M., Lu R. H., A new ellagitannin from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L[J]. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan). 2007, 54(6):1615-1618
[21] Habib U. R., Yasin, K. A., Choudhary M. A., Khaliq N., Atta U. R., Choudhary M. I., Malik S. Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica Natural Product Research [J]. Part A: Structure and Synthesis. 2007, 21(9): 775-781.
[22]候海燕.中药余甘子抗HBV活性成分研究[D].中国军事医学科学院硕士论文,北京,2006
[23] Kuumaran A., Karunadaranr R. J. Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Active Components from Phyllanthus emblica L[J]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2006, 61: 1–5
[24]张兰珍,赵文华,郭亚健等.藏药余甘子化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志, 2003,28 (10):940-943
[25] Ghosal S., Tripathi V. K., Chauhan S. Active constituents of Emblica officinalis: Part 1. The chemistry and antioxidative effects of two new hydrolyzable tannins, emblicanin A and B [J]. Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry. 1996, 35B(9):941-948
[26] el-Mekkawy S., Meselhy M. R., Kusumoto I. T., Kadota S. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immune defi cience virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1995, 42 (4): 641-648
[27] Suresh K.,Vasudemistry D. M. Augmentation of murine natural killer cell and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities by Phyllanthus emblica, a new immunomodulator[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 1994, 44(1):55-60
[28] El-Desouky S. K., Ryu S.Y., Kim Y. K. A new cytotoxic acylated apigenin glucoside from Phyllanthus emblica L[J]. Natural product research .2008, 22(1): 91-95
[29] Zhang Y. J., Abe T., Tanaka T., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Phyllanemblinins A–F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 2001, 64:1527–1532
[30] Liu Q., Wang Y. F., Chen R. J., Zhang M. Y., Wang Y. F., Yang C. R., Zhang Y. J. Anti-Coxsackie Virus B3 Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblicaJ[J]. Nat. Prod., 2009, 72 (5): 969–972
[31] Zhang Y. J., Takashi T., Yoko I., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Phyllaemblic acid, a novel highly oxygenated norbisabolane fromthe roots of Phyllanthus emblica [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41:1781–1784
[32] Zhang Y. J., Takashi T., Yoko I., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Novel Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica [J]. J Nat. Prod. 2000, 63:1507-1510
[33] Zhang Y. J., Takashi T., Yoko I., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Novel Sesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica[J]. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64: 870-873
[34] Zhang Y. J., Abe T., Tanaka T., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Phyllanemblinins A–F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products 2001, 64:1527–1532
[35] Barthakur N. N. Chemical analysis of the emblica (Phyllanthus emblica) and its potential as a resource [J]. Scientia Hoticultural. 1991, 47 (1-2): 99-105
[36] Verma R. C., Gupta A. Effect of pre-treatments on quality of solar-dried amla [J]. Journal of Food Engineering. 2004, 65: 397-402
[37]杨顺凯,杨压力,杨维力.余甘子资源植物的研究与开发进展[J].应用与环境生物学报. 2008, 14(6): 846-854
[38] Loots D. T., Westhuizen F. H. V. D., Jerling J. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of Kei-Apple (Dovyalis caffra) juice [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54: 1271-1276
[39] Panda S., Kar A. Fruit extract of Emblica officinalis ameliorates hyperthyroidism and hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice [J]. Pharmazie, 2003, 58 (10): 753
[40] Kusirisin W., Srichairatanakool S., Lerttrakarnnon P., Lailerd N., Suttajit M., Jaikang C., Chaiyasut C. Antioxidative activity, polyphenolic content and anti -glycation effect of some Thai medicinal plants traditionally used in diabetic patients [J]. Medicinal Chemistry, 2009, 5(2):139-147
[41] Khopde S. M., Priyadarsini K. I., Mohan H., Gawandi V. B., Satav J. G., Yakhmi J. V., Banavaliker M. M., Biyani M. K., Mittal J. P. Characterizing the antioxidant activity of amla (phyllanthus emblica ) extract[J]. Current Science, 2001, 81(2): 185-190
[42] Kumar G., Suresh N., Harish D., Shylaja M., Salimath P. V. Free and bound phenolic antioxidants in amla ( Emblica officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) [J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2006, 19(5):446-452.
[43]刘晓丽,赵谋明,杨宝,于立梅.余甘子活性成分含量与抗氧化性研究[J].天然产物研究与开发, 2007, 19: 188-192
[44] Anila L., Vijayalakshmi N. R. Antioxidant action of flavonoids from Mangifera indica and Emblica officinalis in hypercholesterolemic rats [J]. Food Chemistry, 2003, 83 (4): 569-574
[45] Bandyopadhyay S. K., Pakrashi S. C., Pakrashi A. The role of antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on prevention from indomethacin induced gastric ulce[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 70: 171-176
[46]肖湘,俞丽君,邱玉莹等.油柑多糖的提取与清除氧自由基作用研究[J].中国药学杂志, 1998, 33(5):279-281
[47]刘凤书,侯开卫,李绍家等.余甘果汁清除超氧明离子自由基的效能及人体试验初步观察[J].生物化学与生物物理进展, 1992, 19(3):235-237
[48] Yokozawa T., Kim H. Y., Kim H., Okubo J. T., Chu D. C., Juneja L. R. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in the ageing process [J]. Br. J. Nutr., 2007, 97(6): 1187-1195
[49]李昌玲. Fructus phyllanthi的药理学研究进展[J].药学进展, 2001, 25 (4): 210-213
[50] Veena K., Shanthi P., Sachdanandam P. The biochemical alterations following administration of Kalpaamruthaa and Semecarpus anacardium in mammary carcinoma [J]. Chem Biol Interact, 2006, 161(1): 69-78
[51] Pinmai K., Chunlaratthanabhorn S., Ngamkitidechakul C., Soonthornchareon N., Hahnvajanawong C. Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellerica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents: doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008, 14(10):1491-1497
[52] Haque R., Bin-Hafeez B., Ahmad I., Parvez S., Pandey S. Raisuddin S. Protective effects of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. in cyclophosphamidetreated mice[J] . Hum Exp Toxicol, 2001, 20(12): 643-650
[53] Sancheti G., Jindal A. R., Kumari, Goyal P. K. Chemopreventive action of emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev., 2005, 6(2):197-201
[54] Yang C. J., Wang C. S., Hung J. Y., Huang H. W., Chia Y. C., Wang P. H., Weng C. F., Huang M. S. Pyrogallol induces G2-M arrest in human lung cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in an animal model[J]. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2009, 66(2):162-168
[55] Zhang Y. J., Nagao T., Tanaka T., Yang C. R., Okabe H., Kouno I. Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2004, 27(2): 251-255
[56] Bhattacharya A., Kumar M., Ghosal S., Bhattacharya S. K. Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on iron-induced hepatic toxicity in rats[J]. Phytomedicine, 2000, 7(2): 173-175
[57] Banu S. M., Selvendiran K., Singh J. P., Sakthisekaran D. Protective effect of Emblica officinalis ethanolic extract against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol, , 2004, 23(11): 527-531
[58] Pramyothin P., Samosorn P., Poungshompoo S., Chaichantipyuth C. The protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. extract on ethanol induced rat hepatic injury[J]. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2006, 107(3): 361-364
[59] Reddy V. D., Padmavathi P., Varadacharyulu N. Emblica officinalis Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Liver Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats[J]. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2009, 12(2): 327-333
[60] Tasduq S. A., Kaisar P., Gupta D. K., Kapahi B. K., Maheshwari H. S. Fruit extract of Emblica officinalis against anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver toxicity. Phytother Res[J]. 2005, 19(3): 193-197
[61] Jose J. K., Kuttan R. Hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis and Chyavanaprash [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 72:135-140
[62]李萍,谢金鲜,林启方.民族药余甘子对D-半乳糖胺所致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响[J].中国民族民间医药杂志, 2003, 12 (3) : 161
[63] Srikumar R., Parthasarathy N. J., Shankar E. M., Manikandan S., Vijayakumar R., Thangaraj R., Manikandan K., Vijayananth D.R. Sheela and Rao U.A. Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of Triphala against common bacterial isolates from HIV infected patients[J]. Phytother Res., 2007, 21(5): 476-480
[64] Saeed S., Tariq P. Antibacterial activities of Emblica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram negative urinary pathogens [J]. Pak J Pharm Sci., 2007, 20(1): 32-35
[65]唐春红,陈岗,陈冬梅,幸宏伟,高伦江.余甘子果实粗提物的抑菌活性研究[J].食品科学,2009, 30(7):106 -108
[66] Rahman S., Akbor M. M., Howlader A., Jabbar A. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the alkaloids of amlaki (Emblica officinalis) [J]. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2009, 12(16), 1152-1155
[67] Rani P., Khullar N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonellatyphi [J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2004, 18 (8): 670-673
[68]徐丽容,廖荣圭等.余甘果汁合剂治疗小儿腹泻的临床报道[J].福建中医药, 1996, 27( 3 ): 25
[69] Perianayagam J. B. Evaluation of antipyretic and analgesic activity of officinalis Gaerta [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 2004, 95 (1) : 83
[70]李宗友.余甘子叶提取物的抗炎作用[J].国外医学·中医中药分册, 1998, 20 (4) : 52
[71] Lampronti I., Khan M. T. H., Bianchi N., et al. Inhibitory effects of medicinal plant extracts on interactions between DNA and transcription factors involved in inflammation[J]. Minerva Biotecnologial, 2004, 16 (2): 93-99
[72] Nosal'ova G., Mokry J., Hassan K. M. T. Antitussive activity of the fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10 (6-7): 583-589.
[73] el-Mekkawy S., Meselhy M. R., Kusumoto I. T., Kadota S. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immune defi cience virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1995, 42 (4): 641~648
[74]黄正昌,邓学龙,朱宇同.台湾细叶油柑体内外抗乙肝病毒作用研究[J].广州中医药大学学报, 2000, 17 (3) : 260
[75] Liu Q., Wang Y. F., Chen R. J., Zhang M. Y., Wang Y. F., Yang C. R., Zhang Y. J. Anti-Coxsackie Virus B3 Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products , 2009, 72(5): 969-972
[76] Udupa S. L. Indigenous drugs and atherosclerosis [J]. Drugs of Today, 2001, 37(1): 37-47
[77] Kim H. J., Yokozawa T, Kim H. Y., Tohda C., Rao T. P., Juneja L. R. Influence of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) on hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation in cholesterol-fed rats[J]. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2005, 51(6): 413-418
[78] Ritu M., Arti S., Dixit V. P, et al. Hypolipidaemic effect of fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol-fed rabbits [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1996, 50: 61-68
[79] Anila L., Vijayalakshmi N. R. Flavonoids from Emblica officinalis and Mangifera indicaeffectiveness for dyslipidemia [J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002, 79(1): 81-87
[80]韩刚,原海忠,董月,翟冠玉,范颖.余甘子提取物对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响[J].食品科学, 2009, 30( 9 ): 210
[81] Abesundara K. J. M., Matsui T., Matsumoto K. alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts, one of which, Cassia auriculata, exerts a strong anti hyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the therapeutic drug acarbose[J]. Journal of Agriculrual and Food Chemistry. 2004, 52 (9): 2541-2545.
[82]蔡敦保.余甘果治疗糖尿病高血脂临床观察[J].福建医药杂志, 1994, 16(4) 42-43
[83] Kumar N. P., Annamalai A. R., Thakur R. S. Antinociceptive property of Emblica officinalis Gaertn ( Amla ) in high fat diet-fed/low dose streptozotocin induced diabetic neuropathy in rats[J]. Indian journal of experimental biology, 2009, 47(9):737-742
[84] Suryanarayan P., Saraswat M., Petrash J. Ml, Reddy Gl B. Emblica officinalis and its enriched tannoids delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats[J]. Mol Vis, 2007, 24(13): 1291-1297
[85] Suryanarayana P., Kumar P. A., Saraswat M., Petrash J. M., Reddy G. B. Inhibition of aldose reductase by tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis: implications for the prevention of sugar cataract[J]. Mol Vis., 2004, 12(10): 148-154
[86]蔡敦保,陈一农,黄松春.余甘果治疗糖尿病高血脂临床观察[J].福建医药杂志, 1994, 16 (4) : 42
[87]肖太菊.余甘子对人体淋巴细胞的生物学作用探讨[J].四川省卫生管理干部学院学报, 1997, 16(4): 200-201
[88] Srikumar R., Parthasarathy N. J., Sheela D. R. Immunomodulatory activity of triphala on neutrophil functions[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2005, 28(8):1398-1403
[89]罗春丽,张永萍,邱德文,郑维发.民族药余甘子冻干粉免疫调节作用的血清药理学研究[J],时珍国医国药, 2006, 17 (2):188-190
[90] Sai R. M., Neetu D., Yogesh B., et al. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2002, 81: 5-10
[91]胡坦莲,文昌凡,文建成.余甘子促诱生人白细胞干扰素作用的研究[J].成都中医药大学学报, 1996, 19(2): 36-37
[92] Chaudhuri R. K., Lascu Z., Puccetti G. Inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica tannins on melanin synthesis[J]. Journal of Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2007, 122 (2): 73-80
[93] Chaudhuri R. K. Emblica cascading antioxidant: A novel natural skin care ingredient [J]. Skin Pharm & Appl Skin Physiol, 2002, 15 (5): 374-380
[94] Takashi F., Masanori W., Takao I., Morio S. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) extract promotes procollagen production and inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human skin fibroblasts[J]. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2008, 119(1):53-57
[95] Yadav S. K. Protection against radiation induced chromosome damage by Emblica of ficinalis fruit extract [J]. Caryologia, 1987, 40 (3): 261-265
[96] Jagetia G. C., Baliga M. S., Malagi K. J., et al. The evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Triphala (an ayurvedic rejuvenating drug) in the mice exposed to gamma-radiation[J]. Phytomedicine, 2002, 9 (2): 99-108
[97] Ajoy K. R., Haimanti D, Archana S. Modification of metal-induced micronuclei formation in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes by Phyllanthus fruit extract and ascorbic acid[J]. Toxicology Letters, 1992, 62: 9-17
[98] Sulochana N. Removal efficiency of copper and nickel by plant aterials[J]. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 1998, 18(3):185-188
[99] Chen T. S., Liou S.Y., Chang Y. L. Supplementation of Emblica officinalis ( Amla ) extract reduces oxidative stress in uremic patients[J]. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 2009, 37(1):
[100] Sumitra M., Manikandan P., Gayathri V. S., Mahendran P., Suguna L. Emblica officinalis exerts wound healing action through up-regulation of collagen and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) [J]. Wound repair and regeneration: official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society, 2009, 17(1): 99-107
[101] Gowri B. S., Platel K., Prakash J., et al. Influence of amla fruits (Emblica officinalis) on the bioavailability of iron from staple cereals and pulses[J]. Nutrition Research, 2001, 21: 1483-1492
[102] Karthikeyan G., Meenakshi S., Sundaram C. Sairam.Water defluoridation with indigenous plant materials[J]. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 2006, 26(1): 25-29
[103]江苏新医学院编.中药大辞典[D].上海上海科学技术出版社. 1986, 2229.
[104]薛龄,洪善祥,曾志刚.安摩乐口服液毒性研[J].海峡药学, 1995, 7 (1) : 5
[105]王瑞国,林久茂,郑良朴.余甘子的最大耐受量试验[ J ].福建中医学院学报, 2004, 14 (3) : 36
[1]刘晓丽,赵谋明,杨宝,于立梅.余甘子活性成分含量与抗氧化性研究.天然产物研究与开发[J] . 2007, 19: 188-192.
[2] Khanbabaee K., Van T. T., Tannins: classification and definition [J]. Natural Product Report, 2001,18: 641- 649
[3]Adams L. S., Seeram N. P., Aggarwal B. B., Takada Y., Sand D., Heber D. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells [J]. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2006, 54: 980-985
[4] Asres K., Mazumder A., Bucar F. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of combretum molle [J]. Ethiop. Med. J. 2006, 44: 269-277
[5] Zhang Y.J., Abe T., Tanaka T., Yang C.R., Kouno I. Phyllanemblinins A–F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 2001, 64:1527-1532.
[6] Saijo R., Nonaka G., Nishioka I. Tannins and related compounds. LXXXIV. Isolation and characterization of five new hydrolysable tannins from the bark of Mallotus japonicus [J]. Chem. Pham Bull, Chem. Pham Bull. 1989, 37: 2063-2078.
[7]Seikel M.K., Hillis W.E. Hydrolysable tannins of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood [J]. Phytochemistry, 1970, 9: 1115-1128.
[8]丁岗,刘延泽,王莉,冀春茹,盛龙生.诃子中主要可水解丹宁的结构鉴定[J],中国药科大学学报, 2001, 32 (2): 91-93.
[9] Kazuya T., Shimizu K. Anticancer agents containing chebulanin from T. chebula [J]. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 1995, JP 07138165.
[10] Manjuan L., David R. K., Alexander I.G., Véronique S. Phytochemical and antifungal studies on Terminalia mollis and Terminalia brachystemma[J]. Fitoterapia, 2009, 80:369-373.
[11] Gao H., Huang Y.N., Xu P.Y., Kawabata J. Inhibitory effect on glucosidase by the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz [J]. Food Chemistry 2007, 105: 628-634
[12] Nawwar M.A.M., Hussein S.A.M., Merfort I. NMR spectral analysis of polyphenols from Punica granatum [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36: 793 -798
[13] Seikel M. K., Hillis W. E. Hydrolysable tannins of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood [J]. Phytochemistry. 1970, 9: 1115-1128
[14]沙东旭,刘英华,王龙顺,徐绥绪.叶下珠化学成分的研究[J].沈阳药科大学学报, 2000, 17(3):176
[15]Zhang Y.J., Tanaka T., Yang C.R., Kouno I. New Phenolic Constituents from the Fruit Juice of Phyllanthus emblica [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 2001, 49: 537 -540
[16] Lim Y. A., Mei M. C., Kusumoto I. T., Miyashiro H., Hattori M., Gupta M. P., Correa M. HIV-1 reverse tarnscriptase inhibitory principles from Chamaesyce hyssopifolia [J]. Phytotherapy Research, 1997, 11: 22-27
[17] Khallouki F., Haubner R., Hull W. E., Erben G. B., Spiegelhalder H., Bartsch, Owen R. W. Isolation, purification and identification of ellagic acid derivatives, catechins, and procyanidins from the root bark of Anisophyllea dichostyla R. Br [J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2007, 45: 472-485
[18] Fossen T., Pedersen A.T., Andersen O.M. Flavonoids from red onion (Allium Cepa) [J]. Phytochemistry. 1998, 47: 281-285
[19] Veit M., Geiger H., Czygan F., et al. Malonylated flavone 5-O-glucosides in the barren sprouts of Equisetum arvense [J]. Phytochemistry, 1990, 29(8): 25-51
[20] Piccinelli A., Veneziano A., Passi S., et al. Flavonol glycosides from whole cottonseed by-product [J]. Food Chemistry. 2007, 100: 344-349
[21] Fossen T., Pedersen A.T., Andersen O.M. Flavonoids from red onion (Allium Cepa) [J]. Phytochemistry. 1998, 47: 281-285.
[22]张琳,蔡晓菡,高慧媛,孙博航,黄健,吴立军.益母草化学成分的分离与鉴定[J].沈阳药科大学学报, 2009, 26(1): 15-18.
[23] Paulo A., Jimeno M. L., Gomes E. T., Houghton P. J. Steroidal alkaloids from Cryptolepis obtuse [J]. Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 417-422.
[24] Rubinstein I., Goad L. J., Clague A. D. H., Mulheirn L. J. The 220 MHz NMR spectra of phytosterols[J]. Phytochemistry (Elsevier), 1976, 15(1):195-200
[25]孙红样,叶益萍,杨可.落新妇化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2002, 7(10):751-754
[26]叶文才,赵守训,沈漪涟.安徽银莲花化学成分的研究(I) [J].中国药科大学学报, 1990, 21( 3 ):139
[27] Singleton V. L., Zaya J., Trousdate E. K. Caftaric and coutaric acids in fruit of Vitis [J]. Phytochemistry, 1986, 43: 509-512
[28] Liu R. M., Li A. F., Sun A. Preparative isolation and purification of hydroxyanthraquinones and cinnamic acid from the Chinese medicinal herb Rheum officinale Baill. by high-speed counter-current chromatography [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2004, 1052: 217–221
[29]于德泉,杨峻山.分析化学手册(第7分册) [M].第二版.北京:化学化工出版社,1999
[30]孙博航,吉川雅之,陈英杰等,银柴胡的化学成分[J],沈阳药科大学学报, 2006, 23 (2) : 84-87
[31] Miyazawa M. Insecticidal compounds against Drosophila melanogaster from Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc[J]. Natural Product Research, 2003, 17: 337-339
[32]杨学东,徐丽珍,杨世林.蝉翼藤茎中有机酸成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志, 2001, 26( 4): 258-260.
[1] Rai S, Wahile A, Mukhrtjee K, et.al. Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2006, 104(3): 322-327
[2] Anilakumar K R, Nagaraj N S, Santhanam K. Reduction of hexachlorocyclohexane -induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in rat liver by Emblica officinalis gaertn[J]. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2007, 45(5): 450-454
[3]Yokozawa T, Kim H Y, Kim H J, Okubo T, Chu D C, Juneja L R. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in the ageing process[J]. Br. J. Nutr., 2007, 97(6): 1187-1195
[4] Aruoma O I. Characterization of drugs as antioxidant prophylactics [J]. Free Radical Biol Med, 1996, 20: 675-705
[5] Pezzuto J M. Plant-derived anticancer agents [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 1997, 53: 121-133
[6] Duthie S I, Ma A, Ross M A. Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes [J]. Cancer Res, 1996, 56: 1291-1295
[7]杨科峰,厉曙光.食品抗氧化剂BHT的安全性研究[J].同济大学学报(医学版), 2001, 22(5), 86-88
[8] Lee Y L, Yang J H, Mau J L. Antioxidant p roperties of water extracts from M onascus fermented soybeans [J]. Food Chem, 2008, 106: 1127-1137
[9]石碧,狄莹.植物多酚[M].北京:科学出版社, 2000. 30.
[10] Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer [J]. Life Sciences, 2004, 74, 2157-2184.
[11] Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay [J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1999, 26, 1231-1237
[12] Senji S, Yumi T, Yuki O. Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea (kakinoha-cha) [J]. Food Chemistry, 2005, 89(4) : 569-575
[13] Sakanaka S, Ishihara Y. Comparison of antioxidant properties of persimmon vinegar and some other commercial vinegars in radicalscavenging assays and on lipid oxidation in tuna homogenates [J]. Food Chemistry, 2008(107): 739-744
[14] Gulcin I, Sat G I, Beydemir S, et al. Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender [J]. Food Chemistry, 2004, 87: 393-400
[15] Ilhami G, Emin B M, Irfan K O. Metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of melatonin[J]. Journal of Pineal Research, 2003, 34(4): 278-281
[16] Jayaprakasha G K, Singh R P, Sakariah K K. Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro [J]. Food chemistry, 2001, 73: 285-290
[17] Mitsuda H, Yasumoto K, Iwami K. Antioxidative action of indole compounds during the autoxidation of linoleic acid [J]. Eiyo to Shokuryo, 1966, 19:210-214
[18] Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity [J]. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaftund-Technologie, 1995, 28: 25-30
[19] Goupy P, Dufour C, Looms M, et al. Quantitative kinetic analysis of hydrogen transfer reactions from dietary polyphenols to the DPPH Radical [J]. Agric. Food Chem, 2003, 51:615-622
[20] Nanjo F, Mori M, Goto K, et al. Radical scavenging activity of tea catechins and their related compounds [J]. Biosci.Biotechnol Biochem, 1999, 6(31): 621- 623
[21] Yokozawa T, Chen C P, Dong E, et al. Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1, 1-diphenyl222picrylhydrazyl radical [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 1998, 56 : 213-222
[22] Kulisic T, Radonic A, Katyalinic V, et al. Use of different methods for testing antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil [J]. Food Chemistry, 2004, 85: 633-640
[23] Rekka E, Kourounaki P N. Effect of hydroxyethyl rutosides and related compounds on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity. Some structural aspects [J].Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1991, 43: 486-491
[24] Goupy P, Dufour C, Looms M, et al. Quantitative kinetic analysis of hydrogen transfer reactions from dietary polyphenols to the DPPH Radical [J]. J.Agric. Food Chem, 2003, 51: 615-622
[25] Muhammad A K, Fereidoon S. Effects of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of borage and evening primrose triacylglycerols [J]. Food Chemistry, 2001, 75, 431–437
[26] Marklund S. A simple specific method for the determination of the hemoglobin content of tissue homogenates [J]. Clin Chim Acta, 1979, 92 : 229-234
[27] Miller N J, Rice, Evans C A, Davies M J, et al. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates [J]. Clin Sci, 1993, 84:407-412
[28] Arts M J T, Dallinga J S, Voss H P, et al. A critical appraisal of the use of the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay in dening optimal antioxidant structures [J]. Food Chemistry, 2002, 80:409-414
[29] Meyer A S, Frankel E N, Lester P. Antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acids on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation [J]. Methods in Enzymology, 2001, 335: 256-265
[30]韩鹤友,何治柯.羟自由基的分析研究进展[J].分析科学学报, 2001, 17(1): 83-87
[31] Biacs P A, Daood H G. Oxygen free radicals and scavengers in the natural sciences[J]. Budapest:, Akade miai Kiado (Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences). 1993, 307-314
[32]崔剑,李兆陇,洪啸吟.自由基生物抗氧化与疾病[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 40(6): 9-12
[33] Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels [J]. Analytical Biochemistry, 1971, 44(1):276-87
[34] Zhang H Y, Wang L F, Sun Y M. Why B-ring is the active center for genistein to scavenge peroxyl radical: ADET study [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13(5) : 909-911
[35] Zhang H Y. Structure activity relationships and rational design strategies for radical scavenging antioxidants [J]. Current Computer Aided Drug Design, 2005, 1: 257-273
[36] Cheng Z Y, Ren J I, Li Y Z, et al. Study on the multiple mechanisms underlying thereaction between hydroxyl radical and phenolic compounds by qualitative structure and activity relationship [J]. BioorgMed Chem, 2002, 10: 4067-4073
[37] Zhang H Y, Wang L F. Theoretical elucidation of structure activity relationship for coumarins to scavenge peroxyl radical [J]. Theochem, 2004, 673: 199-202
[38] Kondo K, Kurihara M, Miyata N, et al. Mechanistic studies of catechins as antioxidants against radical oxidation [J]. Arch. Biochem Biophys, 1999, 362: 79-86
[39] George B, Pizza A, Simon C, et al. Leather light stability/ tannins antioxidant characteristics for leather made with vegetable tannins/MUF resins [J]. JALCA, 2004, 99: 1-11
[40] Shaidi F, Janitha P K, Wanasundara, P.D. Free radical scavenging activity of phenolics are mainly due to the presence of free hydroxyl groups. Phenolic antioxidants[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1992, 32: 67-103.
[41]Bouchet N, Laurence B, Fauconneau B. Radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties of tannins from Guiera senegalensis[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 1998, 12:159-162
[42]Yokozawa T, Chen C, Dong P E, Tanaka T, Nonaka G I, Nishioko I. Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical [J], Biochemical Pharmacology, 1998, 56: 213-222
[43] Choi J M, Yoon B S, Chung J H, Shin D B, Lee S K, Hwang J K, Ryang R. Antioxidant properties of tannic acid and its inhibitory effects on paraquat-induced oxidative stress in mice[J]. Food Science and Biotechnology, 2006, 15: 728-734
[44] Cheng K L, Ueno K, Imamura T. Handbook of Organic Analytical Reagents [M]. CRC Press: Boca Raton FL, 1982, 503-509
[45] Noriko N, Etsuo N. Phenolic antioxidants: arationale for design and evaluation of novel antioxidant drug for therosclerosis [J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28: 538-546
[46] Eswaramoorthy S, Kumaran D, Keller J, Swaminathan S. Role of Metals in the Biological Activity of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins. Biochemistry[J]. 2004, 43(8): 2209-2216.
[47] Piterkova J, Tomankova K, Lukova L, Petrivalsky M, Pec P. Oxidative stress: localization of reactive oxygen species formation and degradation in plant tissues[J]. Chemicke Listy, 2005, 99(7):455-466
[48] Southworth B A, Voelker B M. Hydroxyl radical production via the photo-Fentonreaction in the presence of fulvic acid[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2003, 37(6):1130-1136.
[49] Braughler J M, Chase R L, Pregenzer J F. Oxidation of ferrous ion during peroxidation of various lipid substrates [J]. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1987, 921: 457-464
[50]揭荣刚.铜、铁离子在癌形成中的作用[J],现代医药卫生, 2005, 21(3),
[51] Arora A, Nair M G, Strasburg G M. Structure activity relationship for antioxidant activities of a series of flavonoids in a liposomal system [J]. Free Radical Bio. Med, 1998, 24: 1355-1363
[52] Singh R, Singh S, Kumar S, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract fractions of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cuhh [J]. Food Chemisry Toxicol, 2007, 45(7):1216-1223
[53] Fernandez M T, Mira M L, Florencio M H, Jennings K R. Iron and copper chelation by flavonoids: an electrospray mass spectrometry study[J]. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2002, 92(2):105-111
[54] Oberleg L W. Free Radical Aging and Degenerative Disease [J]. Alan R Liss Inc, 1986.
[55] Box H C, Maccubbin A E. Lipid peroxidation and DNA damage [J]. Nutrition, 1997, 13: 920-921
[56]Esterbauer H. Estimation of peroxidative damage: a critical review [J]. Pathologie Biologie Paris, 1996, 44: 25-28
[57] Guemouri L, Artur Y. Herbetn B. et al. Biological variability of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in blood [J]. Clin. Chem, 1991, 37: 1932
[58] Amarowicz R, Pegg R B. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies[J]. Food Chemistry, 2004, 84: 551-562
[59]张新强.茶多酚的制备、化学改性和脂溶性茶多酚抗氧化性能评价[D],西北大学博士论文,西安,2004, 4
[1]马慧萍,谢景文.中药诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究进展[J].中国药房, 2001, 12 (4) : 242
[2]刘朝阳,王德昌,陈玉武,等.柯里拉京抗肿瘤和致突变作用实验研究[J].肿瘤防治杂志, 2003, 10 (5) :469 - 472
[3] Sancheti G A, Jindal R, Kumari and Goyal P K. Chemopreventive action of emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2005, 6(2): 197-201
[4] Sandhya T, Lathika K M, Pandey B N, Mishra K P. Potential of traditional ayurvedic formulation, Triphala, as a novel anticancer drug [J]. Cancer Lett, 2006, 231(2): 206-214
[5] Banu S M, Selvendiran K, Singh J P, Sakthisekaran D. Protective effect of Emblica officinalis ethanolic extract against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2004, 23(11): 527-531
[6] Rajeshkumar N V, Pillai M R, Kuttan R. Induction of apoptosis in mouse and human carcinoma cell lines by Emblica officinalis polyphenols and its effect on chemical carcinogenesis[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res., 2003, 22(2): 201-212
[7] Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays [J]. J. Immunol. Methods, 1983, 65: 55-63
[8] Galati G, Teng S, Moridani M Y, et al. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics[J]. Drug Metab Drug Interact. 2000, 17: 311-349
[9] Birt D F, Hendrich S, Wang W. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids [J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2001, 90:157-177.
[10] Horwitz S B. Mechanism of action of taxol [J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 1992, 13 (4) :134
[11] Noro T, Ohki T, Noda Y, Warashina T, Noro K, Tomita I, Nakamura Y. Inhibitory effects of hydrolyzable tannins on tumor promoting activities induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate in JB6 mouse epidermal cells[J]. Basic Life Sciences, 1999, 66(Plant Polyphenols 2): 665-673
[12] Kashiwada Y, Chang J, Lee K H. Evaluate the selective cytotoxicity of tannins and related compounds [J]. J Natural products, 1992, 55 (8):1033
[13] Miyamoto K, Nomura M, Sasakura M, Matsui E, Koshiura R, Murayama T, Furukawa T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Okuda T. Antitumor activity of oenothein B, a unique macrocyclic ellagitannin[J]. Japanese journal of cancer research: Gann. 1993, 84(1): 99-103
[14] Miyamoto K, Nomura M; Murayama T, Furukawa T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Koshiura R, Okuda T. Antitumor activities of ellagitannins against sarcoma-180 in mice. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin[J]. 1993, 16(4):379-387
[15] Yoshida T, Hatano T, Miyamoto K, Okuda T. Antitumor and related activities of ellagitannin oligomers. Colloques- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. 1995, 69(Polyphenols 94), 123-132
[16] Miyamoto K, Kishi N, Koshiura R, Yoshida T, Hatano T, Okuda T. Relationship between the structures and the antitumor activities of tannins. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1987, 35(2): 814-822
[17] Tanimura S, Kadomoto R, Tanaka T, Zhang Y J, Kouno S, Kohno M. Suppression of tumor cell invasiveness by hydrolyzable tannins (plant polyphenols) via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 activity[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2005, 330: 1306-1313
[18] Naczk M, Shahidi F. Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2004, 1054: 95-111
[19] Yoshida T, Chou T, Matsuda M, Yasuhara T, Yazaki K, Hatano T, Nitta A, Okuda T.Woodfordin D and oenothein A, trimeric hydrolyzable tannins of macro-ring structure with antitumor activity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin[J]. 1991, 39(5):1157-1162
[20] Grayer R J, Thabrew M I, Hughes R D, Bretherton S, Lever A, Veitch N C, Kite G C, Lelli R, Simmonds M S J. Phenolic and Terpenoid Constituents from the Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant Osbeckia aspera[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2008, 46(3): 154-161
[21] Kashiwada Y, Nonaka G, Nishioka I, Lee K, Hung J, Bori I, Fukuhima Y, Bastow K F. Tannins as potent inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II in vitro[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1993, 82(5):487-492
[22] Bastow K F, Bori I D, Fukushima Y, Kashiwada Y, Tanaka T, Nonaka G, Nishioka I, Lee K H. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerases by sanguiin H-6, a cytotoxic dimeric ellagitannin from Sanguisorba officinalis[J]. Planta Medica, 1993, 59(3): 240-245
[23] Tsai Y J, Aoki T, Maruta H, Abe H, Sakagami H, Hatano T, Okuda T, Tanuma S. Mouse mammary tumor virus gene expression is suppressed by oligomeric ellagitannins, novel inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase[J]. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1992, 267(20):14436-14442
[24] Chung LY, Cheung T C, Kong S K, et a1. Induction of apoptosis by green tea catechins in human prostate cancer DU 145 cells [J]. Life Sciences, 2001, 68 (10):1207-1214.
[25] Sakagami H, Jiang Y, Kusama K, Atsumi T, Ueha T, Toguchi M, Iwakura I, Satoh K, Ito H, Hatano T, Yoshida T. Cytotoxic activity of hydrolyzable tannins against human oral tumor cell lines - a possible mechanism[J]. Phytomedicine, 2000, 7(1):39-47
[26] Lin K P, Ling H Y, Chen L T, Tzung L L, Chang J K, Lin C C. Casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells[J]. Planta Medica, 2005, 71(3):237-243
[27] Ramanathan R, Tan C H, Das N P. Cytotoxic effect of plant polyphenols and fat-soluble vitamins on malignant human cultured cells[J]. Cancer letters, 1992, 62(3):217-24
[28] Miyamutu K I, Kishi N, Kushiurx R et al. Antitumor activity of tannins[J]. chem Pharmaceutical Bull, 1987, 3(2):814
[29]罗非君.茶多酚抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的分子机制研究进展[J].国外医学?生理病理与临床分册, 2001, 21(4): 251-253
[30] Kioka N, Hostkawa N, Komano T, et al. Quercein, a bioflavonoid, inhibits the increase of human multi-drug resistance gene (MDR 1) expression caused by arsenite[J]. FEBS Lett, 1992, 301:307-309
[31]姚华,王慧明,吴求亮.茶多酚对舌蜂状细胞增植和端杜醉催化亚基的抑制作用[J].中华口腔医学杂志, 2005, 40(6): 451-454
[32] Zhao J F, Wang J N, Chen Y J, Agarwal R. Carcinogenesis, 1999, 20:1737-1745
[33] Zhang Y J, DeWittb D L, Murugesanc S, Nair M G. Novel Lipid-Peroxidation- and Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitory Tannins from Picrorhiza kurroa Seeds[J]. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2004, 1:426-441
[2]王开良,姚小华.余甘子培育与利用现状分析及发展前景[J].江西农业大学学报,2003, 5 (3): 397-401
[3] Saw L. G., Lafrankie J. V., Kochnmmen K. M., et al. Fruit trees in a Malaysian Rain Forest[J]. Economic Botany. 1991, 45: 120-136
[4]刘凤书,侯开卫,李绍家等.余甘子的保健价值和及开发利用前景[J].自然资源学报, 1993, 8(4): 299-306
[5]李芳.从文献计量看我国余甘子的研究现状[J].广西热带农业,2002,4:41-42
[6]中国营养学会.推荐的每日膳食营养素供量[J].营养学报. 1989, 11(1):93-96.
[7]陈智毅,刘学铭等.余甘子生物学特性及营养成分[J].中国南方果树. 2003, 32(6):71-73
[8]张国平.余甘子的营养价值[J].中国食物与营养, 2004, 1: 251
[9] Nadkarni K. M. Indian Materia Medica[M]. Bombay: Popular Book Deport, 1994: 94:481.
[10]周涛,邱德文.民族药余甘子的本草药学概况[J].贵阳中医学院学报, 2002, 24: 3-4
[11]李峰.我国民族药研究述略[J].山东中医药大学学报, 2000, 24(2):158
[12]夏泉.中国叶下珠属植物(phyllanthus)的生药学及民族药学研究[D].中国协和医科大学博士论文,北京, 1997, 134-142
[13]刘荣光.防癌、抗衰老的果树--余甘[J].广西园艺, 2003, 6:33-634
[14]董平,黄儒强,曾庆孝等.荔枝余甘子保健酒的研制[J].酿酒科技, 2003, 4: 89-91
[15]肖建春.余甘子精粉的提取技术[J].山东食品科技, 2001, 1: 29-30
[16]张芳,徐学万.余甘子的开发与利用[J].保鲜与加工, 2001, 1 (2) : 319 - 321
[17]中国科学院植物研究所,中国经济植物志, 1961, 1177
[18] Barthakur N. N. Chemical analysis of the emblica(Phyllanthus emblica) and its potential as a source[J]. Scientia Hoticultural. 1991, 47 (1-2): 99-105
[19] Liu X. L., Cui C., Zhao M. M., Wang J. S. Luo W., Yang B., Jiang Y. M. Identification of phenolics in the fruit of emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.) and their antioxidant activities[J]. Food Chemistry, 2008, 109:909-915
[20] Yang C. B., Zhang F., Deng M. C., He G. Y., Yue J. M., Lu R. H., A new ellagitannin from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L[J]. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei, Taiwan). 2007, 54(6):1615-1618
[21] Habib U. R., Yasin, K. A., Choudhary M. A., Khaliq N., Atta U. R., Choudhary M. I., Malik S. Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica Natural Product Research [J]. Part A: Structure and Synthesis. 2007, 21(9): 775-781.
[22]候海燕.中药余甘子抗HBV活性成分研究[D].中国军事医学科学院硕士论文,北京,2006
[23] Kuumaran A., Karunadaranr R. J. Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Active Components from Phyllanthus emblica L[J]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2006, 61: 1–5
[24]张兰珍,赵文华,郭亚健等.藏药余甘子化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志, 2003,28 (10):940-943
[25] Ghosal S., Tripathi V. K., Chauhan S. Active constituents of Emblica officinalis: Part 1. The chemistry and antioxidative effects of two new hydrolyzable tannins, emblicanin A and B [J]. Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry. 1996, 35B(9):941-948
[26] el-Mekkawy S., Meselhy M. R., Kusumoto I. T., Kadota S. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immune defi cience virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1995, 42 (4): 641-648
[27] Suresh K.,Vasudemistry D. M. Augmentation of murine natural killer cell and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities by Phyllanthus emblica, a new immunomodulator[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 1994, 44(1):55-60
[28] El-Desouky S. K., Ryu S.Y., Kim Y. K. A new cytotoxic acylated apigenin glucoside from Phyllanthus emblica L[J]. Natural product research .2008, 22(1): 91-95
[29] Zhang Y. J., Abe T., Tanaka T., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Phyllanemblinins A–F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 2001, 64:1527–1532
[30] Liu Q., Wang Y. F., Chen R. J., Zhang M. Y., Wang Y. F., Yang C. R., Zhang Y. J. Anti-Coxsackie Virus B3 Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblicaJ[J]. Nat. Prod., 2009, 72 (5): 969–972
[31] Zhang Y. J., Takashi T., Yoko I., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Phyllaemblic acid, a novel highly oxygenated norbisabolane fromthe roots of Phyllanthus emblica [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41:1781–1784
[32] Zhang Y. J., Takashi T., Yoko I., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Novel Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica [J]. J Nat. Prod. 2000, 63:1507-1510
[33] Zhang Y. J., Takashi T., Yoko I., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Novel Sesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica[J]. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64: 870-873
[34] Zhang Y. J., Abe T., Tanaka T., Yang C. R., Kouno I. Phyllanemblinins A–F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products 2001, 64:1527–1532
[35] Barthakur N. N. Chemical analysis of the emblica (Phyllanthus emblica) and its potential as a resource [J]. Scientia Hoticultural. 1991, 47 (1-2): 99-105
[36] Verma R. C., Gupta A. Effect of pre-treatments on quality of solar-dried amla [J]. Journal of Food Engineering. 2004, 65: 397-402
[37]杨顺凯,杨压力,杨维力.余甘子资源植物的研究与开发进展[J].应用与环境生物学报. 2008, 14(6): 846-854
[38] Loots D. T., Westhuizen F. H. V. D., Jerling J. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of Kei-Apple (Dovyalis caffra) juice [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54: 1271-1276
[39] Panda S., Kar A. Fruit extract of Emblica officinalis ameliorates hyperthyroidism and hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice [J]. Pharmazie, 2003, 58 (10): 753
[40] Kusirisin W., Srichairatanakool S., Lerttrakarnnon P., Lailerd N., Suttajit M., Jaikang C., Chaiyasut C. Antioxidative activity, polyphenolic content and anti -glycation effect of some Thai medicinal plants traditionally used in diabetic patients [J]. Medicinal Chemistry, 2009, 5(2):139-147
[41] Khopde S. M., Priyadarsini K. I., Mohan H., Gawandi V. B., Satav J. G., Yakhmi J. V., Banavaliker M. M., Biyani M. K., Mittal J. P. Characterizing the antioxidant activity of amla (phyllanthus emblica ) extract[J]. Current Science, 2001, 81(2): 185-190
[42] Kumar G., Suresh N., Harish D., Shylaja M., Salimath P. V. Free and bound phenolic antioxidants in amla ( Emblica officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) [J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2006, 19(5):446-452.
[43]刘晓丽,赵谋明,杨宝,于立梅.余甘子活性成分含量与抗氧化性研究[J].天然产物研究与开发, 2007, 19: 188-192
[44] Anila L., Vijayalakshmi N. R. Antioxidant action of flavonoids from Mangifera indica and Emblica officinalis in hypercholesterolemic rats [J]. Food Chemistry, 2003, 83 (4): 569-574
[45] Bandyopadhyay S. K., Pakrashi S. C., Pakrashi A. The role of antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on prevention from indomethacin induced gastric ulce[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 70: 171-176
[46]肖湘,俞丽君,邱玉莹等.油柑多糖的提取与清除氧自由基作用研究[J].中国药学杂志, 1998, 33(5):279-281
[47]刘凤书,侯开卫,李绍家等.余甘果汁清除超氧明离子自由基的效能及人体试验初步观察[J].生物化学与生物物理进展, 1992, 19(3):235-237
[48] Yokozawa T., Kim H. Y., Kim H., Okubo J. T., Chu D. C., Juneja L. R. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in the ageing process [J]. Br. J. Nutr., 2007, 97(6): 1187-1195
[49]李昌玲. Fructus phyllanthi的药理学研究进展[J].药学进展, 2001, 25 (4): 210-213
[50] Veena K., Shanthi P., Sachdanandam P. The biochemical alterations following administration of Kalpaamruthaa and Semecarpus anacardium in mammary carcinoma [J]. Chem Biol Interact, 2006, 161(1): 69-78
[51] Pinmai K., Chunlaratthanabhorn S., Ngamkitidechakul C., Soonthornchareon N., Hahnvajanawong C. Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellerica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents: doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008, 14(10):1491-1497
[52] Haque R., Bin-Hafeez B., Ahmad I., Parvez S., Pandey S. Raisuddin S. Protective effects of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. in cyclophosphamidetreated mice[J] . Hum Exp Toxicol, 2001, 20(12): 643-650
[53] Sancheti G., Jindal A. R., Kumari, Goyal P. K. Chemopreventive action of emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev., 2005, 6(2):197-201
[54] Yang C. J., Wang C. S., Hung J. Y., Huang H. W., Chia Y. C., Wang P. H., Weng C. F., Huang M. S. Pyrogallol induces G2-M arrest in human lung cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in an animal model[J]. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 2009, 66(2):162-168
[55] Zhang Y. J., Nagao T., Tanaka T., Yang C. R., Okabe H., Kouno I. Antiproliferative activity of the main constituents from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2004, 27(2): 251-255
[56] Bhattacharya A., Kumar M., Ghosal S., Bhattacharya S. K. Effect of bioactive tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis on iron-induced hepatic toxicity in rats[J]. Phytomedicine, 2000, 7(2): 173-175
[57] Banu S. M., Selvendiran K., Singh J. P., Sakthisekaran D. Protective effect of Emblica officinalis ethanolic extract against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol, , 2004, 23(11): 527-531
[58] Pramyothin P., Samosorn P., Poungshompoo S., Chaichantipyuth C. The protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. extract on ethanol induced rat hepatic injury[J]. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2006, 107(3): 361-364
[59] Reddy V. D., Padmavathi P., Varadacharyulu N. Emblica officinalis Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Liver Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats[J]. Journal of Medicinal Food, 2009, 12(2): 327-333
[60] Tasduq S. A., Kaisar P., Gupta D. K., Kapahi B. K., Maheshwari H. S. Fruit extract of Emblica officinalis against anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver toxicity. Phytother Res[J]. 2005, 19(3): 193-197
[61] Jose J. K., Kuttan R. Hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis and Chyavanaprash [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 72:135-140
[62]李萍,谢金鲜,林启方.民族药余甘子对D-半乳糖胺所致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响[J].中国民族民间医药杂志, 2003, 12 (3) : 161
[63] Srikumar R., Parthasarathy N. J., Shankar E. M., Manikandan S., Vijayakumar R., Thangaraj R., Manikandan K., Vijayananth D.R. Sheela and Rao U.A. Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of Triphala against common bacterial isolates from HIV infected patients[J]. Phytother Res., 2007, 21(5): 476-480
[64] Saeed S., Tariq P. Antibacterial activities of Emblica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram negative urinary pathogens [J]. Pak J Pharm Sci., 2007, 20(1): 32-35
[65]唐春红,陈岗,陈冬梅,幸宏伟,高伦江.余甘子果实粗提物的抑菌活性研究[J].食品科学,2009, 30(7):106 -108
[66] Rahman S., Akbor M. M., Howlader A., Jabbar A. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the alkaloids of amlaki (Emblica officinalis) [J]. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2009, 12(16), 1152-1155
[67] Rani P., Khullar N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonellatyphi [J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2004, 18 (8): 670-673
[68]徐丽容,廖荣圭等.余甘果汁合剂治疗小儿腹泻的临床报道[J].福建中医药, 1996, 27( 3 ): 25
[69] Perianayagam J. B. Evaluation of antipyretic and analgesic activity of officinalis Gaerta [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 2004, 95 (1) : 83
[70]李宗友.余甘子叶提取物的抗炎作用[J].国外医学·中医中药分册, 1998, 20 (4) : 52
[71] Lampronti I., Khan M. T. H., Bianchi N., et al. Inhibitory effects of medicinal plant extracts on interactions between DNA and transcription factors involved in inflammation[J]. Minerva Biotecnologial, 2004, 16 (2): 93-99
[72] Nosal'ova G., Mokry J., Hassan K. M. T. Antitussive activity of the fruit extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae)[J]. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10 (6-7): 583-589.
[73] el-Mekkawy S., Meselhy M. R., Kusumoto I. T., Kadota S. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immune defi cience virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase[J]. Chem Pharm Bull, 1995, 42 (4): 641~648
[74]黄正昌,邓学龙,朱宇同.台湾细叶油柑体内外抗乙肝病毒作用研究[J].广州中医药大学学报, 2000, 17 (3) : 260
[75] Liu Q., Wang Y. F., Chen R. J., Zhang M. Y., Wang Y. F., Yang C. R., Zhang Y. J. Anti-Coxsackie Virus B3 Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products , 2009, 72(5): 969-972
[76] Udupa S. L. Indigenous drugs and atherosclerosis [J]. Drugs of Today, 2001, 37(1): 37-47
[77] Kim H. J., Yokozawa T, Kim H. Y., Tohda C., Rao T. P., Juneja L. R. Influence of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) on hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation in cholesterol-fed rats[J]. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2005, 51(6): 413-418
[78] Ritu M., Arti S., Dixit V. P, et al. Hypolipidaemic effect of fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol-fed rabbits [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1996, 50: 61-68
[79] Anila L., Vijayalakshmi N. R. Flavonoids from Emblica officinalis and Mangifera indicaeffectiveness for dyslipidemia [J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002, 79(1): 81-87
[80]韩刚,原海忠,董月,翟冠玉,范颖.余甘子提取物对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响[J].食品科学, 2009, 30( 9 ): 210
[81] Abesundara K. J. M., Matsui T., Matsumoto K. alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts, one of which, Cassia auriculata, exerts a strong anti hyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the therapeutic drug acarbose[J]. Journal of Agriculrual and Food Chemistry. 2004, 52 (9): 2541-2545.
[82]蔡敦保.余甘果治疗糖尿病高血脂临床观察[J].福建医药杂志, 1994, 16(4) 42-43
[83] Kumar N. P., Annamalai A. R., Thakur R. S. Antinociceptive property of Emblica officinalis Gaertn ( Amla ) in high fat diet-fed/low dose streptozotocin induced diabetic neuropathy in rats[J]. Indian journal of experimental biology, 2009, 47(9):737-742
[84] Suryanarayan P., Saraswat M., Petrash J. Ml, Reddy Gl B. Emblica officinalis and its enriched tannoids delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats[J]. Mol Vis, 2007, 24(13): 1291-1297
[85] Suryanarayana P., Kumar P. A., Saraswat M., Petrash J. M., Reddy G. B. Inhibition of aldose reductase by tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis: implications for the prevention of sugar cataract[J]. Mol Vis., 2004, 12(10): 148-154
[86]蔡敦保,陈一农,黄松春.余甘果治疗糖尿病高血脂临床观察[J].福建医药杂志, 1994, 16 (4) : 42
[87]肖太菊.余甘子对人体淋巴细胞的生物学作用探讨[J].四川省卫生管理干部学院学报, 1997, 16(4): 200-201
[88] Srikumar R., Parthasarathy N. J., Sheela D. R. Immunomodulatory activity of triphala on neutrophil functions[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2005, 28(8):1398-1403
[89]罗春丽,张永萍,邱德文,郑维发.民族药余甘子冻干粉免疫调节作用的血清药理学研究[J],时珍国医国药, 2006, 17 (2):188-190
[90] Sai R. M., Neetu D., Yogesh B., et al. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2002, 81: 5-10
[91]胡坦莲,文昌凡,文建成.余甘子促诱生人白细胞干扰素作用的研究[J].成都中医药大学学报, 1996, 19(2): 36-37
[92] Chaudhuri R. K., Lascu Z., Puccetti G. Inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica tannins on melanin synthesis[J]. Journal of Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2007, 122 (2): 73-80
[93] Chaudhuri R. K. Emblica cascading antioxidant: A novel natural skin care ingredient [J]. Skin Pharm & Appl Skin Physiol, 2002, 15 (5): 374-380
[94] Takashi F., Masanori W., Takao I., Morio S. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) extract promotes procollagen production and inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human skin fibroblasts[J]. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2008, 119(1):53-57
[95] Yadav S. K. Protection against radiation induced chromosome damage by Emblica of ficinalis fruit extract [J]. Caryologia, 1987, 40 (3): 261-265
[96] Jagetia G. C., Baliga M. S., Malagi K. J., et al. The evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Triphala (an ayurvedic rejuvenating drug) in the mice exposed to gamma-radiation[J]. Phytomedicine, 2002, 9 (2): 99-108
[97] Ajoy K. R., Haimanti D, Archana S. Modification of metal-induced micronuclei formation in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes by Phyllanthus fruit extract and ascorbic acid[J]. Toxicology Letters, 1992, 62: 9-17
[98] Sulochana N. Removal efficiency of copper and nickel by plant aterials[J]. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 1998, 18(3):185-188
[99] Chen T. S., Liou S.Y., Chang Y. L. Supplementation of Emblica officinalis ( Amla ) extract reduces oxidative stress in uremic patients[J]. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 2009, 37(1):
[100] Sumitra M., Manikandan P., Gayathri V. S., Mahendran P., Suguna L. Emblica officinalis exerts wound healing action through up-regulation of collagen and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) [J]. Wound repair and regeneration: official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society, 2009, 17(1): 99-107
[101] Gowri B. S., Platel K., Prakash J., et al. Influence of amla fruits (Emblica officinalis) on the bioavailability of iron from staple cereals and pulses[J]. Nutrition Research, 2001, 21: 1483-1492
[102] Karthikeyan G., Meenakshi S., Sundaram C. Sairam.Water defluoridation with indigenous plant materials[J]. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 2006, 26(1): 25-29
[103]江苏新医学院编.中药大辞典[D].上海上海科学技术出版社. 1986, 2229.
[104]薛龄,洪善祥,曾志刚.安摩乐口服液毒性研[J].海峡药学, 1995, 7 (1) : 5
[105]王瑞国,林久茂,郑良朴.余甘子的最大耐受量试验[ J ].福建中医学院学报, 2004, 14 (3) : 36
[1]刘晓丽,赵谋明,杨宝,于立梅.余甘子活性成分含量与抗氧化性研究.天然产物研究与开发[J] . 2007, 19: 188-192.
[2] Khanbabaee K., Van T. T., Tannins: classification and definition [J]. Natural Product Report, 2001,18: 641- 649
[3]Adams L. S., Seeram N. P., Aggarwal B. B., Takada Y., Sand D., Heber D. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells [J]. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2006, 54: 980-985
[4] Asres K., Mazumder A., Bucar F. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of combretum molle [J]. Ethiop. Med. J. 2006, 44: 269-277
[5] Zhang Y.J., Abe T., Tanaka T., Yang C.R., Kouno I. Phyllanemblinins A–F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica[J]. Journal of Natural Products, 2001, 64:1527-1532.
[6] Saijo R., Nonaka G., Nishioka I. Tannins and related compounds. LXXXIV. Isolation and characterization of five new hydrolysable tannins from the bark of Mallotus japonicus [J]. Chem. Pham Bull, Chem. Pham Bull. 1989, 37: 2063-2078.
[7]Seikel M.K., Hillis W.E. Hydrolysable tannins of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood [J]. Phytochemistry, 1970, 9: 1115-1128.
[8]丁岗,刘延泽,王莉,冀春茹,盛龙生.诃子中主要可水解丹宁的结构鉴定[J],中国药科大学学报, 2001, 32 (2): 91-93.
[9] Kazuya T., Shimizu K. Anticancer agents containing chebulanin from T. chebula [J]. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 1995, JP 07138165.
[10] Manjuan L., David R. K., Alexander I.G., Véronique S. Phytochemical and antifungal studies on Terminalia mollis and Terminalia brachystemma[J]. Fitoterapia, 2009, 80:369-373.
[11] Gao H., Huang Y.N., Xu P.Y., Kawabata J. Inhibitory effect on glucosidase by the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz [J]. Food Chemistry 2007, 105: 628-634
[12] Nawwar M.A.M., Hussein S.A.M., Merfort I. NMR spectral analysis of polyphenols from Punica granatum [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 36: 793 -798
[13] Seikel M. K., Hillis W. E. Hydrolysable tannins of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood [J]. Phytochemistry. 1970, 9: 1115-1128
[14]沙东旭,刘英华,王龙顺,徐绥绪.叶下珠化学成分的研究[J].沈阳药科大学学报, 2000, 17(3):176
[15]Zhang Y.J., Tanaka T., Yang C.R., Kouno I. New Phenolic Constituents from the Fruit Juice of Phyllanthus emblica [J]. Chem. Pharm. Bull, 2001, 49: 537 -540
[16] Lim Y. A., Mei M. C., Kusumoto I. T., Miyashiro H., Hattori M., Gupta M. P., Correa M. HIV-1 reverse tarnscriptase inhibitory principles from Chamaesyce hyssopifolia [J]. Phytotherapy Research, 1997, 11: 22-27
[17] Khallouki F., Haubner R., Hull W. E., Erben G. B., Spiegelhalder H., Bartsch, Owen R. W. Isolation, purification and identification of ellagic acid derivatives, catechins, and procyanidins from the root bark of Anisophyllea dichostyla R. Br [J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2007, 45: 472-485
[18] Fossen T., Pedersen A.T., Andersen O.M. Flavonoids from red onion (Allium Cepa) [J]. Phytochemistry. 1998, 47: 281-285
[19] Veit M., Geiger H., Czygan F., et al. Malonylated flavone 5-O-glucosides in the barren sprouts of Equisetum arvense [J]. Phytochemistry, 1990, 29(8): 25-51
[20] Piccinelli A., Veneziano A., Passi S., et al. Flavonol glycosides from whole cottonseed by-product [J]. Food Chemistry. 2007, 100: 344-349
[21] Fossen T., Pedersen A.T., Andersen O.M. Flavonoids from red onion (Allium Cepa) [J]. Phytochemistry. 1998, 47: 281-285.
[22]张琳,蔡晓菡,高慧媛,孙博航,黄健,吴立军.益母草化学成分的分离与鉴定[J].沈阳药科大学学报, 2009, 26(1): 15-18.
[23] Paulo A., Jimeno M. L., Gomes E. T., Houghton P. J. Steroidal alkaloids from Cryptolepis obtuse [J]. Phytochemistry, 2000, 53: 417-422.
[24] Rubinstein I., Goad L. J., Clague A. D. H., Mulheirn L. J. The 220 MHz NMR spectra of phytosterols[J]. Phytochemistry (Elsevier), 1976, 15(1):195-200
[25]孙红样,叶益萍,杨可.落新妇化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2002, 7(10):751-754
[26]叶文才,赵守训,沈漪涟.安徽银莲花化学成分的研究(I) [J].中国药科大学学报, 1990, 21( 3 ):139
[27] Singleton V. L., Zaya J., Trousdate E. K. Caftaric and coutaric acids in fruit of Vitis [J]. Phytochemistry, 1986, 43: 509-512
[28] Liu R. M., Li A. F., Sun A. Preparative isolation and purification of hydroxyanthraquinones and cinnamic acid from the Chinese medicinal herb Rheum officinale Baill. by high-speed counter-current chromatography [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2004, 1052: 217–221
[29]于德泉,杨峻山.分析化学手册(第7分册) [M].第二版.北京:化学化工出版社,1999
[30]孙博航,吉川雅之,陈英杰等,银柴胡的化学成分[J],沈阳药科大学学报, 2006, 23 (2) : 84-87
[31] Miyazawa M. Insecticidal compounds against Drosophila melanogaster from Cornus officinalis Sieb. Et Zucc[J]. Natural Product Research, 2003, 17: 337-339
[32]杨学东,徐丽珍,杨世林.蝉翼藤茎中有机酸成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志, 2001, 26( 4): 258-260.
[1] Rai S, Wahile A, Mukhrtjee K, et.al. Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2006, 104(3): 322-327
[2] Anilakumar K R, Nagaraj N S, Santhanam K. Reduction of hexachlorocyclohexane -induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in rat liver by Emblica officinalis gaertn[J]. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2007, 45(5): 450-454
[3]Yokozawa T, Kim H Y, Kim H J, Okubo T, Chu D C, Juneja L R. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in the ageing process[J]. Br. J. Nutr., 2007, 97(6): 1187-1195
[4] Aruoma O I. Characterization of drugs as antioxidant prophylactics [J]. Free Radical Biol Med, 1996, 20: 675-705
[5] Pezzuto J M. Plant-derived anticancer agents [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 1997, 53: 121-133
[6] Duthie S I, Ma A, Ross M A. Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes [J]. Cancer Res, 1996, 56: 1291-1295
[7]杨科峰,厉曙光.食品抗氧化剂BHT的安全性研究[J].同济大学学报(医学版), 2001, 22(5), 86-88
[8] Lee Y L, Yang J H, Mau J L. Antioxidant p roperties of water extracts from M onascus fermented soybeans [J]. Food Chem, 2008, 106: 1127-1137
[9]石碧,狄莹.植物多酚[M].北京:科学出版社, 2000. 30.
[10] Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer [J]. Life Sciences, 2004, 74, 2157-2184.
[11] Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay [J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1999, 26, 1231-1237
[12] Senji S, Yumi T, Yuki O. Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea (kakinoha-cha) [J]. Food Chemistry, 2005, 89(4) : 569-575
[13] Sakanaka S, Ishihara Y. Comparison of antioxidant properties of persimmon vinegar and some other commercial vinegars in radicalscavenging assays and on lipid oxidation in tuna homogenates [J]. Food Chemistry, 2008(107): 739-744
[14] Gulcin I, Sat G I, Beydemir S, et al. Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender [J]. Food Chemistry, 2004, 87: 393-400
[15] Ilhami G, Emin B M, Irfan K O. Metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of melatonin[J]. Journal of Pineal Research, 2003, 34(4): 278-281
[16] Jayaprakasha G K, Singh R P, Sakariah K K. Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro [J]. Food chemistry, 2001, 73: 285-290
[17] Mitsuda H, Yasumoto K, Iwami K. Antioxidative action of indole compounds during the autoxidation of linoleic acid [J]. Eiyo to Shokuryo, 1966, 19:210-214
[18] Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity [J]. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaftund-Technologie, 1995, 28: 25-30
[19] Goupy P, Dufour C, Looms M, et al. Quantitative kinetic analysis of hydrogen transfer reactions from dietary polyphenols to the DPPH Radical [J]. Agric. Food Chem, 2003, 51:615-622
[20] Nanjo F, Mori M, Goto K, et al. Radical scavenging activity of tea catechins and their related compounds [J]. Biosci.Biotechnol Biochem, 1999, 6(31): 621- 623
[21] Yokozawa T, Chen C P, Dong E, et al. Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1, 1-diphenyl222picrylhydrazyl radical [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 1998, 56 : 213-222
[22] Kulisic T, Radonic A, Katyalinic V, et al. Use of different methods for testing antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil [J]. Food Chemistry, 2004, 85: 633-640
[23] Rekka E, Kourounaki P N. Effect of hydroxyethyl rutosides and related compounds on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity. Some structural aspects [J].Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1991, 43: 486-491
[24] Goupy P, Dufour C, Looms M, et al. Quantitative kinetic analysis of hydrogen transfer reactions from dietary polyphenols to the DPPH Radical [J]. J.Agric. Food Chem, 2003, 51: 615-622
[25] Muhammad A K, Fereidoon S. Effects of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of borage and evening primrose triacylglycerols [J]. Food Chemistry, 2001, 75, 431–437
[26] Marklund S. A simple specific method for the determination of the hemoglobin content of tissue homogenates [J]. Clin Chim Acta, 1979, 92 : 229-234
[27] Miller N J, Rice, Evans C A, Davies M J, et al. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates [J]. Clin Sci, 1993, 84:407-412
[28] Arts M J T, Dallinga J S, Voss H P, et al. A critical appraisal of the use of the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay in dening optimal antioxidant structures [J]. Food Chemistry, 2002, 80:409-414
[29] Meyer A S, Frankel E N, Lester P. Antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acids on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation [J]. Methods in Enzymology, 2001, 335: 256-265
[30]韩鹤友,何治柯.羟自由基的分析研究进展[J].分析科学学报, 2001, 17(1): 83-87
[31] Biacs P A, Daood H G. Oxygen free radicals and scavengers in the natural sciences[J]. Budapest:, Akade miai Kiado (Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences). 1993, 307-314
[32]崔剑,李兆陇,洪啸吟.自由基生物抗氧化与疾病[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 40(6): 9-12
[33] Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels [J]. Analytical Biochemistry, 1971, 44(1):276-87
[34] Zhang H Y, Wang L F, Sun Y M. Why B-ring is the active center for genistein to scavenge peroxyl radical: ADET study [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13(5) : 909-911
[35] Zhang H Y. Structure activity relationships and rational design strategies for radical scavenging antioxidants [J]. Current Computer Aided Drug Design, 2005, 1: 257-273
[36] Cheng Z Y, Ren J I, Li Y Z, et al. Study on the multiple mechanisms underlying thereaction between hydroxyl radical and phenolic compounds by qualitative structure and activity relationship [J]. BioorgMed Chem, 2002, 10: 4067-4073
[37] Zhang H Y, Wang L F. Theoretical elucidation of structure activity relationship for coumarins to scavenge peroxyl radical [J]. Theochem, 2004, 673: 199-202
[38] Kondo K, Kurihara M, Miyata N, et al. Mechanistic studies of catechins as antioxidants against radical oxidation [J]. Arch. Biochem Biophys, 1999, 362: 79-86
[39] George B, Pizza A, Simon C, et al. Leather light stability/ tannins antioxidant characteristics for leather made with vegetable tannins/MUF resins [J]. JALCA, 2004, 99: 1-11
[40] Shaidi F, Janitha P K, Wanasundara, P.D. Free radical scavenging activity of phenolics are mainly due to the presence of free hydroxyl groups. Phenolic antioxidants[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1992, 32: 67-103.
[41]Bouchet N, Laurence B, Fauconneau B. Radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties of tannins from Guiera senegalensis[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 1998, 12:159-162
[42]Yokozawa T, Chen C, Dong P E, Tanaka T, Nonaka G I, Nishioko I. Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical [J], Biochemical Pharmacology, 1998, 56: 213-222
[43] Choi J M, Yoon B S, Chung J H, Shin D B, Lee S K, Hwang J K, Ryang R. Antioxidant properties of tannic acid and its inhibitory effects on paraquat-induced oxidative stress in mice[J]. Food Science and Biotechnology, 2006, 15: 728-734
[44] Cheng K L, Ueno K, Imamura T. Handbook of Organic Analytical Reagents [M]. CRC Press: Boca Raton FL, 1982, 503-509
[45] Noriko N, Etsuo N. Phenolic antioxidants: arationale for design and evaluation of novel antioxidant drug for therosclerosis [J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28: 538-546
[46] Eswaramoorthy S, Kumaran D, Keller J, Swaminathan S. Role of Metals in the Biological Activity of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins. Biochemistry[J]. 2004, 43(8): 2209-2216.
[47] Piterkova J, Tomankova K, Lukova L, Petrivalsky M, Pec P. Oxidative stress: localization of reactive oxygen species formation and degradation in plant tissues[J]. Chemicke Listy, 2005, 99(7):455-466
[48] Southworth B A, Voelker B M. Hydroxyl radical production via the photo-Fentonreaction in the presence of fulvic acid[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2003, 37(6):1130-1136.
[49] Braughler J M, Chase R L, Pregenzer J F. Oxidation of ferrous ion during peroxidation of various lipid substrates [J]. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1987, 921: 457-464
[50]揭荣刚.铜、铁离子在癌形成中的作用[J],现代医药卫生, 2005, 21(3),
[51] Arora A, Nair M G, Strasburg G M. Structure activity relationship for antioxidant activities of a series of flavonoids in a liposomal system [J]. Free Radical Bio. Med, 1998, 24: 1355-1363
[52] Singh R, Singh S, Kumar S, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract fractions of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cuhh [J]. Food Chemisry Toxicol, 2007, 45(7):1216-1223
[53] Fernandez M T, Mira M L, Florencio M H, Jennings K R. Iron and copper chelation by flavonoids: an electrospray mass spectrometry study[J]. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2002, 92(2):105-111
[54] Oberleg L W. Free Radical Aging and Degenerative Disease [J]. Alan R Liss Inc, 1986.
[55] Box H C, Maccubbin A E. Lipid peroxidation and DNA damage [J]. Nutrition, 1997, 13: 920-921
[56]Esterbauer H. Estimation of peroxidative damage: a critical review [J]. Pathologie Biologie Paris, 1996, 44: 25-28
[57] Guemouri L, Artur Y. Herbetn B. et al. Biological variability of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in blood [J]. Clin. Chem, 1991, 37: 1932
[58] Amarowicz R, Pegg R B. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies[J]. Food Chemistry, 2004, 84: 551-562
[59]张新强.茶多酚的制备、化学改性和脂溶性茶多酚抗氧化性能评价[D],西北大学博士论文,西安,2004, 4
[1]马慧萍,谢景文.中药诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究进展[J].中国药房, 2001, 12 (4) : 242
[2]刘朝阳,王德昌,陈玉武,等.柯里拉京抗肿瘤和致突变作用实验研究[J].肿瘤防治杂志, 2003, 10 (5) :469 - 472
[3] Sancheti G A, Jindal R, Kumari and Goyal P K. Chemopreventive action of emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2005, 6(2): 197-201
[4] Sandhya T, Lathika K M, Pandey B N, Mishra K P. Potential of traditional ayurvedic formulation, Triphala, as a novel anticancer drug [J]. Cancer Lett, 2006, 231(2): 206-214
[5] Banu S M, Selvendiran K, Singh J P, Sakthisekaran D. Protective effect of Emblica officinalis ethanolic extract against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2004, 23(11): 527-531
[6] Rajeshkumar N V, Pillai M R, Kuttan R. Induction of apoptosis in mouse and human carcinoma cell lines by Emblica officinalis polyphenols and its effect on chemical carcinogenesis[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res., 2003, 22(2): 201-212
[7] Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays [J]. J. Immunol. Methods, 1983, 65: 55-63
[8] Galati G, Teng S, Moridani M Y, et al. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics[J]. Drug Metab Drug Interact. 2000, 17: 311-349
[9] Birt D F, Hendrich S, Wang W. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids [J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2001, 90:157-177.
[10] Horwitz S B. Mechanism of action of taxol [J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 1992, 13 (4) :134
[11] Noro T, Ohki T, Noda Y, Warashina T, Noro K, Tomita I, Nakamura Y. Inhibitory effects of hydrolyzable tannins on tumor promoting activities induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate in JB6 mouse epidermal cells[J]. Basic Life Sciences, 1999, 66(Plant Polyphenols 2): 665-673
[12] Kashiwada Y, Chang J, Lee K H. Evaluate the selective cytotoxicity of tannins and related compounds [J]. J Natural products, 1992, 55 (8):1033
[13] Miyamoto K, Nomura M, Sasakura M, Matsui E, Koshiura R, Murayama T, Furukawa T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Okuda T. Antitumor activity of oenothein B, a unique macrocyclic ellagitannin[J]. Japanese journal of cancer research: Gann. 1993, 84(1): 99-103
[14] Miyamoto K, Nomura M; Murayama T, Furukawa T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Koshiura R, Okuda T. Antitumor activities of ellagitannins against sarcoma-180 in mice. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin[J]. 1993, 16(4):379-387
[15] Yoshida T, Hatano T, Miyamoto K, Okuda T. Antitumor and related activities of ellagitannin oligomers. Colloques- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. 1995, 69(Polyphenols 94), 123-132
[16] Miyamoto K, Kishi N, Koshiura R, Yoshida T, Hatano T, Okuda T. Relationship between the structures and the antitumor activities of tannins. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1987, 35(2): 814-822
[17] Tanimura S, Kadomoto R, Tanaka T, Zhang Y J, Kouno S, Kohno M. Suppression of tumor cell invasiveness by hydrolyzable tannins (plant polyphenols) via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 activity[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2005, 330: 1306-1313
[18] Naczk M, Shahidi F. Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food [J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2004, 1054: 95-111
[19] Yoshida T, Chou T, Matsuda M, Yasuhara T, Yazaki K, Hatano T, Nitta A, Okuda T.Woodfordin D and oenothein A, trimeric hydrolyzable tannins of macro-ring structure with antitumor activity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin[J]. 1991, 39(5):1157-1162
[20] Grayer R J, Thabrew M I, Hughes R D, Bretherton S, Lever A, Veitch N C, Kite G C, Lelli R, Simmonds M S J. Phenolic and Terpenoid Constituents from the Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant Osbeckia aspera[J]. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2008, 46(3): 154-161
[21] Kashiwada Y, Nonaka G, Nishioka I, Lee K, Hung J, Bori I, Fukuhima Y, Bastow K F. Tannins as potent inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II in vitro[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1993, 82(5):487-492
[22] Bastow K F, Bori I D, Fukushima Y, Kashiwada Y, Tanaka T, Nonaka G, Nishioka I, Lee K H. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerases by sanguiin H-6, a cytotoxic dimeric ellagitannin from Sanguisorba officinalis[J]. Planta Medica, 1993, 59(3): 240-245
[23] Tsai Y J, Aoki T, Maruta H, Abe H, Sakagami H, Hatano T, Okuda T, Tanuma S. Mouse mammary tumor virus gene expression is suppressed by oligomeric ellagitannins, novel inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase[J]. The Journal of biological chemistry, 1992, 267(20):14436-14442
[24] Chung LY, Cheung T C, Kong S K, et a1. Induction of apoptosis by green tea catechins in human prostate cancer DU 145 cells [J]. Life Sciences, 2001, 68 (10):1207-1214.
[25] Sakagami H, Jiang Y, Kusama K, Atsumi T, Ueha T, Toguchi M, Iwakura I, Satoh K, Ito H, Hatano T, Yoshida T. Cytotoxic activity of hydrolyzable tannins against human oral tumor cell lines - a possible mechanism[J]. Phytomedicine, 2000, 7(1):39-47
[26] Lin K P, Ling H Y, Chen L T, Tzung L L, Chang J K, Lin C C. Casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells[J]. Planta Medica, 2005, 71(3):237-243
[27] Ramanathan R, Tan C H, Das N P. Cytotoxic effect of plant polyphenols and fat-soluble vitamins on malignant human cultured cells[J]. Cancer letters, 1992, 62(3):217-24
[28] Miyamutu K I, Kishi N, Kushiurx R et al. Antitumor activity of tannins[J]. chem Pharmaceutical Bull, 1987, 3(2):814
[29]罗非君.茶多酚抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的分子机制研究进展[J].国外医学?生理病理与临床分册, 2001, 21(4): 251-253
[30] Kioka N, Hostkawa N, Komano T, et al. Quercein, a bioflavonoid, inhibits the increase of human multi-drug resistance gene (MDR 1) expression caused by arsenite[J]. FEBS Lett, 1992, 301:307-309
[31]姚华,王慧明,吴求亮.茶多酚对舌蜂状细胞增植和端杜醉催化亚基的抑制作用[J].中华口腔医学杂志, 2005, 40(6): 451-454
[32] Zhao J F, Wang J N, Chen Y J, Agarwal R. Carcinogenesis, 1999, 20:1737-1745
[33] Zhang Y J, DeWittb D L, Murugesanc S, Nair M G. Novel Lipid-Peroxidation- and Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitory Tannins from Picrorhiza kurroa Seeds[J]. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2004, 1:426-441