日本考证学派《灵枢》研究之考察
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摘要
考证学的发源地在中国,清儒学者运用文字、音韵、训诂学等工具,在文史考证方面成绩斐然,以致“朴学”成为清代学术的最大代表。虽然清朝考证学派学者对于文献学、史学、金石学等方面的研究成果突出,但对医学文献方面的考证研究尚显不足。于江户时代,清朝考证学传到日本后,受到日本学者的欢迎。日本学者以考证学研究医学文献,研究成果颇丰。研究日本考证学派学者的著作对于中医工作者,包括中医文献学者与临床家颇为有益。在日本考证学派的研究中,相对《素问》而言,《灵枢》的研究比较少。尤其是从语言学、目录学等角度研究《灵枢》的著作更为稀少。
本论文将从江户时代考证学派的形成着手,通过介绍考证学派的学术奠定学者及代表学者,研究该学派的学术思想与研究成果,并对他们研究《灵枢》之著作进行深入地研究,分析其著作的研究成果,着重从音韵、文字、训诂等之学术角度来进行辨析,并了解其运用价值。
本文整理出日本考证学派最重要学者及其著作有：
①多纪元简《灵枢识》。这是日本考证学派学者所著现存的研究《灵枢》的第一部著作,涩江抽斋《灵枢讲义》、山田业广《医经训诂》均是在《灵枢识》的基础上撰写的。但多纪元简未见《太素》与杨上善注,因此《灵枢识》中的校勘内容主要是《甲乙经》,未涉及押韵及依韵校勘研究。后世涩江抽斋、山田业广在《灵枢识》的基础上,选明刊无名氏仿宋本《灵枢》,以《太素》为底本,及江户时代新发现的《新修本草》、《明堂》等资料进行研究。因此他们进一步发展了《灵枢》的文献研究。
②涩江抽斋《灵枢讲义》。是以明刊无名氏仿宋本为底本进行研究《灵枢》的,而且是初次将依韵校勘的方法运用到研究《灵枢》的著作。
涩江氏相当重视《太素》及杨上善注,并同时使用《甲乙经》与《灵枢》的不同版本。本书研究方法涉及到版本、校勘、目录、文字、训诂、音韵等,其内容极为广泛。《灵枢讲义》是研究《灵枢》参考价值最高之书,并且该书也是研究《内经》的必备之书。
因资料限制,无法判断涩江抽斋的音韵学水平。但可以知道涩江氏起码拥有音韵学初步的知识,并且他已经有依韵校勘的概念。本文共分析了266例在《灵枢讲义》中涩江氏认为押韵的句子,经考察这266例,发现其中实际上有32例为不押韵句,有18例为依韵校勘,其中17例作者有明确结论,1例未作定论。
③喜多村直宽《黄帝内经太素九卷经纂录》是第一部研究《灵枢》杨上善注本的。虽因时代条件所限,喜多村氏当时亲眼看到的《太素》只有23卷,后来发现的两卷没有研究。但是,仁和寺本因腐蛀看不到的字,该书有些字可以看到。而且《九卷经纂录》是第一部研究《灵枢》杨上善注本的,因此,本书在中医文献学上有一定的参考价值。另外喜多村氏古籍整理的方法与思路也有许多值得学习、借鉴之处。笔者还发现了《黄帝内经太素九卷经纂录》目录中存在的11个错误。
④伊泽柏轩
伊泽柏轩之父兰轩无意撰写医经著作。而伊泽柏轩则著有《灵枢上层书记》、《灵枢纪闻》、《灵枢识》补注本,自此三书我们可知伊泽氏的具体学术成就。
柏轩之父兰轩培养出了涩江抽斋、森立之、山田业广、清川玄道、冈西玄亭等为代表的“兰门五哲”,所以,研究五哲之师的学术思想对理解日本考证学派是非常重要的。可惜,伊泽兰轩生前无意撰写医经著作,没有研究《灵枢》、《素问》之书。伊泽柏轩所著《灵枢上层书记》、《灵枢纪闻》及《灵枢识》柏轩补注本等三本书虽不是兰轩本人的著作,但我们从中可知伊泽氏的具体学术成就。笔者认为柏轩著作可以帮助再进一步探讨日本考证学派的学术内容及伊泽氏对医经的研究成果。伊泽柏轩著作特征之一是校勘之例极多,且多以《太素》、《甲乙经》、《脉经》及《灵枢》的不同版本为校本。我们自该著作可知伊泽氏研究《灵枢》的文献学上的贡献与成就。虽然柏轩是考证学派学者,但他非常强调研究医理及临床实践的重要性。我们自此三本书可以知道柏轩的学术风格。
⑤山田业广《医经声类》是将《内经》文字以音归类的著作,《医经训诂》则是对《素问》、《灵枢》、《难经》中存在的难解字或词的训诂之书。
《医经训诂》中《灵枢》部分山田业广自己的看法几乎没有,本书最大的特点就是整理前人的成就,尤其是中医训诂学上的成就,他将如何研究中医文献的方法提供给了后代人。
山田业广首先将《素问》、《灵枢》、《难经》中的词按照片假名整理排列,并分清楚其原文,是为《医经声类》。《医经声类》是《医经训诂》的基础,因此,山田业广撰写《医经声类》在前。可以说山田业广撰著《医经声类》至《医经训诂》是连续的。山田业广对《内经》系列,包括《难经》中存在的难解字或词的训诂之书,也不乏校勘之处。后来,在此内容的基础上继续研究,撰写了《素问次注集疏》与《难经本义疏》。
本论文主要探讨的是《医经训诂》中的《灵枢》部分,其内容基本上依靠的是多纪元简所著《灵枢识》与涩江抽斋所著《灵枢讲义》。训诂方面,山田业广自己的说法只有8条,还有其子业精之说有1条。《医经训诂》中《灵枢》部分山田氏自己的新见解几乎没有,但该著作比《灵枢识》与《灵枢讲义》检阅时方便许多,可作为一种工具书使用。因此,笔者认为《医经训诂》是研究《内经》训诂及文字的时候不可不备的工具书之一。
山田业广解释字词的时候大量使用《说文》、《尔雅》等古代字书,而且在本书上到处可以看到钱大昕《十驾斋养新录》《潜言堂文集》、段玉裁《说文解字注》顾炎武《日知录》、沈彤《释骨》、郝懿行《尔雅义疏》、王引之《经传诗词》及纪昀《四库全书提要》等清儒学者的著作。
综上所述,日本考证学派学者自如运用文字、音韵、目录、版本学的知识,进行中医文献的校勘、释义等工作,是颇有学术造诣的中医文献学派。考证学的发源地中国,清儒学者对医学方面的成就不是太多,其主要内容为文学、史学等。于江户时代中国的考证学传到日本之后,日本学者运用考证学的各种方法研究医学著作,其小学及校勘、目录等学术内容在中医文献上的贡献极为突出,这可以称得上是日本考证学的一个特色。
Textual Criticism started in China and the scholars in Qing Dynasty left achievement in studies of literature and history by method of letters, phonology, explanations of words in ancient books and so on. It is known as Pu-xue and represents science in Qing Dynasty. Major achievement of studies by Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty left remarkable footprints in the fields of bibliography, history, epigraphy, etc, but their studies were not sufficiently extended to medical field. When Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty was introduced to Japan in Edo era, Japanese scientists put great importance to the study and made considerable achievement to be noted in the history of studies of medical literature by using Textual Criticism. Compared with Su-Wen(Plain Questions), less study was made for Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) in the studies of Textual Criticism in Japan. Among these studies, we can rarely find writings on the studies of Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot), such as linguistics and bibliography.
This dissertation begins with formation of a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism in Edo era and leads to understand scientific philosophy and the achievement of the study by the sect through introduction of a scholar who contributed to the science of the sect of Japanese Textual Criticism and a scholar who represents the sect. Furthermore, this thesis aims at recognizing the value of the writings by the scholars on the studies of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) by making analytical studies from the view point of phonology,a character and works in critical interpretation of the classic works.
The content of this dissertation describes the important persons of Japanese Textual Criticism and their books about Ling-shu(Miraculous Pivot).
①Taki Genkan's Lingshushi is the first book written by Japanese scholars of Textual Criticism regarding Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). The books Lingshu jiangyi by Shibue Chu-sai and Yijingxungu by Yamada Gyoko were written based on Lingshushi. However, their collation on Lingshushi is mainly about Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion)as they have not read Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) and Yang Shangshan noets for Taki Genkan. These books do not have the content about end rhymes and rhymed collation at all. Later days, based on Lingshushi, Shibue Chusai and Yamada Gyoko selected imitation Song--style typeface Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) on Ming-Dynasty to print as a text and they wrote Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi). They progressed studies based on new materials such as Xinxiubencao (Newly Revised Materia Medica) and Mingtang which were found in Edo era. Thus they succeeded in further development of study of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), imitation Song-Dynasty-style typeface.
②Shibue Chusai made studies of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) in his book Lingshu jiangyi based on imitation Song--style typeface Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) on Ming-Dynasty to print. It was Lingshu jiangyi that used rhymed collation method for a study of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) for the first time.
Dr. Shibue put importance on Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) including Yang Shangshan noets, and at the same time he used several editions of Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) and Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). In "Lingshu jiangyi", he made comprehensive studies on an edition, collation, bibliography, a character, Works in critical interpretation of the classic works, phonology and so on. At present, Lingshu jiangyi is the reference book of the highest level in the study of Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot) and this book is essential for a study of Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor). Due to limitation of data in Lingshu jiangyi, it is difficult to judge a level of phonology by Dr. Shibue. However, from several materials, it is clear that at least Dr. Shibue had basic knowledge of phonology and he already had a concept of rhymed collation. 266 cases of end rhymes are found in Lingshu jiangyi. Among them,18 cases applied rhymed collation,17 cases led to clear conclusion, but 1 case did not make its conclusion clear.
③Huangdineijingtaisujiujuanjingzuanlu by Kitamura Chokkan is the first Yang Shangshan noets for study of Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). Under circumstances of those days, what Dr. Kitamura read was the Volume 23rd of Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) only, and his study was not extended to other 2 Volumes which were found later. In this book, however, we can see letters that are illegible in Nin-na temple book because of worm-eaten or scratchy letters. This book is very valuable in knowing Dr. Kitamura's method of putting old books in order. The writer found 11 parts of errors in the scholium of Jiujuanjing.
④Izawa Hakken
Ranken, Hakken's father, did not like writing, and his writing about the study of "Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Suwen (Plain Questions) does not exist. It can be said that although Ranken's own writing does not exist, we can see academy of Dr.Izawa through Linshushangcengshuji,Lingshujiwen and Lingshushi notes written by his child, Hakken. The father of Izawa Hakken, Ranken established an academic sect of "Ranken school of the five sages" which included Shibue Chusai,Mori Risshi,Yamada Gyoko,Kiyokawa Gendo,Okanishi Gentei and others. It is very important to study academy of Ranken who is the master of he five sages in knowing a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism. Hakken's books were not published in Edo era, but fortunately we have opportunity to see those books now. His study covers variety of fields such as collation, phonology, scholium, characters and so on. I believe that Hakken's books played a very important role in studying a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism and knowing the achievement of Mr. Izawa's study on medical texts. One of the characteristics of Hakken's books is that there are many collation. It was the study enabled by existence of several editions of Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi), Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Maijing(Pulse Classi)and Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). From Hakken's books on study of 3 kinds of "Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot)"(Lingshushangcengshuji,Lingshujiwen, and Lingshushi notes), we can know Mr. Izawa's contribution and distinguished work in philology. While Hakken is a scholar of Textual Criticism, he emphasized the importance of medical method and clinical medicine. Through these books, I have studied academic contents of Hakken.
⑤Yijingshenglei written by Yamada Gyoko has the most basic content for studying books of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) and Yijingxungu is a book of scholium regarding a character or a word which is hard to understand in Suwen (Plain Questions) Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Nanjing.
Yamada Gyoko's own view is little observed in the part of Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu, but the most characteristic to this book is that it put predecessors'distinguished work in order. Mr. Yamada's scholium of Chinese medicine made much contribution to students by showing how to study books of Chinese medicine and how to put them in order.
While Yamada Gyoko studied books on Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor), at first he took the words from Suwen (Plain Questions), Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Nanjing in hiragana letters, put them in order and also described their original sentences. The content of Yijingshenglei was essential to write Yijingxungu. That is to say, Yijingshenglei and Yijingxungu are continuing study. This is a book of study on scholium about characters which are hard to understand in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) including Gyoko's Nanjing, and this book has little content concerning collation. Afterward a study of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) which succeeded from the fundamentals of this book produced Suwencizhujishu and Nanjingbenyishu.
The object of study in this dissertation is aimed at Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu. Its content consists of Lingshushi by Taki Genkan and Lingshu jiangyi by Shibue Chusai, and 8 remarks made by Yamada Gyoko himself were found in scholium and 1 remark made by his son Gyosei was found in it. Almost no view of Mr. Yamada was newly observed in Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu. However, this book is very useful for review compared with Lingshushi and Lingshujiangyi and it is much superior as a reference book because it was well compiled. Therefore, Yijingxung is an essential book for studying scholium and letters of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor).
Yamada Gyoko often uses ancient dictionaries such as Shuowenjiezi (Origin of Chinese Characters) and Erya in interpreting words and expressions. Many parts of this book refer to the books of Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty such as Qian Daxin Shijiazhaiyangxinlu,Qianyantangwenji,Duan Yucai Shuowenjiezizhu notes, Gu Yanwu Rizhilu,Shen Tong Shigu,Hao Yixing Eryayishu, Wang Yinzhi Jingzhuanshici and Ji YunSikuquanshutiyao (The summary of general catalogue of SIKUQUANSHU). In China, the origin of Textual Criticism, study of medical books was not much made, and main object of study was literature and history. After Textual Criticism was introduced to Japan in Edo era, Japanese scholars studied actively on medical books. They left remarkable achievement of academic contents such as collation and phonology in Chinese medical books. This is one of the characteristics of Japanese Textual Criticism.
Japanese sect of Textual Criticism is the sect of scholars who are familiar with the study of collation and commentaries of medical books using their knowledge of a character, phonology, bibliography and study of edition. Their method of study enlightened modern scholars and presented much data for study of Chinese medical books. They left footprints not only in medical books but also in non-medical books such as a reference book like literature and dictionary and historical books. This shows the importance of utilizing literature and historical books for study of medical books instead of studying medical books only.
本论文将从江户时代考证学派的形成着手,通过介绍考证学派的学术奠定学者及代表学者,研究该学派的学术思想与研究成果,并对他们研究《灵枢》之著作进行深入地研究,分析其著作的研究成果,着重从音韵、文字、训诂等之学术角度来进行辨析,并了解其运用价值。
本文整理出日本考证学派最重要学者及其著作有：
①多纪元简《灵枢识》。这是日本考证学派学者所著现存的研究《灵枢》的第一部著作,涩江抽斋《灵枢讲义》、山田业广《医经训诂》均是在《灵枢识》的基础上撰写的。但多纪元简未见《太素》与杨上善注,因此《灵枢识》中的校勘内容主要是《甲乙经》,未涉及押韵及依韵校勘研究。后世涩江抽斋、山田业广在《灵枢识》的基础上,选明刊无名氏仿宋本《灵枢》,以《太素》为底本,及江户时代新发现的《新修本草》、《明堂》等资料进行研究。因此他们进一步发展了《灵枢》的文献研究。
②涩江抽斋《灵枢讲义》。是以明刊无名氏仿宋本为底本进行研究《灵枢》的,而且是初次将依韵校勘的方法运用到研究《灵枢》的著作。
涩江氏相当重视《太素》及杨上善注,并同时使用《甲乙经》与《灵枢》的不同版本。本书研究方法涉及到版本、校勘、目录、文字、训诂、音韵等,其内容极为广泛。《灵枢讲义》是研究《灵枢》参考价值最高之书,并且该书也是研究《内经》的必备之书。
因资料限制,无法判断涩江抽斋的音韵学水平。但可以知道涩江氏起码拥有音韵学初步的知识,并且他已经有依韵校勘的概念。本文共分析了266例在《灵枢讲义》中涩江氏认为押韵的句子,经考察这266例,发现其中实际上有32例为不押韵句,有18例为依韵校勘,其中17例作者有明确结论,1例未作定论。
③喜多村直宽《黄帝内经太素九卷经纂录》是第一部研究《灵枢》杨上善注本的。虽因时代条件所限,喜多村氏当时亲眼看到的《太素》只有23卷,后来发现的两卷没有研究。但是,仁和寺本因腐蛀看不到的字,该书有些字可以看到。而且《九卷经纂录》是第一部研究《灵枢》杨上善注本的,因此,本书在中医文献学上有一定的参考价值。另外喜多村氏古籍整理的方法与思路也有许多值得学习、借鉴之处。笔者还发现了《黄帝内经太素九卷经纂录》目录中存在的11个错误。
④伊泽柏轩
伊泽柏轩之父兰轩无意撰写医经著作。而伊泽柏轩则著有《灵枢上层书记》、《灵枢纪闻》、《灵枢识》补注本,自此三书我们可知伊泽氏的具体学术成就。
柏轩之父兰轩培养出了涩江抽斋、森立之、山田业广、清川玄道、冈西玄亭等为代表的“兰门五哲”,所以,研究五哲之师的学术思想对理解日本考证学派是非常重要的。可惜,伊泽兰轩生前无意撰写医经著作,没有研究《灵枢》、《素问》之书。伊泽柏轩所著《灵枢上层书记》、《灵枢纪闻》及《灵枢识》柏轩补注本等三本书虽不是兰轩本人的著作,但我们从中可知伊泽氏的具体学术成就。笔者认为柏轩著作可以帮助再进一步探讨日本考证学派的学术内容及伊泽氏对医经的研究成果。伊泽柏轩著作特征之一是校勘之例极多,且多以《太素》、《甲乙经》、《脉经》及《灵枢》的不同版本为校本。我们自该著作可知伊泽氏研究《灵枢》的文献学上的贡献与成就。虽然柏轩是考证学派学者,但他非常强调研究医理及临床实践的重要性。我们自此三本书可以知道柏轩的学术风格。
⑤山田业广《医经声类》是将《内经》文字以音归类的著作,《医经训诂》则是对《素问》、《灵枢》、《难经》中存在的难解字或词的训诂之书。
《医经训诂》中《灵枢》部分山田业广自己的看法几乎没有,本书最大的特点就是整理前人的成就,尤其是中医训诂学上的成就,他将如何研究中医文献的方法提供给了后代人。
山田业广首先将《素问》、《灵枢》、《难经》中的词按照片假名整理排列,并分清楚其原文,是为《医经声类》。《医经声类》是《医经训诂》的基础,因此,山田业广撰写《医经声类》在前。可以说山田业广撰著《医经声类》至《医经训诂》是连续的。山田业广对《内经》系列,包括《难经》中存在的难解字或词的训诂之书,也不乏校勘之处。后来,在此内容的基础上继续研究,撰写了《素问次注集疏》与《难经本义疏》。
本论文主要探讨的是《医经训诂》中的《灵枢》部分,其内容基本上依靠的是多纪元简所著《灵枢识》与涩江抽斋所著《灵枢讲义》。训诂方面,山田业广自己的说法只有8条,还有其子业精之说有1条。《医经训诂》中《灵枢》部分山田氏自己的新见解几乎没有,但该著作比《灵枢识》与《灵枢讲义》检阅时方便许多,可作为一种工具书使用。因此,笔者认为《医经训诂》是研究《内经》训诂及文字的时候不可不备的工具书之一。
山田业广解释字词的时候大量使用《说文》、《尔雅》等古代字书,而且在本书上到处可以看到钱大昕《十驾斋养新录》《潜言堂文集》、段玉裁《说文解字注》顾炎武《日知录》、沈彤《释骨》、郝懿行《尔雅义疏》、王引之《经传诗词》及纪昀《四库全书提要》等清儒学者的著作。
综上所述,日本考证学派学者自如运用文字、音韵、目录、版本学的知识,进行中医文献的校勘、释义等工作,是颇有学术造诣的中医文献学派。考证学的发源地中国,清儒学者对医学方面的成就不是太多,其主要内容为文学、史学等。于江户时代中国的考证学传到日本之后,日本学者运用考证学的各种方法研究医学著作,其小学及校勘、目录等学术内容在中医文献上的贡献极为突出,这可以称得上是日本考证学的一个特色。
Textual Criticism started in China and the scholars in Qing Dynasty left achievement in studies of literature and history by method of letters, phonology, explanations of words in ancient books and so on. It is known as Pu-xue and represents science in Qing Dynasty. Major achievement of studies by Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty left remarkable footprints in the fields of bibliography, history, epigraphy, etc, but their studies were not sufficiently extended to medical field. When Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty was introduced to Japan in Edo era, Japanese scientists put great importance to the study and made considerable achievement to be noted in the history of studies of medical literature by using Textual Criticism. Compared with Su-Wen(Plain Questions), less study was made for Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) in the studies of Textual Criticism in Japan. Among these studies, we can rarely find writings on the studies of Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot), such as linguistics and bibliography.
This dissertation begins with formation of a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism in Edo era and leads to understand scientific philosophy and the achievement of the study by the sect through introduction of a scholar who contributed to the science of the sect of Japanese Textual Criticism and a scholar who represents the sect. Furthermore, this thesis aims at recognizing the value of the writings by the scholars on the studies of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) by making analytical studies from the view point of phonology,a character and works in critical interpretation of the classic works.
The content of this dissertation describes the important persons of Japanese Textual Criticism and their books about Ling-shu(Miraculous Pivot).
①Taki Genkan's Lingshushi is the first book written by Japanese scholars of Textual Criticism regarding Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). The books Lingshu jiangyi by Shibue Chu-sai and Yijingxungu by Yamada Gyoko were written based on Lingshushi. However, their collation on Lingshushi is mainly about Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion)as they have not read Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) and Yang Shangshan noets for Taki Genkan. These books do not have the content about end rhymes and rhymed collation at all. Later days, based on Lingshushi, Shibue Chusai and Yamada Gyoko selected imitation Song--style typeface Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) on Ming-Dynasty to print as a text and they wrote Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi). They progressed studies based on new materials such as Xinxiubencao (Newly Revised Materia Medica) and Mingtang which were found in Edo era. Thus they succeeded in further development of study of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), imitation Song-Dynasty-style typeface.
②Shibue Chusai made studies of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) in his book Lingshu jiangyi based on imitation Song--style typeface Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) on Ming-Dynasty to print. It was Lingshu jiangyi that used rhymed collation method for a study of Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) for the first time.
Dr. Shibue put importance on Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) including Yang Shangshan noets, and at the same time he used several editions of Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) and Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). In "Lingshu jiangyi", he made comprehensive studies on an edition, collation, bibliography, a character, Works in critical interpretation of the classic works, phonology and so on. At present, Lingshu jiangyi is the reference book of the highest level in the study of Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot) and this book is essential for a study of Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor). Due to limitation of data in Lingshu jiangyi, it is difficult to judge a level of phonology by Dr. Shibue. However, from several materials, it is clear that at least Dr. Shibue had basic knowledge of phonology and he already had a concept of rhymed collation. 266 cases of end rhymes are found in Lingshu jiangyi. Among them,18 cases applied rhymed collation,17 cases led to clear conclusion, but 1 case did not make its conclusion clear.
③Huangdineijingtaisujiujuanjingzuanlu by Kitamura Chokkan is the first Yang Shangshan noets for study of Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). Under circumstances of those days, what Dr. Kitamura read was the Volume 23rd of Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi) only, and his study was not extended to other 2 Volumes which were found later. In this book, however, we can see letters that are illegible in Nin-na temple book because of worm-eaten or scratchy letters. This book is very valuable in knowing Dr. Kitamura's method of putting old books in order. The writer found 11 parts of errors in the scholium of Jiujuanjing.
④Izawa Hakken
Ranken, Hakken's father, did not like writing, and his writing about the study of "Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Suwen (Plain Questions) does not exist. It can be said that although Ranken's own writing does not exist, we can see academy of Dr.Izawa through Linshushangcengshuji,Lingshujiwen and Lingshushi notes written by his child, Hakken. The father of Izawa Hakken, Ranken established an academic sect of "Ranken school of the five sages" which included Shibue Chusai,Mori Risshi,Yamada Gyoko,Kiyokawa Gendo,Okanishi Gentei and others. It is very important to study academy of Ranken who is the master of he five sages in knowing a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism. Hakken's books were not published in Edo era, but fortunately we have opportunity to see those books now. His study covers variety of fields such as collation, phonology, scholium, characters and so on. I believe that Hakken's books played a very important role in studying a sect of Japanese Textual Criticism and knowing the achievement of Mr. Izawa's study on medical texts. One of the characteristics of Hakken's books is that there are many collation. It was the study enabled by existence of several editions of Taisu (Grand Simplicity of Inner Canon of Huangdi), Jiayijing(A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Maijing(Pulse Classi)and Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot). From Hakken's books on study of 3 kinds of "Lingshu(Miraculous Pivot)"(Lingshushangcengshuji,Lingshujiwen, and Lingshushi notes), we can know Mr. Izawa's contribution and distinguished work in philology. While Hakken is a scholar of Textual Criticism, he emphasized the importance of medical method and clinical medicine. Through these books, I have studied academic contents of Hakken.
⑤Yijingshenglei written by Yamada Gyoko has the most basic content for studying books of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) and Yijingxungu is a book of scholium regarding a character or a word which is hard to understand in Suwen (Plain Questions) Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Nanjing.
Yamada Gyoko's own view is little observed in the part of Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu, but the most characteristic to this book is that it put predecessors'distinguished work in order. Mr. Yamada's scholium of Chinese medicine made much contribution to students by showing how to study books of Chinese medicine and how to put them in order.
While Yamada Gyoko studied books on Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor), at first he took the words from Suwen (Plain Questions), Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) and Nanjing in hiragana letters, put them in order and also described their original sentences. The content of Yijingshenglei was essential to write Yijingxungu. That is to say, Yijingshenglei and Yijingxungu are continuing study. This is a book of study on scholium about characters which are hard to understand in Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) including Gyoko's Nanjing, and this book has little content concerning collation. Afterward a study of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) which succeeded from the fundamentals of this book produced Suwencizhujishu and Nanjingbenyishu.
The object of study in this dissertation is aimed at Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu. Its content consists of Lingshushi by Taki Genkan and Lingshu jiangyi by Shibue Chusai, and 8 remarks made by Yamada Gyoko himself were found in scholium and 1 remark made by his son Gyosei was found in it. Almost no view of Mr. Yamada was newly observed in Ling-shu (Miraculous Pivot) of Yijingxungu. However, this book is very useful for review compared with Lingshushi and Lingshujiangyi and it is much superior as a reference book because it was well compiled. Therefore, Yijingxung is an essential book for studying scholium and letters of Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor).
Yamada Gyoko often uses ancient dictionaries such as Shuowenjiezi (Origin of Chinese Characters) and Erya in interpreting words and expressions. Many parts of this book refer to the books of Textual Criticism in Qing Dynasty such as Qian Daxin Shijiazhaiyangxinlu,Qianyantangwenji,Duan Yucai Shuowenjiezizhu notes, Gu Yanwu Rizhilu,Shen Tong Shigu,Hao Yixing Eryayishu, Wang Yinzhi Jingzhuanshici and Ji YunSikuquanshutiyao (The summary of general catalogue of SIKUQUANSHU). In China, the origin of Textual Criticism, study of medical books was not much made, and main object of study was literature and history. After Textual Criticism was introduced to Japan in Edo era, Japanese scholars studied actively on medical books. They left remarkable achievement of academic contents such as collation and phonology in Chinese medical books. This is one of the characteristics of Japanese Textual Criticism.
Japanese sect of Textual Criticism is the sect of scholars who are familiar with the study of collation and commentaries of medical books using their knowledge of a character, phonology, bibliography and study of edition. Their method of study enlightened modern scholars and presented much data for study of Chinese medical books. They left footprints not only in medical books but also in non-medical books such as a reference book like literature and dictionary and historical books. This shows the importance of utilizing literature and historical books for study of medical books instead of studying medical books only.
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112.#12
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117 伊洋柏轩.灵枢记闻 伊洋兰轩全集2.日本大阪：オリエント出版社,1998。809.
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123 钱超尘、李云.黄帝内经太素新校正.北京：学苑出版社,2006,676.
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31.明·詹林所刊本 京本黄帝内经灵枢 黄帝内经版本丛刊9.日本大阪：オリエント出版社,1993.
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