硐室爆破施工过程危险辨识与评价
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摘要
硐室爆破具有工期短、施工设备简单、用于抛掷爆破时可大大减少岩土的装运量等优点,广泛应用于矿山、铁道、交通、水利、电力、建筑、建材、土地开发中,但是爆破本身属于高危作业,自诞生以来,就伴随着事故的发生,其安全问题越来越受到人们的关注。本文对硐室爆破施工过程安全评价方法及应用进行了研究。
本文首先结合硐室爆破自身的特点,介绍了硐室爆破的一些技术参数,然后应用安全系统工程基本知识,对硐室爆破施工过程存在的危险因素进行系统的辨识,并提出了控制措施。根据辨识出的危险有害因素,结合事故理论的综合观点,考虑了施工工艺技术、施工管理、施工控制、客观环境等四个方面的因素,运用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法(PHA)建立了硐室爆破施工安全评价指标体系,对各因素进行了具体的分析,并确定各项安全指标的权重。
采用了多级模糊评判模型,将所研究的硐室爆破安全评价方法应用于实际例子中,利用打分法确定了各评价因素的隶属度,结合已确定的各评价因素的权重,通过模糊综合评价计算,得出了该实际例子的安全等级,该评价方法得到的最终结果能够较为客观的反映被评价系统的安全状况。
本文研究的硐室爆破安全评价方法不仅把安全科学理论引入到爆破领域中,而且可应用于具体硐室爆破施工安全评价工作中,有一定现实意义。除此之外,还可以对其它类型的爆破工程的安全评价工作起到一定的借鉴作用。
The chamber blasting have the advantage that working period is short, the equipments of construction is simple and the used for toss to blow up can reduce the rock soil shipment quantity etc. Now it is widely applied in the mine, railroad, transportation, irrigation, electric power, building, building materials, the land development, but blasting oneself belong to the very dangerous industry , the frequent accidents accompany with it since it appeared. At present, people have taken its safe problem more and more into account. According to it, this paper conducted the research method of the safety assessment method and applied researches of chamber blasting.
This text first combines the characteristics of the chamber blasting itself, introduced some technical parameters of it, then use the basic principles of safety system engineering, identified the existent and dangerous factors of the construction process to carry on chamber blasting , and put forward the control measures. According the dangerous and harmful factors that recognized of, combine with the accident theories, consider the four factors of construction technique, the construction to manage, the construction of controlling, objective environment etc., by using a qualitative and quantitative way—Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP), the chamber blasting safety assessment factors system is established , carried on the concrete analysis to each factor, and define the relative weights of the safety index.
Adopting the model of multistage fuzzy mathematics, applying the method of safety assessment method of chamber blasting study in actual example, by the method of giving marks, combining the relative weights of safety assessment gained, through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the real safety grade of this example is draw, using the assessment method, the final result can reflect assessment system's safety state objectively.
The research of chamber blasting of safety assessment method in the paper not only lead the safe science theories into the realm of blasting, but also can be apply in the concrete chamber blasting of construction safety assessment work, there is certain realistic meaning. In addition, it is useful for studying the safety assessment of other kings of blasting project.
本文首先结合硐室爆破自身的特点,介绍了硐室爆破的一些技术参数,然后应用安全系统工程基本知识,对硐室爆破施工过程存在的危险因素进行系统的辨识,并提出了控制措施。根据辨识出的危险有害因素,结合事故理论的综合观点,考虑了施工工艺技术、施工管理、施工控制、客观环境等四个方面的因素,运用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法(PHA)建立了硐室爆破施工安全评价指标体系,对各因素进行了具体的分析,并确定各项安全指标的权重。
采用了多级模糊评判模型,将所研究的硐室爆破安全评价方法应用于实际例子中,利用打分法确定了各评价因素的隶属度,结合已确定的各评价因素的权重,通过模糊综合评价计算,得出了该实际例子的安全等级,该评价方法得到的最终结果能够较为客观的反映被评价系统的安全状况。
本文研究的硐室爆破安全评价方法不仅把安全科学理论引入到爆破领域中,而且可应用于具体硐室爆破施工安全评价工作中,有一定现实意义。除此之外,还可以对其它类型的爆破工程的安全评价工作起到一定的借鉴作用。
The chamber blasting have the advantage that working period is short, the equipments of construction is simple and the used for toss to blow up can reduce the rock soil shipment quantity etc. Now it is widely applied in the mine, railroad, transportation, irrigation, electric power, building, building materials, the land development, but blasting oneself belong to the very dangerous industry , the frequent accidents accompany with it since it appeared. At present, people have taken its safe problem more and more into account. According to it, this paper conducted the research method of the safety assessment method and applied researches of chamber blasting.
This text first combines the characteristics of the chamber blasting itself, introduced some technical parameters of it, then use the basic principles of safety system engineering, identified the existent and dangerous factors of the construction process to carry on chamber blasting , and put forward the control measures. According the dangerous and harmful factors that recognized of, combine with the accident theories, consider the four factors of construction technique, the construction to manage, the construction of controlling, objective environment etc., by using a qualitative and quantitative way—Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP), the chamber blasting safety assessment factors system is established , carried on the concrete analysis to each factor, and define the relative weights of the safety index.
Adopting the model of multistage fuzzy mathematics, applying the method of safety assessment method of chamber blasting study in actual example, by the method of giving marks, combining the relative weights of safety assessment gained, through fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the real safety grade of this example is draw, using the assessment method, the final result can reflect assessment system's safety state objectively.
The research of chamber blasting of safety assessment method in the paper not only lead the safe science theories into the realm of blasting, but also can be apply in the concrete chamber blasting of construction safety assessment work, there is certain realistic meaning. In addition, it is useful for studying the safety assessment of other kings of blasting project.
引文
(1) 陈士海.工程爆破现状与发展[J].煤矿爆破,2000(2):23-26
(2) 李美庆.安全评价员实用手册(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2007.1-1
(3) 国家安全生产监督管理总局.安全评价(M).北京:煤炭工业出版社,2005.3-5
(4) 吴宗之,高进东.重大危险源辨识与控制(M).冶金工业出版社,2001.6
(5) 丁传波,关柯,李恩辕.施工企业安全评价研究(续)[J].建筑技术,2004.35(4):302-305
(6) 韩利,梅强,陆玉梅等.AMP-模糊综合评价方法的分析与研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2004,7:86-89
(7) 田思进,宋谬.安全系统工程十年应用的回顾与总结[J].建筑安全,1994(7):36
(8) 左东红,贡凯宵.安全系统工程[J].北京:化学工业出版社,2004
(9) 张志呈.爆破基础理论与设计施工技术(M).重庆:重庆大学出版社,1994.253-267
(10)张应力.工程爆破实用技术(M).北京:冶金工业出版社,2005.171
(11)庙延钢,栾龙发.爆破工程与安全技术(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2007.233-239
(12)刘诗飞,詹予忠.重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2004,1-4
(13)杨葵源,陈葵阳,包晓海.危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制全过程方法探讨(J).石油化工安全技术,2005,21(6):32-36
(14)戴俊,王树仁.爆破工程(M).北京:机械工业出版社,2005.339-345
(15)闵国清,穆大耀,庙延钢,杨溢.硐室爆破个别飞石产生原因及预防措施(J).云南冶金,2003,第32(3):1-6
(16)GB6722-2003,爆破安全规程(S)
(17)谢季坚,刘承平.模糊数学方法及其应用(M).武汉:华中科技大学出版社,1999.143-155
(18)王玉杰,黄平路,张惠聚.土岩爆破作业安全的模糊评价(J).武汉理工大学学报,2004,26(8):68-73
(19)田宏霞,郑双忠,吴穹.企业安全性评价模糊数学方法研究(J).工业安全与环保,2003,29(3):41-43
(20)杨纶标,高英仪.模糊数学原理及应用(M).广州:华南理工大学出版社,2005,95-99
(21) M.L.Ang,E.Grindon,L.M.C.Dutton.A risk-based evaluation of the impact of key uncertainties on the prediction of severe accident source terms-STU.Nuclear engineering and design.2001.209:183-192
(22) S.Carol,J.A.Vilchez.A new approach to the estimation of the probable number of fatalities in accidental explosions.Safety Science.2001.39(3 ):205-217
(23) R.Quintana,M.Camet.Application of a predictive safety model in a combustion testing environment.Safety Science.2001.38(3):183-209
(24) Ewing,D J F,Campbell,J F.Tolerability of risk,safety assessment principles and their implications for probabilistic safety analysis.Nuclear Energy.1994,33(2):85 -92
(25)刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智.安全评价方法应用指南(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2005.445-472
(26) Birch,W J,Pegden,M.Improved prediction of ground vibrations from blasting at quarries.Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.Section A.Mining Industry.2000,109:102-106
(27)许树柏.层次分析法原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1988
(28)杨松林.工程模糊论方法及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1996:54-62
(29)康宁.复杂环境条件下的硐室爆破(J).工程爆破,2003,9(3):47-51
(30)郑中义,潘家财,吴兆麟.安全管理体系运行有效性的评价[J].大连海事大学学报,2003(4):5-8
(31)黄平路.中深孔爆破安全评价方法的研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2004
(32)马华祥,张宪堂,王洪立等.试论爆破施工安全管理体系的建立明(J)煤矿爆破,2006,1:27-29
(33)景玉琴.产业安全评价指标体系研究[J].经济学家,2006,2:70-78
(34)刘辉.公路隧道施工安全评价指标体的研究[J].工业安全与环保,2006,8:48-51
(35)彭祖赠,孙韫玉.模糊数学(Fuzzy)及其应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1999
(36)王金波,陈宝智,徐竹云.系统安全工程[M].沈阳:东北工学院出版社,1992
(37)张云鹏,于亚伦.爆破工程安全评价初探[J].工程爆破,2004,10(4):81-84
(38)王玉杰,黄平路,王公忠.工程爆破作业安全管理的综合评价.爆破,2004,21(2):93-94
(39)柴修伟.水下钻孔爆破施工过程事故的安全评价(D).武汉:武汉理工大学,2005
(40)李新建.拆除爆破危险控制及其安全评价体系的研究(D).武汉:武汉理工大学,2005
(41)李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
(42)杨磊,王卫军,林大能.基于PHA的城市控制爆破安全评价研究[J].工程爆破,2005,11(3):79-82
(43)张海波.建(构)筑物拆除爆破安全评价方法及应用研究(D).广西:广西大学,2007
(44)蔡义.浅谈爆破工程的安全管理,工程爆破,1999.5(2):71-73
(45)毛益松.岩石爆破安全管理的探讨.矿业研究与开发,1999.19(增):61-62
(46)古远新.浅谈爆破工程的安全管理[J].安全与环境工程,1997(1):21-22
(47)范伯君.爆破作业中的爆破事故与预防[J].劳动安全与健康,1999.(3):30-31
(2) 李美庆.安全评价员实用手册(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2007.1-1
(3) 国家安全生产监督管理总局.安全评价(M).北京:煤炭工业出版社,2005.3-5
(4) 吴宗之,高进东.重大危险源辨识与控制(M).冶金工业出版社,2001.6
(5) 丁传波,关柯,李恩辕.施工企业安全评价研究(续)[J].建筑技术,2004.35(4):302-305
(6) 韩利,梅强,陆玉梅等.AMP-模糊综合评价方法的分析与研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2004,7:86-89
(7) 田思进,宋谬.安全系统工程十年应用的回顾与总结[J].建筑安全,1994(7):36
(8) 左东红,贡凯宵.安全系统工程[J].北京:化学工业出版社,2004
(9) 张志呈.爆破基础理论与设计施工技术(M).重庆:重庆大学出版社,1994.253-267
(10)张应力.工程爆破实用技术(M).北京:冶金工业出版社,2005.171
(11)庙延钢,栾龙发.爆破工程与安全技术(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2007.233-239
(12)刘诗飞,詹予忠.重大危险源辨识及危害后果分析(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2004,1-4
(13)杨葵源,陈葵阳,包晓海.危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制全过程方法探讨(J).石油化工安全技术,2005,21(6):32-36
(14)戴俊,王树仁.爆破工程(M).北京:机械工业出版社,2005.339-345
(15)闵国清,穆大耀,庙延钢,杨溢.硐室爆破个别飞石产生原因及预防措施(J).云南冶金,2003,第32(3):1-6
(16)GB6722-2003,爆破安全规程(S)
(17)谢季坚,刘承平.模糊数学方法及其应用(M).武汉:华中科技大学出版社,1999.143-155
(18)王玉杰,黄平路,张惠聚.土岩爆破作业安全的模糊评价(J).武汉理工大学学报,2004,26(8):68-73
(19)田宏霞,郑双忠,吴穹.企业安全性评价模糊数学方法研究(J).工业安全与环保,2003,29(3):41-43
(20)杨纶标,高英仪.模糊数学原理及应用(M).广州:华南理工大学出版社,2005,95-99
(21) M.L.Ang,E.Grindon,L.M.C.Dutton.A risk-based evaluation of the impact of key uncertainties on the prediction of severe accident source terms-STU.Nuclear engineering and design.2001.209:183-192
(22) S.Carol,J.A.Vilchez.A new approach to the estimation of the probable number of fatalities in accidental explosions.Safety Science.2001.39(3 ):205-217
(23) R.Quintana,M.Camet.Application of a predictive safety model in a combustion testing environment.Safety Science.2001.38(3):183-209
(24) Ewing,D J F,Campbell,J F.Tolerability of risk,safety assessment principles and their implications for probabilistic safety analysis.Nuclear Energy.1994,33(2):85 -92
(25)刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智.安全评价方法应用指南(M).北京:化学工业出版社,2005.445-472
(26) Birch,W J,Pegden,M.Improved prediction of ground vibrations from blasting at quarries.Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.Section A.Mining Industry.2000,109:102-106
(27)许树柏.层次分析法原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1988
(28)杨松林.工程模糊论方法及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1996:54-62
(29)康宁.复杂环境条件下的硐室爆破(J).工程爆破,2003,9(3):47-51
(30)郑中义,潘家财,吴兆麟.安全管理体系运行有效性的评价[J].大连海事大学学报,2003(4):5-8
(31)黄平路.中深孔爆破安全评价方法的研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2004
(32)马华祥,张宪堂,王洪立等.试论爆破施工安全管理体系的建立明(J)煤矿爆破,2006,1:27-29
(33)景玉琴.产业安全评价指标体系研究[J].经济学家,2006,2:70-78
(34)刘辉.公路隧道施工安全评价指标体的研究[J].工业安全与环保,2006,8:48-51
(35)彭祖赠,孙韫玉.模糊数学(Fuzzy)及其应用[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1999
(36)王金波,陈宝智,徐竹云.系统安全工程[M].沈阳:东北工学院出版社,1992
(37)张云鹏,于亚伦.爆破工程安全评价初探[J].工程爆破,2004,10(4):81-84
(38)王玉杰,黄平路,王公忠.工程爆破作业安全管理的综合评价.爆破,2004,21(2):93-94
(39)柴修伟.水下钻孔爆破施工过程事故的安全评价(D).武汉:武汉理工大学,2005
(40)李新建.拆除爆破危险控制及其安全评价体系的研究(D).武汉:武汉理工大学,2005
(41)李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
(42)杨磊,王卫军,林大能.基于PHA的城市控制爆破安全评价研究[J].工程爆破,2005,11(3):79-82
(43)张海波.建(构)筑物拆除爆破安全评价方法及应用研究(D).广西:广西大学,2007
(44)蔡义.浅谈爆破工程的安全管理,工程爆破,1999.5(2):71-73
(45)毛益松.岩石爆破安全管理的探讨.矿业研究与开发,1999.19(增):61-62
(46)古远新.浅谈爆破工程的安全管理[J].安全与环境工程,1997(1):21-22
(47)范伯君.爆破作业中的爆破事故与预防[J].劳动安全与健康,1999.(3):30-31