生物柴油在直喷式柴油机上的燃烧和排放特性研究
摘要
生物柴油是由植物油或动物脂肪通过酯交换反应而得到的脂肪酸甲酯或乙酯,具有与石化柴油十分相似的理化特性,并且由于生物柴油无毒,可生物降解和再生,同时也可以减少柴油机的有害排放物,因此生物柴油是一种绿色、清洁的替代燃料,它以其良好的环境效益受到越来越多的关注。
本文在充分认识生物柴油在柴油机上的应用方法、生物柴油的制取及其理化特性的基础上,对生物柴油及其与柴油的混合燃料的使用性能进行了试验研究,进一步了解生物柴油对柴油机的燃烧特性、动力性、经济性以及排放特性等方面的影响。
研究结果表明:与燃用柴油相比,发动机燃用生物柴油时的转矩和功率略有下降;有效燃油消耗率有所增加;有效能量消耗率在低转速小负荷时略有增加,在其他工况运行时与柴油机基本相当。发动机燃用生物柴油和各掺混比生物柴油/柴油混合燃料时,能有效减少HC、CO和碳烟排放,但NOX排放略有增加。与原柴油机相比,发动机燃用生物柴油时,在所有工况下,滞燃期缩短,最高爆发压力增大;最大压力升高率在中小负荷时略有增加,在大负荷时减小,压力升高率峰值对应的曲轴转角略有提前;最大瞬时燃烧放热率在中小负荷时略有增大,在大负荷时略有减小,瞬时燃烧放热率峰值对应的曲轴转角提前;燃烧持续期在低转速小负荷时略有延长,在高转速大负荷时略有缩短。在不改变发动机结构的情况下,生物柴油可以和柴油以任意比例混合而不会对发动机的性能产生明显的影响。
Biodiesel is mainly composed by fatty acid-first ester and second ester, which is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through the transesterification reaction. Its physical and chemical characteristics are similar with diesel. Because biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable, and can also reduce the harmful emissions from diesel engines, so it is a green and clean alternative fuel, and it attracts people’s attention for its good environmental benefits gradually.
Based on deeply understanding to the application of methods, the biodiesel’s produce process and its physical and chemical characteristics, this paper studied the using performance of biodiesel and the concoction of biodiesel/diesel, and learned more about that biodiesel has the impact on diesel engine’s combustion, dynamic, economy and emission characteristics.
The results show that: Compared with the diesel, when the diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel, the torque and power decreased slightly, the effective specific fuel consumption increased, the effective specific energy consumption increased slightly in low-speed small load, it had the similar with the diesel engine in other situations. When the engine fueled with biodiesel and the concoction of biodiesel/diesel, HC, CO and soot emissions reduced effectively, but NOX increased slightly. Compared with the original diesel engine, when engine burning biodiesel, the ignition delay period was shortened and the maximum eruptive pressure increased in all conditions. The maximum pressure increased in small and medium-sized load and decreased slightly in heavy load, the crank angle of the maximum pressure was ahead of schedule slightly. The highest rate of hest release increased in small and medium-sized load and decreased slightly in heavy load, the crank angle of the highest rate of hest release was ahead of schedule slightly. The combustion duration was extended slight in low-speed small load, was shortened slightly the high-speed large load. Without changing in the structure of the engine, diesel and biodiesel can be mixed in any proportion and the performance of the engine will not have a significant impact.
本文在充分认识生物柴油在柴油机上的应用方法、生物柴油的制取及其理化特性的基础上,对生物柴油及其与柴油的混合燃料的使用性能进行了试验研究,进一步了解生物柴油对柴油机的燃烧特性、动力性、经济性以及排放特性等方面的影响。
研究结果表明:与燃用柴油相比,发动机燃用生物柴油时的转矩和功率略有下降;有效燃油消耗率有所增加;有效能量消耗率在低转速小负荷时略有增加,在其他工况运行时与柴油机基本相当。发动机燃用生物柴油和各掺混比生物柴油/柴油混合燃料时,能有效减少HC、CO和碳烟排放,但NOX排放略有增加。与原柴油机相比,发动机燃用生物柴油时,在所有工况下,滞燃期缩短,最高爆发压力增大;最大压力升高率在中小负荷时略有增加,在大负荷时减小,压力升高率峰值对应的曲轴转角略有提前;最大瞬时燃烧放热率在中小负荷时略有增大,在大负荷时略有减小,瞬时燃烧放热率峰值对应的曲轴转角提前;燃烧持续期在低转速小负荷时略有延长,在高转速大负荷时略有缩短。在不改变发动机结构的情况下,生物柴油可以和柴油以任意比例混合而不会对发动机的性能产生明显的影响。
Biodiesel is mainly composed by fatty acid-first ester and second ester, which is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through the transesterification reaction. Its physical and chemical characteristics are similar with diesel. Because biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable, and can also reduce the harmful emissions from diesel engines, so it is a green and clean alternative fuel, and it attracts people’s attention for its good environmental benefits gradually.
Based on deeply understanding to the application of methods, the biodiesel’s produce process and its physical and chemical characteristics, this paper studied the using performance of biodiesel and the concoction of biodiesel/diesel, and learned more about that biodiesel has the impact on diesel engine’s combustion, dynamic, economy and emission characteristics.
The results show that: Compared with the diesel, when the diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel, the torque and power decreased slightly, the effective specific fuel consumption increased, the effective specific energy consumption increased slightly in low-speed small load, it had the similar with the diesel engine in other situations. When the engine fueled with biodiesel and the concoction of biodiesel/diesel, HC, CO and soot emissions reduced effectively, but NOX increased slightly. Compared with the original diesel engine, when engine burning biodiesel, the ignition delay period was shortened and the maximum eruptive pressure increased in all conditions. The maximum pressure increased in small and medium-sized load and decreased slightly in heavy load, the crank angle of the maximum pressure was ahead of schedule slightly. The highest rate of hest release increased in small and medium-sized load and decreased slightly in heavy load, the crank angle of the highest rate of hest release was ahead of schedule slightly. The combustion duration was extended slight in low-speed small load, was shortened slightly the high-speed large load. Without changing in the structure of the engine, diesel and biodiesel can be mixed in any proportion and the performance of the engine will not have a significant impact.
引文
[1]王建昕.汽车排气污染治理及催化转换器[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2000: 1
[2]蔡风田.汽车节能与环保实用技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 1999: 3-4
[3]周凤起,周大地.中国中长期能源战略[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 1999,第一版
[4]任东明.“十一五”时期能源供求形势、生物质能源发展及相关政策[J].化学工业, 2007, 25(6): 1-7
[5]刘贞先.我国生物柴油的发展前景[J].节能环保, 2007, 3: 27-28
[6]王永红.餐饮废油制取生物柴油的研究[D].天津:天津大学硕士学位论文, 2004. 5
[7]国家计委基础产业发展司. 1999年新能源与可再生能源白皮书[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 2000
[8]田树新.生物柴油的研究进展与发展现状[J].中国林副特产, 2007, 1: 84-86
[9]张君涛,梁生荣,陈志东等.国内外混合代用燃料的研究进展[J].现代化工, 2005, 25(7): 14-19
[10] Schroder, Krahl A., Munack J., Krahl J., Bunger. Environmental and Health Effects Caused By the Use of Biodiesel[J]. SAE paper no. 1999-01-3561
[11] Chang, D. Y. J. H. Van Gerpen. Determination of Particulate and Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions from Diesel Engines Fueled with Biodiesel[J]. SAE paper no. 9625271
[12] Mustafa Canakci, Ahmet Erdil, Erol Arcaklioglu. Performance and exhaust emissions of a biodiesel engine[J]. Applied Energy, 2006, 83: 594–605
[13]张福根.生物质含氧燃料对柴油机性能、燃烧过程和排放特性影响的试验研究[D].广西:广西大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 5
[14] Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association,“Emission Control Retrofit of Diesel-Fueled Vehicles”, March 1998
[15] Uchida, M., Y. Akasaka. A Comparison of Emissions from Clean Diesel Fuels[J]. SAE paper no. 1999-01-1121
[16]邵恩坡.柴油性质与柴油机排放的关系[J].柴油机, 2001, (1): 51
[17] Sharp, C.A., S.A. Howell, J. Jobe. The Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on transient Emissions from Modern Diesel Engines,PartⅠRegulated Emissions and Performance[J]. SAE paper no. 2000-01-1967:1784-1785
[18] Korbitz W. Biodiesel production in Europe and North America: An encouraging prospect[J]. Renewable Energy, 1999, 16: 1078-1083
[19]黄庆德等.生物柴油生产技术及其开发意义[J].中国油脂, 2002(9): 8-10
[20]常玉宏.米糠油甲醇酯化法制取生物柴油[J].农村工程使用技术, 1997, (12): 29-30
[21] M.P. Dorado, E. Ballesteros, J.M. Arnal, et al. Exhaust emissions from a Diesel engine fueled with transesterified waste olive oil[J]. Fue1, 2003, 82(11): 1311-1315
[22] L.C. Meher, et al. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006(10), 248-268.
[23] Saka S., Kundiana D.. Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol[J]. Fuel, 2001, 80(2): 225-231.
[24] U.S.. Department of Energy(DOE), Diesel Emission Control-Sulfur Effects (DECSE) Program, NREL/P-540-31600, February, 2002
[25] Sukumar Puhan, N. Vedaraman, G. Sankaranarayanan, et al. Performance and emission study of Mahua oil(madhuca indica oil) ethyl ester in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30: 1269-1278
[26] Christopher, W.. The practical implementation of bio-diesel as an alternate fuel in service motor coaches [J]. SAE paper no. 973201, 1997
[27] Salvatore A., Maddaleena A.. The effect of methyl ester of rapeseed oil on combustion and emissions of D.I. diesel engines[J]. SAE paper no. 932801, 1993
[28] Choi C.Y.. Effect of bio-diesel blended fuels and multiple injections on D.I. diesel engines, SAE paper no. 970218, 1997
[29] John Sheehan, Vince Camobreco. An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles[C]. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998, 5-8
[30]李希宏.国内外生物液体燃料发展趋势[J].当代石油石化, 2007, 15(3): 7-17
[31]徐元浩.生物柴油的实用性研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 6
[32]聂晓燕,李鸿洲,张应鹏.我国生物柴油发展现状及发展前景[J].甘肃科技, 2007, 23(7): 123-124
[33]张红云,郭和军,马志卿.豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油燃料特性研究[J].大豆科学, 2007, 26(3): 391-395
[34]陈文淼,陈虎,王建昕等. B20生物柴油发动机性能及燃烧可视化[C]. 2006代用燃料汽车国际学术会议, 2006, 72-77
[35]代永刚,马毓霞,南喜平等.生物柴油的现状及发展前景[J].粮食食品科技, 2006, 14(1): 17-19
[36]闵恩泽,姚志龙.近年生物柴油产业的发展—特色、困境和对策[J].化学进展, 2007, 19(7/8): 1050-1059
[37]宋建桐.生物柴油在柴油机上的应用研究[D].西安:长安大学硕士学位论文, 2006, 5
[38]卢强.直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧及排放研究[D].镇江:江苏大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 5
[39] Anon. Filtered used frying fat powers diesel fleet[J]. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society, 1982, 59: 780-781
[40] Murtagh, M., et al. Development of Diesel Particulate Filter Composition and Its Effect on ThermalDurability and Filtration Performance[J]. SAE Paper 940235, February, 1994
[41]陈正中,邹立壮,郭瑾等.生物柴油的研究现状[J].化工中间体, 2007, 10: 30-33
[42] Jon H. Van Gerpen. Determining the Influence of Contaminants on Biodiesel Properties. Final Report[J]. Iowa State University. July 31, 1996
[43]德国标准. Diesel Fuel to Bio Fuel, DIN51606: 1997
[44] K. Pramanik. Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28:239–248
[45]李为民,郑晓林,徐春明等.固体碱法制备生物柴油及其性能[J].化工学报, 2005, 56(4): 711-716
[46]谭天伟,王芳,邓立等.生物柴油的生产和应用[J].现代化工, 2002(2): 4-6
[47]冀星,郗小林,孔林河等.生物柴油技术进展与产业前景[J].中国工程科学, 2002, 4(9): 86-93
[48]刘伟伟,张无敌.生物柴油的理化性质及质量标准[J].能源工程, 2006(1): 27-31
[49]李昌珠,蒋丽娟,程树棋.生物柴油—绿色能源[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005
[50] Koji Yamane, Atsushi Ueta.. Influence of Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Fuel on Injection, Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics in a DI-CI Engine[J]. 2500 Hassaka Hikone, Shiga522-8533, Japan
[51]周玉明.内燃机废气排放及控制技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 2001, 178-192
[52]袁银南,张恬,梅德清等.直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油燃烧特性的研究[J].内燃机学报, 2007, 25(1): 43-46
[2]蔡风田.汽车节能与环保实用技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 1999: 3-4
[3]周凤起,周大地.中国中长期能源战略[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 1999,第一版
[4]任东明.“十一五”时期能源供求形势、生物质能源发展及相关政策[J].化学工业, 2007, 25(6): 1-7
[5]刘贞先.我国生物柴油的发展前景[J].节能环保, 2007, 3: 27-28
[6]王永红.餐饮废油制取生物柴油的研究[D].天津:天津大学硕士学位论文, 2004. 5
[7]国家计委基础产业发展司. 1999年新能源与可再生能源白皮书[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 2000
[8]田树新.生物柴油的研究进展与发展现状[J].中国林副特产, 2007, 1: 84-86
[9]张君涛,梁生荣,陈志东等.国内外混合代用燃料的研究进展[J].现代化工, 2005, 25(7): 14-19
[10] Schroder, Krahl A., Munack J., Krahl J., Bunger. Environmental and Health Effects Caused By the Use of Biodiesel[J]. SAE paper no. 1999-01-3561
[11] Chang, D. Y. J. H. Van Gerpen. Determination of Particulate and Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions from Diesel Engines Fueled with Biodiesel[J]. SAE paper no. 9625271
[12] Mustafa Canakci, Ahmet Erdil, Erol Arcaklioglu. Performance and exhaust emissions of a biodiesel engine[J]. Applied Energy, 2006, 83: 594–605
[13]张福根.生物质含氧燃料对柴油机性能、燃烧过程和排放特性影响的试验研究[D].广西:广西大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 5
[14] Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association,“Emission Control Retrofit of Diesel-Fueled Vehicles”, March 1998
[15] Uchida, M., Y. Akasaka. A Comparison of Emissions from Clean Diesel Fuels[J]. SAE paper no. 1999-01-1121
[16]邵恩坡.柴油性质与柴油机排放的关系[J].柴油机, 2001, (1): 51
[17] Sharp, C.A., S.A. Howell, J. Jobe. The Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on transient Emissions from Modern Diesel Engines,PartⅠRegulated Emissions and Performance[J]. SAE paper no. 2000-01-1967:1784-1785
[18] Korbitz W. Biodiesel production in Europe and North America: An encouraging prospect[J]. Renewable Energy, 1999, 16: 1078-1083
[19]黄庆德等.生物柴油生产技术及其开发意义[J].中国油脂, 2002(9): 8-10
[20]常玉宏.米糠油甲醇酯化法制取生物柴油[J].农村工程使用技术, 1997, (12): 29-30
[21] M.P. Dorado, E. Ballesteros, J.M. Arnal, et al. Exhaust emissions from a Diesel engine fueled with transesterified waste olive oil[J]. Fue1, 2003, 82(11): 1311-1315
[22] L.C. Meher, et al. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006(10), 248-268.
[23] Saka S., Kundiana D.. Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol[J]. Fuel, 2001, 80(2): 225-231.
[24] U.S.. Department of Energy(DOE), Diesel Emission Control-Sulfur Effects (DECSE) Program, NREL/P-540-31600, February, 2002
[25] Sukumar Puhan, N. Vedaraman, G. Sankaranarayanan, et al. Performance and emission study of Mahua oil(madhuca indica oil) ethyl ester in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30: 1269-1278
[26] Christopher, W.. The practical implementation of bio-diesel as an alternate fuel in service motor coaches [J]. SAE paper no. 973201, 1997
[27] Salvatore A., Maddaleena A.. The effect of methyl ester of rapeseed oil on combustion and emissions of D.I. diesel engines[J]. SAE paper no. 932801, 1993
[28] Choi C.Y.. Effect of bio-diesel blended fuels and multiple injections on D.I. diesel engines, SAE paper no. 970218, 1997
[29] John Sheehan, Vince Camobreco. An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles[C]. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998, 5-8
[30]李希宏.国内外生物液体燃料发展趋势[J].当代石油石化, 2007, 15(3): 7-17
[31]徐元浩.生物柴油的实用性研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 6
[32]聂晓燕,李鸿洲,张应鹏.我国生物柴油发展现状及发展前景[J].甘肃科技, 2007, 23(7): 123-124
[33]张红云,郭和军,马志卿.豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油燃料特性研究[J].大豆科学, 2007, 26(3): 391-395
[34]陈文淼,陈虎,王建昕等. B20生物柴油发动机性能及燃烧可视化[C]. 2006代用燃料汽车国际学术会议, 2006, 72-77
[35]代永刚,马毓霞,南喜平等.生物柴油的现状及发展前景[J].粮食食品科技, 2006, 14(1): 17-19
[36]闵恩泽,姚志龙.近年生物柴油产业的发展—特色、困境和对策[J].化学进展, 2007, 19(7/8): 1050-1059
[37]宋建桐.生物柴油在柴油机上的应用研究[D].西安:长安大学硕士学位论文, 2006, 5
[38]卢强.直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧及排放研究[D].镇江:江苏大学硕士学位论文, 2005, 5
[39] Anon. Filtered used frying fat powers diesel fleet[J]. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society, 1982, 59: 780-781
[40] Murtagh, M., et al. Development of Diesel Particulate Filter Composition and Its Effect on ThermalDurability and Filtration Performance[J]. SAE Paper 940235, February, 1994
[41]陈正中,邹立壮,郭瑾等.生物柴油的研究现状[J].化工中间体, 2007, 10: 30-33
[42] Jon H. Van Gerpen. Determining the Influence of Contaminants on Biodiesel Properties. Final Report[J]. Iowa State University. July 31, 1996
[43]德国标准. Diesel Fuel to Bio Fuel, DIN51606: 1997
[44] K. Pramanik. Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28:239–248
[45]李为民,郑晓林,徐春明等.固体碱法制备生物柴油及其性能[J].化工学报, 2005, 56(4): 711-716
[46]谭天伟,王芳,邓立等.生物柴油的生产和应用[J].现代化工, 2002(2): 4-6
[47]冀星,郗小林,孔林河等.生物柴油技术进展与产业前景[J].中国工程科学, 2002, 4(9): 86-93
[48]刘伟伟,张无敌.生物柴油的理化性质及质量标准[J].能源工程, 2006(1): 27-31
[49]李昌珠,蒋丽娟,程树棋.生物柴油—绿色能源[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005
[50] Koji Yamane, Atsushi Ueta.. Influence of Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Fuel on Injection, Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics in a DI-CI Engine[J]. 2500 Hassaka Hikone, Shiga522-8533, Japan
[51]周玉明.内燃机废气排放及控制技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社, 2001, 178-192
[52]袁银南,张恬,梅德清等.直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油燃烧特性的研究[J].内燃机学报, 2007, 25(1): 43-46