初至波层析技术在煤田地震勘探中的应用研究
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摘要
西部煤田地震勘探区主要是以沙漠、戈壁、山地、黄土塬为主要地貌单元,这些复杂的浅表层地震地质条件,对地震勘探中地震波的吸收、衰减都极为严重,导致初至波不清晰,有效的反射信号常常被“淹没”在干扰中,得不到信噪比较高的野外数据采集资料,使得勘探任务难以完成;因此,利用低速带成果约束的初至波层析技术对于解决野外数据采集中的高速层激发技术、资料处理中的静校正问题都具有十分重要的意义。
针对西部煤田地震勘探中的复杂表层结构,根据地震波传播的基本原理,先对初至波在表层模型中的传播规律及其类型特征进行了分析研究;然后简要论述了地震初至波旅行时层析成像的基本原理,并利用地震直达波、回折波、折射波以及其组合的初至波和层析反演方法,精确的求取地震波在地下介质中的传播速度,实现了速度任意变化的复杂表层模型的建立。
最后通过对山地、戈壁、沙漠、黄土塬区的地震勘探实例的对比分析,采用低速带调查与初至波层析迭代反演建立表层速度建模的方法,建立了精细的表层速度模型,应用于指导野外数据采集中的高速层激发,使得在野外采集中取得了高质量的原始数据;应用初至波旅行时层析静校正,使校正后的叠加剖面煤层反射波连续性好,信噪比高,构造形态和层位之间的对应关系更加清晰,为后续资料的成像处理,提高分辨率处理打下良好的基础,在复杂地表区取得了明显的地震勘探成果。
The main geomorphological units in Western coal seismic exploration area are mainly desert, Gobi, mountains, loess plateau and so on, These complex geological conditions in the shallow surface results in serious absorption and attenuation to seismic wave. Consequently first break is not clear. The valid reflected signal is often”drowned" in the interference wave, so a high signal-to-noise ratio field data can not be obtained. It makes exploration project difficult to be fulfilled. Therefore, the first break wave tomography technology constrained with achievement of low velocity zone is significant, especially to high-speed layer excitation techniques for data acquisition and Datum Statics in data processing.
First of all, basing on seismic wave propagation principles, the propagation rule and types of first wave in the surface model were analyzed. Then the basic principles of First-Break wave tomography technology were discussed.
Using the first break of seismic direct wave, reverse branch, refraction wave and their combination , tomographic inversion was applied to obtain medium velocity underground. Then complex surface modeles can be established.
Finally, to different surface types, actual examples were analysed and compared, including mountains, Gobi, desert, loess plateau region . Applying low speed investigation and first break tomographic inversion, the fine velocity model was established, Conducted by the velocity model, high quality raw data were obtained using high velocity layer excitation technique. Appling first break travel time tomography static correction, good continuity and high signal-to-noise ratio stacked section was generated. The well defined structural form and correspondence between layers provieded good foundation to improve the resolution in imaging process sequently. The seismic exploration result was apparent.
针对西部煤田地震勘探中的复杂表层结构,根据地震波传播的基本原理,先对初至波在表层模型中的传播规律及其类型特征进行了分析研究;然后简要论述了地震初至波旅行时层析成像的基本原理,并利用地震直达波、回折波、折射波以及其组合的初至波和层析反演方法,精确的求取地震波在地下介质中的传播速度,实现了速度任意变化的复杂表层模型的建立。
最后通过对山地、戈壁、沙漠、黄土塬区的地震勘探实例的对比分析,采用低速带调查与初至波层析迭代反演建立表层速度建模的方法,建立了精细的表层速度模型,应用于指导野外数据采集中的高速层激发,使得在野外采集中取得了高质量的原始数据;应用初至波旅行时层析静校正,使校正后的叠加剖面煤层反射波连续性好,信噪比高,构造形态和层位之间的对应关系更加清晰,为后续资料的成像处理,提高分辨率处理打下良好的基础,在复杂地表区取得了明显的地震勘探成果。
The main geomorphological units in Western coal seismic exploration area are mainly desert, Gobi, mountains, loess plateau and so on, These complex geological conditions in the shallow surface results in serious absorption and attenuation to seismic wave. Consequently first break is not clear. The valid reflected signal is often”drowned" in the interference wave, so a high signal-to-noise ratio field data can not be obtained. It makes exploration project difficult to be fulfilled. Therefore, the first break wave tomography technology constrained with achievement of low velocity zone is significant, especially to high-speed layer excitation techniques for data acquisition and Datum Statics in data processing.
First of all, basing on seismic wave propagation principles, the propagation rule and types of first wave in the surface model were analyzed. Then the basic principles of First-Break wave tomography technology were discussed.
Using the first break of seismic direct wave, reverse branch, refraction wave and their combination , tomographic inversion was applied to obtain medium velocity underground. Then complex surface modeles can be established.
Finally, to different surface types, actual examples were analysed and compared, including mountains, Gobi, desert, loess plateau region . Applying low speed investigation and first break tomographic inversion, the fine velocity model was established, Conducted by the velocity model, high quality raw data were obtained using high velocity layer excitation technique. Appling first break travel time tomography static correction, good continuity and high signal-to-noise ratio stacked section was generated. The well defined structural form and correspondence between layers provieded good foundation to improve the resolution in imaging process sequently. The seismic exploration result was apparent.
引文
[1] P.Bios,M.La PoNe,M.Lavergne,G.Thomas.Well to Well seismic rements. Geophysics, 1972, 37(3) :471-480
[2] K.A.Dines,R.J.Lytle.Computerized Geophysical Tomography. Proc. IEEE1979,67(7) : 1065-1073
[3] W.D.Daily.Undergoundoil-shale retort monitoring using geotomography. Geophysics, 984, 49(10) :1701-1711
[4] S.E omerstein,M.Berg,D.Chang,H.Chung,H.Johnson,B.Richardson,J.Pizzicara, W:W. Salisbury.Radio-frequency geotomography forremotely probing theinterior of operatingmini and commercial-sized oil-shale retorts.Geophysics,1 984,49(9) :1288-1300
[5] T.N.Bishop,K.E Bube,R.T.Cutler,R.T.Langanet,E L.Love,J.R.Resnick,R.T.Shuey, D.A. Spindler,and H.W:Wyld.Tomographic determination of velocity and depth in laterally varying media.Geophysics,1 985,50(6) :903-923
[6] B.C.Dyer,M.H.Worthington.Seismicreflection tomography:a case study.First Break, 1988, 6:354-366
[7]丁志峰.近震层析成像的理论及应用.国际地展动态,2000, (10) :37-38
[8]刘福田.三维速度结构的研究现状和展望.地球物理学报,1991,34(6) :788-796
[9]熊熊,滕吉文,许厚泽.地幔热柱动力学研究的新进展.地球物理学进展,2001,16(1) :62.69
[10]赵大鹏,Kayal J R.地震层析成像对地球科学的影响[J] .世界地震译丛,2001, (6) :1-8
[11]赵大鹏.地展层析成像及其在消减带和地震断层带成像中的应用.世界地展译丛,2001, (2) :7~20
[12]傅淑芳.层析地震学.地球科学进展,1991.6(3) :87.89
[13]傅容珊,郑勇,常筱华,等.地震层析成像板块构造及地幔演化动力学[J] .地球物理学进展,2001,16(4) :85~95
[14]郑斯华.地展层析成像和地幔动力学.国际地震动态,1994, (6) :17-20
[15] Zhao Da-peng.Seismic structure and stress region of subduction zones. Tectonophysics, 2004,31 9:223-224
[16] Zhao Da-peng.Seismic structure and origion ofhotspots and mantle plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters.2001,192:251~265
[17]朱龙生.多方位角逆VSP层析成像: [硕士学位论文] ,长安大学,2003
[18]张丽.复杂地区静校正技术研究.2006,长安大学,硕士论文.
[19]董敏煌.地震勘探.东营:石油大学出版社,2000
[20]陆基孟.地震勘探原理(上册) .山东:石油大学出版社,2006
[21]何樵登,熊维纲.应用地球物理教程—地震勘探.北京:地质出版社,1991
[22]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1994:71-75
[23]杜世通.地震波动力学.石油大学出版社,1996年1月
[24] R.E.谢里夫.勘探地震学(第二版)(上册) .北京:石油土业出版社,1999.
[25]周绪文.反射波地震勘探方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[26]陈仲侯,付唯一.浅层地震勘探.成都:成都地质学院,1986.
[27]刘福川译,地震地磁观测与研究丛书(四广地震学中的射线方法,地质出版社,1986.
[28]何樵升.地震波理论[M] .北京:地质出版社,1988年10月.
[29]杜世通.地震波动力学[M] .北京:石油大学出版社,1996年1月.
[30]冯德益.地震波理论与应用[M] .北京:地震出版社,1988.
[31] V Cervenv.Seismic Ray Theory,Cambridge Univ .Press,Cambridge,1997.
[32] V.Cervenv,Ludek Klimes.Complete seismic-ray tracing in three-dimensionalstructures, Doombos,D.J. (ed .) ,Seismological Algorithms,laP.89-1 68,Academic Press, New York,1 988.
[33]杨文采,李幼铭.应用地震层析成像[M] .北京:地质出版社,1993.
[34] GNolet著.地震层析成象及应用[M] .荷兰.王椿镛,吴远宁,李幼铭,等编译.北京:学术书刊出版社,1989.
[35]杨文采.地球物理反演和地震层析成像[M] .北京:地质出版社,2005,20(3) :600-610.
[36]吴律.层析基础及其在井间地震中的应用[M] .北京:石油工业出版社,1997.
[37]吴振利,李家彪,阮爱国.地震层析成像及其国内研究进展[J].东海海洋,2003, 21(3) :54-64.
[38]马德堂.弹性波场数值模拟及井间地震初至波旅行时层析成像[D] .长安大学博士论文,2005.
[39] Hary IL Nicholls.Coupling Explosive Energy To Rock,Geophysics[J] , 1962,VOL.57, NO.3:396-403.
[40]姜伟才.地震勘探震源的激发机制及应用效果研究.2003,中国海洋大学,硕士论文.
[41]陈树民.松辽盆地地层吸收特性和地震波衰减规律研究.地球物理学进展,2001,第16卷,第4期,43-51
[42]凌云.大地吸收衰减分析[J] .石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1) :1-8.
[43]凌云.非规则干扰信噪比分析[J] .石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(3) :272-278.
[44]玄长虹,步长城,朱洪昌.层析静校正技术在永新地区的应用[J] .油气地球物理,2009,7(1):40.
[45]林伯香,肖万富,李博.层析静校正在黄土塬弯宽线资料处理中的应用[J] .石油物探2007,46(4):417-420.
[46]杨文军,段云卿,姜伟才等.层析反演静校正.物探与化探[J] ,2005,29(1):42
[47]李霞,张印堂.折射层析反演静校正在伊朗卡山地区的应用.勘探地球物理进展[J] .2006,29(1):38-41.
[48]张新立,谢卫民等.柴达木盆地折射静校正方法的应用研究.石油地球物理勘探[J] .2002,37增刊:52-57
[49] Belfer I,Landa E. Shallow velocity-depth model imaging by refraction tomography[J] . Geophysical Prospecting,1996,44 : 859-870 .
[50] Hampson D,Russell B. First-break interpretation using gen-eralized linear inversion[J] . 54th Annual Internat. Mtg,Soc. Expl. Geophys,Expanded Abstracts, 1984, 84:532-534.
[51]冯泽元,李培明,唐海忠,等.利用层析反演技术解决山地复杂区静校正问题[J] .石油物探,2005,44(3) :284-286
[2] K.A.Dines,R.J.Lytle.Computerized Geophysical Tomography. Proc. IEEE1979,67(7) : 1065-1073
[3] W.D.Daily.Undergoundoil-shale retort monitoring using geotomography. Geophysics, 984, 49(10) :1701-1711
[4] S.E omerstein,M.Berg,D.Chang,H.Chung,H.Johnson,B.Richardson,J.Pizzicara, W:W. Salisbury.Radio-frequency geotomography forremotely probing theinterior of operatingmini and commercial-sized oil-shale retorts.Geophysics,1 984,49(9) :1288-1300
[5] T.N.Bishop,K.E Bube,R.T.Cutler,R.T.Langanet,E L.Love,J.R.Resnick,R.T.Shuey, D.A. Spindler,and H.W:Wyld.Tomographic determination of velocity and depth in laterally varying media.Geophysics,1 985,50(6) :903-923
[6] B.C.Dyer,M.H.Worthington.Seismicreflection tomography:a case study.First Break, 1988, 6:354-366
[7]丁志峰.近震层析成像的理论及应用.国际地展动态,2000, (10) :37-38
[8]刘福田.三维速度结构的研究现状和展望.地球物理学报,1991,34(6) :788-796
[9]熊熊,滕吉文,许厚泽.地幔热柱动力学研究的新进展.地球物理学进展,2001,16(1) :62.69
[10]赵大鹏,Kayal J R.地震层析成像对地球科学的影响[J] .世界地震译丛,2001, (6) :1-8
[11]赵大鹏.地展层析成像及其在消减带和地震断层带成像中的应用.世界地展译丛,2001, (2) :7~20
[12]傅淑芳.层析地震学.地球科学进展,1991.6(3) :87.89
[13]傅容珊,郑勇,常筱华,等.地震层析成像板块构造及地幔演化动力学[J] .地球物理学进展,2001,16(4) :85~95
[14]郑斯华.地展层析成像和地幔动力学.国际地震动态,1994, (6) :17-20
[15] Zhao Da-peng.Seismic structure and stress region of subduction zones. Tectonophysics, 2004,31 9:223-224
[16] Zhao Da-peng.Seismic structure and origion ofhotspots and mantle plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters.2001,192:251~265
[17]朱龙生.多方位角逆VSP层析成像: [硕士学位论文] ,长安大学,2003
[18]张丽.复杂地区静校正技术研究.2006,长安大学,硕士论文.
[19]董敏煌.地震勘探.东营:石油大学出版社,2000
[20]陆基孟.地震勘探原理(上册) .山东:石油大学出版社,2006
[21]何樵登,熊维纲.应用地球物理教程—地震勘探.北京:地质出版社,1991
[22]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1994:71-75
[23]杜世通.地震波动力学.石油大学出版社,1996年1月
[24] R.E.谢里夫.勘探地震学(第二版)(上册) .北京:石油土业出版社,1999.
[25]周绪文.反射波地震勘探方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[26]陈仲侯,付唯一.浅层地震勘探.成都:成都地质学院,1986.
[27]刘福川译,地震地磁观测与研究丛书(四广地震学中的射线方法,地质出版社,1986.
[28]何樵升.地震波理论[M] .北京:地质出版社,1988年10月.
[29]杜世通.地震波动力学[M] .北京:石油大学出版社,1996年1月.
[30]冯德益.地震波理论与应用[M] .北京:地震出版社,1988.
[31] V Cervenv.Seismic Ray Theory,Cambridge Univ .Press,Cambridge,1997.
[32] V.Cervenv,Ludek Klimes.Complete seismic-ray tracing in three-dimensionalstructures, Doombos,D.J. (ed .) ,Seismological Algorithms,laP.89-1 68,Academic Press, New York,1 988.
[33]杨文采,李幼铭.应用地震层析成像[M] .北京:地质出版社,1993.
[34] GNolet著.地震层析成象及应用[M] .荷兰.王椿镛,吴远宁,李幼铭,等编译.北京:学术书刊出版社,1989.
[35]杨文采.地球物理反演和地震层析成像[M] .北京:地质出版社,2005,20(3) :600-610.
[36]吴律.层析基础及其在井间地震中的应用[M] .北京:石油工业出版社,1997.
[37]吴振利,李家彪,阮爱国.地震层析成像及其国内研究进展[J].东海海洋,2003, 21(3) :54-64.
[38]马德堂.弹性波场数值模拟及井间地震初至波旅行时层析成像[D] .长安大学博士论文,2005.
[39] Hary IL Nicholls.Coupling Explosive Energy To Rock,Geophysics[J] , 1962,VOL.57, NO.3:396-403.
[40]姜伟才.地震勘探震源的激发机制及应用效果研究.2003,中国海洋大学,硕士论文.
[41]陈树民.松辽盆地地层吸收特性和地震波衰减规律研究.地球物理学进展,2001,第16卷,第4期,43-51
[42]凌云.大地吸收衰减分析[J] .石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1) :1-8.
[43]凌云.非规则干扰信噪比分析[J] .石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(3) :272-278.
[44]玄长虹,步长城,朱洪昌.层析静校正技术在永新地区的应用[J] .油气地球物理,2009,7(1):40.
[45]林伯香,肖万富,李博.层析静校正在黄土塬弯宽线资料处理中的应用[J] .石油物探2007,46(4):417-420.
[46]杨文军,段云卿,姜伟才等.层析反演静校正.物探与化探[J] ,2005,29(1):42
[47]李霞,张印堂.折射层析反演静校正在伊朗卡山地区的应用.勘探地球物理进展[J] .2006,29(1):38-41.
[48]张新立,谢卫民等.柴达木盆地折射静校正方法的应用研究.石油地球物理勘探[J] .2002,37增刊:52-57
[49] Belfer I,Landa E. Shallow velocity-depth model imaging by refraction tomography[J] . Geophysical Prospecting,1996,44 : 859-870 .
[50] Hampson D,Russell B. First-break interpretation using gen-eralized linear inversion[J] . 54th Annual Internat. Mtg,Soc. Expl. Geophys,Expanded Abstracts, 1984, 84:532-534.
[51]冯泽元,李培明,唐海忠,等.利用层析反演技术解决山地复杂区静校正问题[J] .石油物探,2005,44(3) :284-286