我国二元经济结构转换中的公共服务改革研究
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摘要
二元经济结构转换是发展中国家在经历城乡二元发展格局、城乡差异明显的发展阶段后,伴随着工业化进程的推进、现代部门的扩张而出现的农业劳动力加快向工业部门转移、城乡差距逐步缩小的过程。技术进步、制度变迁是发展中国家二元经济结构转换的直接推动力,也是发展中国家经济长期增长与结构转变的主要决定力量。我国改革开放以来,现代部门的扩张带来大量农村剩余劳动力向城市转移,工业化的发展导致农业与现代部门的鸿沟进一步加深、城市与农村的发展差距进一步扩大。而在科学发展观、统筹城乡发展的思路下,推动城乡均衡发展是我国当前经济发展战略的重要内容。在我国长期城市化偏向的发展路径下,统筹城乡发展的关键在于制度的变革,公共服务制度的全面改革是制度变革的核心内容。
公共服务支出既是政府维护社会公平正义的重要手段,也是政府参与经济资源配置的主要渠道。在内生经济增长理论框架下,政府公共服务支出可以通过促进技术进步、人力资本投资和增加资本形成等手段推动发展中国家城乡二元经济转换,并进而推动经济持续增长。本文的实证分析表明,在我国加快由城乡二元经济结构向城乡一体化发展的进程中,公共服务总支出与二元对比系数之间存在相关关系。但是,公共服务结构性矛盾突出:一方面是公共服务总支出的内部结构不合理,另一方面是农村公共服务支出效率不高、结构不合理。同时,对我国公共服务制度变迁的历程与现实的考察也表明,城乡二元化的公共服务制度是我国由二元经济结构向城乡一体化转换的重要制度障碍。因此,加快公共服务制度变革,优化公共支出结构是我国完善公共服务制度、促进城乡二元经济结构转换的重要内容。
以教育、社会保障和医疗卫生支出为主要内容的基本公共服务支出,通过人力资本积累的路径促进城乡二元经济结构转换。这也是我国城乡一体化进程中公共服务制度改革的重点。我国需要通过基本公共服务广覆盖、基本公共服务体制城乡一体化和基本公共服务标准化改革三个阶段推进城乡基本公共服务均等化,从而促进人力资本投资、提高我国人力资本配置效率。以基本建设支出、科技支出等为主要内容的一般公共服务支出,则通过技术进步与资本形成路径促进城乡二元经济结构转换。从近期来看,我国需要继续实行“工业反哺农业”的政策,一般公共服务支出向农村倾斜。而从长期来看,我国则需要进一步对一般公共服务支出进行市场化改革,完善政府一般公共服务支出治理效率。此外,从城乡公共服务成本分摊均等化的角度来看,我国应在条件成熟的情况下积极推进城乡税制一体化改革。
本文在系统梳理了二元经济结构转换、我国目前二元经济结构转换的现实阶段以及经济政策含义等相关文献的基础上,分析了公共服务促进城乡二元经济结构转换的主要路径与作用机制,对我国公共服务与二元经济结构转换的关系进行了实证分析,论述了我国基本公共服务、一般公共服务改革的措施与步骤,并对城乡税制一体化的经济条件、主体税种选择以及城乡一体化的税权配置进行了探讨,以期为我国在二元经济结构转换过程中完善公共服务制度提出有益的政策建议。
the industrial sector and gap between urban and rural areas gradually narrowing accompany with industrialization, the expansion of modern sector in developing countries which experienced the stage of urban-rural dual development patterns and significant urban-rural differences. Technological progress, institutional change is the direct driving force for dual economic structure transformation and the main determining force for Long-term economic growth and structural change in developing countries. Since China's reform and opening up, the expansion of the modern sector brought a large number of surplus rural labors shifting to urban and industrialization deepened the gap between agriculture sector and the modern sector and furthers the differences between urban and rural areas. In the thinking of coordinating urban-rural development and the Scientific View of Development, promoting balanced development of urban and rural areas is an important part of China's economic development strategy. In China's long-term development path of urban-bias, the key of coordinating urban-rural development is the institution reform and its corn is public service reform.
Public service expenditure is not only important means of government safeguarding social fairness and justice, but also the main channel for government participating in economic resources distribution. In endogenous growth theory framework, government’s public services expenditure can promote urban-rural dual economic transformation by promoting technical progress, human capital investment and increase capital accumulation and then promote sustained economic growth in developing countries. The empirical analysis shows that total public services expenditure co-relation with dual contrast coefficient, but the contradiction in the structure of public services is very significant. On the one hand, internal structure of total public services expenditure is irrational; on the other hand, rural public service expenditure is inefficiency and its structure is also irrational. At the same time, the study on institution changes history and status quo of China's public service shows that urban-rural dual public service institution is the obstacles to transformation of dual economic structure to urban-rural integration development. Therefore, Speeding up the reform of public service institution and optimizing public expenditure structure is the important content of improving China’s public service institution and promoting the transformation of dual economic structure.
Basic public services expenditure which mainly consists of education, social security and health spending will promote urban-rural dual economic structure transformation through the path of human capital accumulation and it is the key of China’s public service reform during the process of urban-rural integration. China should implement urban-rural basic public service equalization through three stages: extensive coverage of basic public service, urban and rural integration of basic public service system and standardization of basic public services in order to promote human capital investment and increase distribution efficiency of human capital. General public service which mainly contends of basic construction expenditure, technology expenditure will promote urban-rural dual economic structure transformation through the path of capital accumulation and technology progress. In the near term, China should continue to implement“industry nurturing agriculture”policy and general public service tilt to rural; in the long term, China will need to further market-oriented reforms on general public services expenditures and improve the governance efficiency of general public service expenditure. At the same time, from the view of urban-rural public service cost equally sharing, China should promote the reform of urban and rural tax integration in a right time.
Based on the systematically literature review of dual economic transformation, China's current real stage of dual economic structure transformation and economic policy implications, this paper analyzes the main path and mechanism of public service promoting urban-rural dual economic structure integration and empirically analyze the relationship between public services and the Dual Structure transformation. In addition, the main measures and stapes of China’s public service reform, economic conditions of urban-rural tax system integration reform, the main tax options and urban-rural integration tax right distribution are discussed in this paper in the purpose of putting forward useful policy recommendations for China’s public service institution reform in the process of urban-rural dual economic transformation.
公共服务支出既是政府维护社会公平正义的重要手段,也是政府参与经济资源配置的主要渠道。在内生经济增长理论框架下,政府公共服务支出可以通过促进技术进步、人力资本投资和增加资本形成等手段推动发展中国家城乡二元经济转换,并进而推动经济持续增长。本文的实证分析表明,在我国加快由城乡二元经济结构向城乡一体化发展的进程中,公共服务总支出与二元对比系数之间存在相关关系。但是,公共服务结构性矛盾突出:一方面是公共服务总支出的内部结构不合理,另一方面是农村公共服务支出效率不高、结构不合理。同时,对我国公共服务制度变迁的历程与现实的考察也表明,城乡二元化的公共服务制度是我国由二元经济结构向城乡一体化转换的重要制度障碍。因此,加快公共服务制度变革,优化公共支出结构是我国完善公共服务制度、促进城乡二元经济结构转换的重要内容。
以教育、社会保障和医疗卫生支出为主要内容的基本公共服务支出,通过人力资本积累的路径促进城乡二元经济结构转换。这也是我国城乡一体化进程中公共服务制度改革的重点。我国需要通过基本公共服务广覆盖、基本公共服务体制城乡一体化和基本公共服务标准化改革三个阶段推进城乡基本公共服务均等化,从而促进人力资本投资、提高我国人力资本配置效率。以基本建设支出、科技支出等为主要内容的一般公共服务支出,则通过技术进步与资本形成路径促进城乡二元经济结构转换。从近期来看,我国需要继续实行“工业反哺农业”的政策,一般公共服务支出向农村倾斜。而从长期来看,我国则需要进一步对一般公共服务支出进行市场化改革,完善政府一般公共服务支出治理效率。此外,从城乡公共服务成本分摊均等化的角度来看,我国应在条件成熟的情况下积极推进城乡税制一体化改革。
本文在系统梳理了二元经济结构转换、我国目前二元经济结构转换的现实阶段以及经济政策含义等相关文献的基础上,分析了公共服务促进城乡二元经济结构转换的主要路径与作用机制,对我国公共服务与二元经济结构转换的关系进行了实证分析,论述了我国基本公共服务、一般公共服务改革的措施与步骤,并对城乡税制一体化的经济条件、主体税种选择以及城乡一体化的税权配置进行了探讨,以期为我国在二元经济结构转换过程中完善公共服务制度提出有益的政策建议。
the industrial sector and gap between urban and rural areas gradually narrowing accompany with industrialization, the expansion of modern sector in developing countries which experienced the stage of urban-rural dual development patterns and significant urban-rural differences. Technological progress, institutional change is the direct driving force for dual economic structure transformation and the main determining force for Long-term economic growth and structural change in developing countries. Since China's reform and opening up, the expansion of the modern sector brought a large number of surplus rural labors shifting to urban and industrialization deepened the gap between agriculture sector and the modern sector and furthers the differences between urban and rural areas. In the thinking of coordinating urban-rural development and the Scientific View of Development, promoting balanced development of urban and rural areas is an important part of China's economic development strategy. In China's long-term development path of urban-bias, the key of coordinating urban-rural development is the institution reform and its corn is public service reform.
Public service expenditure is not only important means of government safeguarding social fairness and justice, but also the main channel for government participating in economic resources distribution. In endogenous growth theory framework, government’s public services expenditure can promote urban-rural dual economic transformation by promoting technical progress, human capital investment and increase capital accumulation and then promote sustained economic growth in developing countries. The empirical analysis shows that total public services expenditure co-relation with dual contrast coefficient, but the contradiction in the structure of public services is very significant. On the one hand, internal structure of total public services expenditure is irrational; on the other hand, rural public service expenditure is inefficiency and its structure is also irrational. At the same time, the study on institution changes history and status quo of China's public service shows that urban-rural dual public service institution is the obstacles to transformation of dual economic structure to urban-rural integration development. Therefore, Speeding up the reform of public service institution and optimizing public expenditure structure is the important content of improving China’s public service institution and promoting the transformation of dual economic structure.
Basic public services expenditure which mainly consists of education, social security and health spending will promote urban-rural dual economic structure transformation through the path of human capital accumulation and it is the key of China’s public service reform during the process of urban-rural integration. China should implement urban-rural basic public service equalization through three stages: extensive coverage of basic public service, urban and rural integration of basic public service system and standardization of basic public services in order to promote human capital investment and increase distribution efficiency of human capital. General public service which mainly contends of basic construction expenditure, technology expenditure will promote urban-rural dual economic structure transformation through the path of capital accumulation and technology progress. In the near term, China should continue to implement“industry nurturing agriculture”policy and general public service tilt to rural; in the long term, China will need to further market-oriented reforms on general public services expenditures and improve the governance efficiency of general public service expenditure. At the same time, from the view of urban-rural public service cost equally sharing, China should promote the reform of urban and rural tax integration in a right time.
Based on the systematically literature review of dual economic transformation, China's current real stage of dual economic structure transformation and economic policy implications, this paper analyzes the main path and mechanism of public service promoting urban-rural dual economic structure integration and empirically analyze the relationship between public services and the Dual Structure transformation. In addition, the main measures and stapes of China’s public service reform, economic conditions of urban-rural tax system integration reform, the main tax options and urban-rural integration tax right distribution are discussed in this paper in the purpose of putting forward useful policy recommendations for China’s public service institution reform in the process of urban-rural dual economic transformation.
引文
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