基于卫星影像的海洋信息检测能力与技术方法研究
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摘要
海洋环境的日益恶化,海洋灾害的频繁发生给我国经济带来了巨大损失,因而迅速、有效地监测海洋环境的变化,及时地督促海洋污染的治理,将损失降至最低,显得尤为重要。随着遥感技术的不断发展、传感器性能的不断改善,遥感技术已经成为大范围快速对海观测最具优势的手段。因此,应用海洋遥感技术,对海洋环境进行监测具有重大的研究意义和现实意义。
但由于海洋是由不断运动的水体组成,海洋环境与陆地、大气环境存在很大的不同,此外,遥感监测有其自身特点,受制于海陆反差大、海水低反射率背景下弱信息提取和信号耀斑等,再加上海洋现象的动态性要求快速、持续监测,都导致海洋遥感实际应用的难度加大。论文通过大量的影像的实例分析,探讨了卫星遥感在渤海区域的监测能力,分析渤海不同环境背景、季节变化所呈现出的影像特征,在此基础上进一步探讨卫星影像快速异常处理的可行性。
本文具体比较了不同卫星影像的海洋监测优劣,分析了基于MODIS数据进行卫星遥感影像海洋监测能力评估的可行性,并以渤海为研究区,依据MOD35源数据,统计分析MODIS影像渤海覆盖率及云覆盖面积百分比,对MODIS数据渤海区域监测能力进行了评估,表明了渤海常规、季节性以及应急等诸种海区要素监测的不同效果,弥补了以往类此工作的迟后性。
根据MODIS数据渤海监测能力评估结果,得出了基于长时间序列MODIS数据提取渤海MODIS影像季节变化特征的可行性。通过对大量渤海MODIS 1B数据的彩色合成图、影像分层图以及渤海背景资料的分析,得出了渤海各海区不同环境背景、季节变化所呈现的影像特征。由于渤海悬浮物水平分布特点十分稳定,本文选取了渤海不同海区不同季节典型影像建立渤海MODIS影像标准库。
由于二类水体光学性质的复杂性,仅靠基于应用目标的反演算法提取低反射率背景下的弱异常信息难度较大。本文以渤海标准库影像为基准,对渤海海区动态影像进行变化检测。考虑背景环境、噪声等的影响,分析光谱变化成因以探测渤海遥感影像的可疑异常信息,根据异常信息探测结果指导该异常区域的精细判读,实现异常信息的提取。本文最后以短时出现的溢油和具有较长时间变化过程的海冰为例,开展了渤海异常信息遥感快速检测的试验和实现的技术途径,提取了渤海溢油信息以及海冰的动态变化过程,效果良好。
The deteriorating marine environment and the frequent marine disasters have brought great damage to our economy. Thus, monitoring the changes of the marine environment timely and effectively, guiding the improvement of the marine environment and minimizing the damage become more and more important. With the continuous development of remote sensing technology and the improvement of sensor performance, remote sensing technology has become the most advantageous method to monitor a wide range of marine quickly. Therefore, the application of marine remote sensing technology to monitor the marine environment is of great research and practical significance.
Firstly, ocean consists of water in constant motion and its environment is quite different from the environment of land and atmosphere. Secondly, remote sensing has its own characteristics, which is subject to the great difference between the land and ocean spectrum, the weak spectrum information extracted from the low-reflectivity ocean background and signal flares and so on. In addition, the dynamic ocean phenomena require fast and continuous monitoring. All of the above make the practical application of ocean remote sensing more difficulty. With the analysis of a large number of images, this thesis has investigated the ability of satellite remote sensing in ocean monitoring in the Bohai Sea, also analyzed the image features with different environment background and seasonal changes, and then further discussed the feasibility of fast anomaly detection to satellite images.
By comparing the capabilities of several common remote sensing satellites in ocean monitoring, this thesis has analyzed the feasibility of evaluating the ability of satellite remote sensing in ocean monitoring based on the MODIS data in the Bohai Sea. The raw images are MOD35 data of the Bohai Sea in 2008, which are used to count the imaging capabilities of satellite remote sensing covering the Bohai Sea and their relevant cloud cover rate. This thesis has also evaluated the capabilities of remote sensing images of the Bohai Sea. The statistic results show different monitoring effects of regular, seasonal and emergency and other elements of the Bohai Sea.
According to the results, it has showed the feasibility of extracting seasonal features of the MODIS image in the Bohai Sea based on the long time series MODIS images. By analyzing the true color composite maps of MODIS 1B data, the relevant layered maps and the background data of the Bohai Sea, the image features of different environment background and seasonal changes in each Bohai region have been found. Due to the quite stable horizontal distribution of suspended matter over the Bohai Sea, this thesis has selected the typical images in each region of the Bohai Sea in different seasons and has also established the standard MODIS image library of the Bohai Sea.
Owing to the complicated optical properties of Case 2 waters, it is more difficult to extract the weak spectrum information from the low-reflectivity ocean background only based on the objective information extraction algorithms. On the basis of standard images of the Bohai Sea, this thesis has implemented the change detection of the dynamic images of the Bohai Sea. Considering the impacts of background environment, noise and other factors, it has analyzed the causes of spectral changes and has detected the possible abnormal area, which can be used to guide fine interpretation of this area to realize the extraction of abnormal information in the Bohai Sea. Finally, this thesis, taking the detection of short term oil spill and a longer time sea ice as examples, carried out the experiment of fast anomaly detection of satellite images in the Bohai Sea to get its technical methods and succeeded in extracting the oil spill and monitoring the dynamic process of sea ice in the Bohai Sea, both of which show desirable results.
但由于海洋是由不断运动的水体组成,海洋环境与陆地、大气环境存在很大的不同,此外,遥感监测有其自身特点,受制于海陆反差大、海水低反射率背景下弱信息提取和信号耀斑等,再加上海洋现象的动态性要求快速、持续监测,都导致海洋遥感实际应用的难度加大。论文通过大量的影像的实例分析,探讨了卫星遥感在渤海区域的监测能力,分析渤海不同环境背景、季节变化所呈现出的影像特征,在此基础上进一步探讨卫星影像快速异常处理的可行性。
本文具体比较了不同卫星影像的海洋监测优劣,分析了基于MODIS数据进行卫星遥感影像海洋监测能力评估的可行性,并以渤海为研究区,依据MOD35源数据,统计分析MODIS影像渤海覆盖率及云覆盖面积百分比,对MODIS数据渤海区域监测能力进行了评估,表明了渤海常规、季节性以及应急等诸种海区要素监测的不同效果,弥补了以往类此工作的迟后性。
根据MODIS数据渤海监测能力评估结果,得出了基于长时间序列MODIS数据提取渤海MODIS影像季节变化特征的可行性。通过对大量渤海MODIS 1B数据的彩色合成图、影像分层图以及渤海背景资料的分析,得出了渤海各海区不同环境背景、季节变化所呈现的影像特征。由于渤海悬浮物水平分布特点十分稳定,本文选取了渤海不同海区不同季节典型影像建立渤海MODIS影像标准库。
由于二类水体光学性质的复杂性,仅靠基于应用目标的反演算法提取低反射率背景下的弱异常信息难度较大。本文以渤海标准库影像为基准,对渤海海区动态影像进行变化检测。考虑背景环境、噪声等的影响,分析光谱变化成因以探测渤海遥感影像的可疑异常信息,根据异常信息探测结果指导该异常区域的精细判读,实现异常信息的提取。本文最后以短时出现的溢油和具有较长时间变化过程的海冰为例,开展了渤海异常信息遥感快速检测的试验和实现的技术途径,提取了渤海溢油信息以及海冰的动态变化过程,效果良好。
The deteriorating marine environment and the frequent marine disasters have brought great damage to our economy. Thus, monitoring the changes of the marine environment timely and effectively, guiding the improvement of the marine environment and minimizing the damage become more and more important. With the continuous development of remote sensing technology and the improvement of sensor performance, remote sensing technology has become the most advantageous method to monitor a wide range of marine quickly. Therefore, the application of marine remote sensing technology to monitor the marine environment is of great research and practical significance.
Firstly, ocean consists of water in constant motion and its environment is quite different from the environment of land and atmosphere. Secondly, remote sensing has its own characteristics, which is subject to the great difference between the land and ocean spectrum, the weak spectrum information extracted from the low-reflectivity ocean background and signal flares and so on. In addition, the dynamic ocean phenomena require fast and continuous monitoring. All of the above make the practical application of ocean remote sensing more difficulty. With the analysis of a large number of images, this thesis has investigated the ability of satellite remote sensing in ocean monitoring in the Bohai Sea, also analyzed the image features with different environment background and seasonal changes, and then further discussed the feasibility of fast anomaly detection to satellite images.
By comparing the capabilities of several common remote sensing satellites in ocean monitoring, this thesis has analyzed the feasibility of evaluating the ability of satellite remote sensing in ocean monitoring based on the MODIS data in the Bohai Sea. The raw images are MOD35 data of the Bohai Sea in 2008, which are used to count the imaging capabilities of satellite remote sensing covering the Bohai Sea and their relevant cloud cover rate. This thesis has also evaluated the capabilities of remote sensing images of the Bohai Sea. The statistic results show different monitoring effects of regular, seasonal and emergency and other elements of the Bohai Sea.
According to the results, it has showed the feasibility of extracting seasonal features of the MODIS image in the Bohai Sea based on the long time series MODIS images. By analyzing the true color composite maps of MODIS 1B data, the relevant layered maps and the background data of the Bohai Sea, the image features of different environment background and seasonal changes in each Bohai region have been found. Due to the quite stable horizontal distribution of suspended matter over the Bohai Sea, this thesis has selected the typical images in each region of the Bohai Sea in different seasons and has also established the standard MODIS image library of the Bohai Sea.
Owing to the complicated optical properties of Case 2 waters, it is more difficult to extract the weak spectrum information from the low-reflectivity ocean background only based on the objective information extraction algorithms. On the basis of standard images of the Bohai Sea, this thesis has implemented the change detection of the dynamic images of the Bohai Sea. Considering the impacts of background environment, noise and other factors, it has analyzed the causes of spectral changes and has detected the possible abnormal area, which can be used to guide fine interpretation of this area to realize the extraction of abnormal information in the Bohai Sea. Finally, this thesis, taking the detection of short term oil spill and a longer time sea ice as examples, carried out the experiment of fast anomaly detection of satellite images in the Bohai Sea to get its technical methods and succeeded in extracting the oil spill and monitoring the dynamic process of sea ice in the Bohai Sea, both of which show desirable results.
引文
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