上海手语的语音调查报告
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摘要
手语是一种无声语言,20世纪60年代,William Stokoe就开始研究手语,最初的研究对象是美国手语。Stokoe认为手势的构成要素是打手势时的手形、手的运动、手的位置,其中手形中暗含了掌心朝向。这三个要素所形成的结构层相当于有声语言的语音层。20世纪70年代的手语研究者把掌心方向从手形中独立出来,形成手形、运动、位置和方向四要素分析法,同时认为表情体态也很重要。
上海手语是中国手语的一种方言形式,本文以上海聋人的自然手语为研究对象,通过调查形成4784个词的手语视频短片,以及数小时的手语录像,从中选取了时长为1小时14分42秒的手语录像,录像中包括10个手语故事和聋人演讲的10个片段。以上述语料库为基础,尝试揭示和描写上海手语的语音基本面貌,包括上海手语的手形数目有多少,有什么特点,在语料中以怎样的频率出现;上海手语中手的运动有哪些种类和特点;上海手语中手的位置和掌心朝向的数目各是多少;以及表情体态在上海手语中的作用。并分析在调查中发现的上海手语的语流音变,讨论手语的音位和音节问题。
经过统计分析归纳,得出上海手语的手形数目是69个,其中10号手形和21号手形各有一个变体。上海手语中手的运动方式有三大类,第一类是手作为一个整体的运动,有11类63种:第二类是双手交互运动,有6类21种;第三类是手内运动,有5类26种;共计22类110种。另外还有在仿字书空中的7种特殊运动方式。上海手语中手的位置有28种,其中中性空间比较特殊,也是出现频率最高的位置,而辅手作为主手的发音位置则是对中性位置的具体化。上海手语中手的方向有8种。
上海手语中的表情体态分为一般表情体态和口动两种类型。有的表情体态是强制性的、符号化的,有的则不是。在单个手势中,符号化的表情体态是手势的有机组成部分,而在语篇中的表情体态则起到修饰和强调语气的作用。
长篇手势语流中常有手势的变化形式出现,其中有些手势的变化类似于有声语言中的语流音变。调查发现上海手语中的语流音变主要有手形的变化、运动的变化、位置的变化、方向的变化、双手手势的脱落以及几种变化的结合。语篇中的手势有时还因受到语法影响而产生变化,主要有运动的变化和手形的变化。
因为上海手语中手形、运动、位置和方向都有区别手势意义的作用,手形、运动、位置和方向可以和有声语言中的音位相类比。通过调查分析,发现上海手语中手势就是最小的语音单位。根据人们的视觉感知,在不同的手势中,视觉响度的排列次序也略有不同。
Sign language is a silent language.By the 1960's William Stokoe had already begun studying sign language.His initial research focused on American Sign Language.Stokoe believed the essential components of a sign were handshape,including information on palm orientation,hand movement and hand location.The structural level created by these three components is analogous to the phonetic level of spoken languages.In the 1970's sign language researchers made palm orientation independent of handshape,creating a four-component analysis consisting of handshape,movement,location and orientation.At the same time the importance of non-manuals was recognized.
Shanghai Sign Language(SSL) is a dialectal variety of Chinese Sign Language.This thesis is based on the natural sign language of the Shanghai deaf.A corpus of video clips of 4,784 signed lexical items and 1 hr 14 min 42 sec of sign language video clips,including ten sign language stories and ten segments of speeches from five deaf signers,was extracted from several hours of sign language video recordings.Based on the aforementioned corpus,an attempt was made to reveal and describe the fundamental phonetic features of SSL.This includes an inventory of handshapes,their distinctive features,their frequency of usage in the corpus;categories of hand movement and their features,the number of hand locations and palm orientations and the function of non-manuals in SSL.Additionally,analysis of the findings showed sign variation and phonological processes in continuous speech.There is also a discussion of the phonemes and syllables of sign language.
Statistical analysis reveals that SSL has 69 handshapes,of which handshapes No 10 and 21 each have one variation.Hand movements in SSL may be divided into 3 large classes.The first class contains general movements,which is the movement that hand(s) as a whole.There are 11 subclasses to this class of movements and 63 motions within these 11 subclasses.The second class is two-handed alternating movements.There are six subclasses of this class which contain 21 different motions.The third class consists of internal movements of which there are five subclasses containing 26 types of motion.Thus in total there are 22 subclasses of movement with 110 member motions.In addition to this,there are seven special types of movement used in the articulation of Chinese character signs.There are 28 hand locations in SSL.Of these 28 locations,those in neutral space play a special role and are the locations that occur with the highest frequency.The non-dominant hand serving as the point of articulation for the dominant hand is the actualization of neutral location.There are eight hand orientations in SSL.
Non-manuals in SSL may be divided into normal non-manuals and mouthing.Some non-manuals are obligatory constituent to a sign,while others are not.Symbolized non-manuals are an organic component of a sign,while non-manuals that occur during speech serve emphatic and modificatory functions.Sign variation is often observed in long segments of continuous speech.Some of these variations are analogous to phonological processes in spoken language.The research shows that phonological processes in SSL mainly occurs in variation in handshape,location,orientation,dropping of two-handed signs and a combination of multiple alternations.Signs occurring in speech sometimes change due to the effects of grammar and in this mainly movement and handshape undergo change.
Handshape,movement,location and orientation in SSL can be likened to phonemes of spoken language since they function as semantically distinguishing features.The research shows that sign is the smallest phonetic unit in SSL.In different sign,according to human's apperception,the visual sonority sequency of movement,handshape,location and orientation is variant.
上海手语是中国手语的一种方言形式,本文以上海聋人的自然手语为研究对象,通过调查形成4784个词的手语视频短片,以及数小时的手语录像,从中选取了时长为1小时14分42秒的手语录像,录像中包括10个手语故事和聋人演讲的10个片段。以上述语料库为基础,尝试揭示和描写上海手语的语音基本面貌,包括上海手语的手形数目有多少,有什么特点,在语料中以怎样的频率出现;上海手语中手的运动有哪些种类和特点;上海手语中手的位置和掌心朝向的数目各是多少;以及表情体态在上海手语中的作用。并分析在调查中发现的上海手语的语流音变,讨论手语的音位和音节问题。
经过统计分析归纳,得出上海手语的手形数目是69个,其中10号手形和21号手形各有一个变体。上海手语中手的运动方式有三大类,第一类是手作为一个整体的运动,有11类63种:第二类是双手交互运动,有6类21种;第三类是手内运动,有5类26种;共计22类110种。另外还有在仿字书空中的7种特殊运动方式。上海手语中手的位置有28种,其中中性空间比较特殊,也是出现频率最高的位置,而辅手作为主手的发音位置则是对中性位置的具体化。上海手语中手的方向有8种。
上海手语中的表情体态分为一般表情体态和口动两种类型。有的表情体态是强制性的、符号化的,有的则不是。在单个手势中,符号化的表情体态是手势的有机组成部分,而在语篇中的表情体态则起到修饰和强调语气的作用。
长篇手势语流中常有手势的变化形式出现,其中有些手势的变化类似于有声语言中的语流音变。调查发现上海手语中的语流音变主要有手形的变化、运动的变化、位置的变化、方向的变化、双手手势的脱落以及几种变化的结合。语篇中的手势有时还因受到语法影响而产生变化,主要有运动的变化和手形的变化。
因为上海手语中手形、运动、位置和方向都有区别手势意义的作用,手形、运动、位置和方向可以和有声语言中的音位相类比。通过调查分析,发现上海手语中手势就是最小的语音单位。根据人们的视觉感知,在不同的手势中,视觉响度的排列次序也略有不同。
Sign language is a silent language.By the 1960's William Stokoe had already begun studying sign language.His initial research focused on American Sign Language.Stokoe believed the essential components of a sign were handshape,including information on palm orientation,hand movement and hand location.The structural level created by these three components is analogous to the phonetic level of spoken languages.In the 1970's sign language researchers made palm orientation independent of handshape,creating a four-component analysis consisting of handshape,movement,location and orientation.At the same time the importance of non-manuals was recognized.
Shanghai Sign Language(SSL) is a dialectal variety of Chinese Sign Language.This thesis is based on the natural sign language of the Shanghai deaf.A corpus of video clips of 4,784 signed lexical items and 1 hr 14 min 42 sec of sign language video clips,including ten sign language stories and ten segments of speeches from five deaf signers,was extracted from several hours of sign language video recordings.Based on the aforementioned corpus,an attempt was made to reveal and describe the fundamental phonetic features of SSL.This includes an inventory of handshapes,their distinctive features,their frequency of usage in the corpus;categories of hand movement and their features,the number of hand locations and palm orientations and the function of non-manuals in SSL.Additionally,analysis of the findings showed sign variation and phonological processes in continuous speech.There is also a discussion of the phonemes and syllables of sign language.
Statistical analysis reveals that SSL has 69 handshapes,of which handshapes No 10 and 21 each have one variation.Hand movements in SSL may be divided into 3 large classes.The first class contains general movements,which is the movement that hand(s) as a whole.There are 11 subclasses to this class of movements and 63 motions within these 11 subclasses.The second class is two-handed alternating movements.There are six subclasses of this class which contain 21 different motions.The third class consists of internal movements of which there are five subclasses containing 26 types of motion.Thus in total there are 22 subclasses of movement with 110 member motions.In addition to this,there are seven special types of movement used in the articulation of Chinese character signs.There are 28 hand locations in SSL.Of these 28 locations,those in neutral space play a special role and are the locations that occur with the highest frequency.The non-dominant hand serving as the point of articulation for the dominant hand is the actualization of neutral location.There are eight hand orientations in SSL.
Non-manuals in SSL may be divided into normal non-manuals and mouthing.Some non-manuals are obligatory constituent to a sign,while others are not.Symbolized non-manuals are an organic component of a sign,while non-manuals that occur during speech serve emphatic and modificatory functions.Sign variation is often observed in long segments of continuous speech.Some of these variations are analogous to phonological processes in spoken language.The research shows that phonological processes in SSL mainly occurs in variation in handshape,location,orientation,dropping of two-handed signs and a combination of multiple alternations.Signs occurring in speech sometimes change due to the effects of grammar and in this mainly movement and handshape undergo change.
Handshape,movement,location and orientation in SSL can be likened to phonemes of spoken language since they function as semantically distinguishing features.The research shows that sign is the smallest phonetic unit in SSL.In different sign,according to human's apperception,the visual sonority sequency of movement,handshape,location and orientation is variant.
引文
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