应用遥感技术估测合肥市城市森林绿量
|
摘要
本实验运用3S技术并结合现场调查,重点对合肥建成区即二环路以内范围以及包括几个经济开发区在内的整个研究区的城市森林进行研究。利用Arcgis等软件判读卫星图片中城市森林的分布现状;通过LAI反演法建立TM影像上的城市森林的LAI与NDVI之间的回归模型,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)推算整个研究区城市森林的叶面积指数及占地面积,进而算出叶面积绿量并获得其分布情况。另外,利用Googleearth软件在距地面俯视距离500m处(为树冠轮廓清晰度较佳距离)截图约3200张,并在Photoshop等软件中合成处理,形成研究区范围的航片图,然后圈出树冠图层,得到树冠面积,与平均LAI值相乘得到叶面积绿量;与实测的平均树冠高运算得到三维绿量;同时划分道路、广场、高校机关、中小学校、公园、住宅及其它七个类型图层,分别与LAI分布图、树冠覆盖图相结合,比较不同类型的LAI值、绿量、树冠覆盖率。结果表明:
(1)基于遥感数据NDVI指数的城市森林叶面积绿量提取的技术与检测手段,建立了TM影像的NDVI与LAI的回归关系,城市森林LAI与NDVI的关系可以表达为逻辑斯蒂方程,可用于研究周边地区相似森林植被的叶面积绿量。
(2)应用WinSCANOPY2006植物冠层分析仪直接测量不同类型城市森林群落的叶面积指数,二环以内平均叶面积指数为2.07 m2/m2,整个研究区平均叶面积指数为2.29 m2/m2。在七种类型的分区中高校机关、中小学校和其他的城市森林LAI值不论是在二环内还是在整个研究区内的平均值都是偏低的的,道路的LAI值较前三者次之,住宅、公园、广场的LAI值偏高。
(3)二环以内叶面积绿量为798.18×104m2,城市森林叶面积绿量主要分布在有公园的地区如合肥环城公园,逍遥津公园,其叶面积指数多在2-3 m2/m2之间;整个研究区的叶面积绿量为5159.11×104m2,城市森林叶面积绿量主要分布在研究区的西部和西北部,其叶面积指数多在3-4m2/m2之间,主要因为大蜀山森林;中间除环城公园外叶面积绿量较少。
(4)二环以内对绿量贡献率高于城市森林占有率的是住宅、公园、广场;高校机关、中小学校、道路、其它的绿量贡献率均低于城市森林占有率。整个研究区而言,对绿量贡献率高于城市森林占有率的是住宅、公园、广场、道路;其它的绿量贡献率低于城市森林占有率;拥有城市森林面积比与绿量贡献率基本相符的是高校机关、中小学校。
(5)二环内所有的树冠覆盖面积占整个二环的比例为8.20%。研究区所有的树冠覆盖面积占整个研究区的比例为6.50%。住宅的树冠覆盖面积虽然最大但树冠覆盖率较低,公园树冠覆盖面积虽不大但树冠覆盖率最高。一环的树冠覆盖率约为一环与二环之间树冠覆盖率的2.2倍,约为二环之外树冠覆盖率的3倍。可见环城内公园中城市森林在合肥市城市森林效益的发挥上起着重要作用。
根据城市森林现状,作者认为应保护好中心城区的环城林带,对于人口密度较大的住宅区的绿化应鼓励运用乔木及乔灌木结合的种植设计,增加行道树的种植;注意保护和维持西南和东南部的现有城市森林,调整增加东北和西北区的城市森林面积,改变合肥城市森林分布不均匀的现状;进一步构筑完整的合肥城市森林体系。
In this paper 3S technology combined with spot investigation was employed to analyze both Leaf Area Index (LAI) and tree canopy coverage (TCC) of Urban forest patch intensively within the second ring road and several economic developing zones in Hefei, The study area covers about 363km~2. Its current distribution in satellite-pictures is mastered by the means of ArcGis software; Regression model between LAI and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was built by the inverse method of LAI, where LAI and its area are calculated by the use of NDVI. Then the total leaf area and its distribution pattern in the study area was acquired.
Besides, 3200 screenshots intercepted by the tool of Googleearth software at 500 meters high in the sky,a proper resolving power for crown contour distinguish , are composed in the Photoshop software to form a complete aerial photograph of research area. Based on functional classification principles, totally 7 land use categories, such as road, water surface, universities and official organizations, primary and middle schools, parks, residential districts and others, was identified. As Crown contour was made out and leaf area was derived for each land type, the dimensional and three dimensional green quantity was calculated by its area multiplying average LAI and average crown height respectively. The results indicated that:
(ⅰ) Based on NDVI of RS data and field measurement of LAI of urban forest using Winscan canopy analyser. the relationship between NDVI and LAI was built in the paper, which was described by logistic equation. This method also could be employed to estimate leaf area in neighboring districts.
(ⅱ) Average LAI of 2.07 m~2/ m~2 for urban forest patches within the second ring road was estimated directly using of plant canopy analyzer, and 2.29 m~2/ m~2 in entire research area Among seven land use categories, LAI of urban forest patches in universities and official organizations, primary and middle schools and others, whether within the second ring road or in entire research area, are the lowest, road layer lower, residential districts, parks and public plazas highest.
(ⅲ) The total leaf area within the second ring road is 798.18×104 m~2, its main distribution scopes are parks, such as ring park and Xiaoyaojin Park, its LAI are 2-3 m~2/ m~2 in the midst of; The leaf area of whole study area is 5159.11×104 m~2, its main distribution scopes are in western and northwestern part of the city, its LAI are mostly between 3 and 4 m~2/ m~2 , because of Shushan forest park existing in the region.
(ⅳ) Within the second ring road, green quantity contribution in residential districts, parks and plazas is higher than that of urban forest coverage; But it is lower in universities and official organizations, primary and middle schools, roads and others. In entire research area, green quantity contribution in residential districts, parks, plazas and roads are higher than that of urban forest coverage; But green quantity contribution in universities and official organizations and primary and middle schools are generally equal to that of urban forest coverage; the others are lower.
(ⅴ) The tree canopy coverage reached to 8.2% within the second ring road, yet 6.5% in entire research area. Although total tree canopy area is highest in residential districts, its coverage is lower; Total canopy area in parks is relatively lower but its coverage is the highest.
According to the current status of urban forest in Hefei city, the author thinks that we shall protect forest belt round the center city and plant more street trees complying with the design principle of interspersed arbors and shrubs, especially in high density residential districts. Meanwhile, we shall carefully preserve current urban forest in the southwest and southeast of urban area and increase urban forest area in the northeast and northwest to alter its uneven distribution in Hefei. Finally, we shall further construct an intact system of urban forest.
(1)基于遥感数据NDVI指数的城市森林叶面积绿量提取的技术与检测手段,建立了TM影像的NDVI与LAI的回归关系,城市森林LAI与NDVI的关系可以表达为逻辑斯蒂方程,可用于研究周边地区相似森林植被的叶面积绿量。
(2)应用WinSCANOPY2006植物冠层分析仪直接测量不同类型城市森林群落的叶面积指数,二环以内平均叶面积指数为2.07 m2/m2,整个研究区平均叶面积指数为2.29 m2/m2。在七种类型的分区中高校机关、中小学校和其他的城市森林LAI值不论是在二环内还是在整个研究区内的平均值都是偏低的的,道路的LAI值较前三者次之,住宅、公园、广场的LAI值偏高。
(3)二环以内叶面积绿量为798.18×104m2,城市森林叶面积绿量主要分布在有公园的地区如合肥环城公园,逍遥津公园,其叶面积指数多在2-3 m2/m2之间;整个研究区的叶面积绿量为5159.11×104m2,城市森林叶面积绿量主要分布在研究区的西部和西北部,其叶面积指数多在3-4m2/m2之间,主要因为大蜀山森林;中间除环城公园外叶面积绿量较少。
(4)二环以内对绿量贡献率高于城市森林占有率的是住宅、公园、广场;高校机关、中小学校、道路、其它的绿量贡献率均低于城市森林占有率。整个研究区而言,对绿量贡献率高于城市森林占有率的是住宅、公园、广场、道路;其它的绿量贡献率低于城市森林占有率;拥有城市森林面积比与绿量贡献率基本相符的是高校机关、中小学校。
(5)二环内所有的树冠覆盖面积占整个二环的比例为8.20%。研究区所有的树冠覆盖面积占整个研究区的比例为6.50%。住宅的树冠覆盖面积虽然最大但树冠覆盖率较低,公园树冠覆盖面积虽不大但树冠覆盖率最高。一环的树冠覆盖率约为一环与二环之间树冠覆盖率的2.2倍,约为二环之外树冠覆盖率的3倍。可见环城内公园中城市森林在合肥市城市森林效益的发挥上起着重要作用。
根据城市森林现状,作者认为应保护好中心城区的环城林带,对于人口密度较大的住宅区的绿化应鼓励运用乔木及乔灌木结合的种植设计,增加行道树的种植;注意保护和维持西南和东南部的现有城市森林,调整增加东北和西北区的城市森林面积,改变合肥城市森林分布不均匀的现状;进一步构筑完整的合肥城市森林体系。
In this paper 3S technology combined with spot investigation was employed to analyze both Leaf Area Index (LAI) and tree canopy coverage (TCC) of Urban forest patch intensively within the second ring road and several economic developing zones in Hefei, The study area covers about 363km~2. Its current distribution in satellite-pictures is mastered by the means of ArcGis software; Regression model between LAI and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was built by the inverse method of LAI, where LAI and its area are calculated by the use of NDVI. Then the total leaf area and its distribution pattern in the study area was acquired.
Besides, 3200 screenshots intercepted by the tool of Googleearth software at 500 meters high in the sky,a proper resolving power for crown contour distinguish , are composed in the Photoshop software to form a complete aerial photograph of research area. Based on functional classification principles, totally 7 land use categories, such as road, water surface, universities and official organizations, primary and middle schools, parks, residential districts and others, was identified. As Crown contour was made out and leaf area was derived for each land type, the dimensional and three dimensional green quantity was calculated by its area multiplying average LAI and average crown height respectively. The results indicated that:
(ⅰ) Based on NDVI of RS data and field measurement of LAI of urban forest using Winscan canopy analyser. the relationship between NDVI and LAI was built in the paper, which was described by logistic equation. This method also could be employed to estimate leaf area in neighboring districts.
(ⅱ) Average LAI of 2.07 m~2/ m~2 for urban forest patches within the second ring road was estimated directly using of plant canopy analyzer, and 2.29 m~2/ m~2 in entire research area Among seven land use categories, LAI of urban forest patches in universities and official organizations, primary and middle schools and others, whether within the second ring road or in entire research area, are the lowest, road layer lower, residential districts, parks and public plazas highest.
(ⅲ) The total leaf area within the second ring road is 798.18×104 m~2, its main distribution scopes are parks, such as ring park and Xiaoyaojin Park, its LAI are 2-3 m~2/ m~2 in the midst of; The leaf area of whole study area is 5159.11×104 m~2, its main distribution scopes are in western and northwestern part of the city, its LAI are mostly between 3 and 4 m~2/ m~2 , because of Shushan forest park existing in the region.
(ⅳ) Within the second ring road, green quantity contribution in residential districts, parks and plazas is higher than that of urban forest coverage; But it is lower in universities and official organizations, primary and middle schools, roads and others. In entire research area, green quantity contribution in residential districts, parks, plazas and roads are higher than that of urban forest coverage; But green quantity contribution in universities and official organizations and primary and middle schools are generally equal to that of urban forest coverage; the others are lower.
(ⅴ) The tree canopy coverage reached to 8.2% within the second ring road, yet 6.5% in entire research area. Although total tree canopy area is highest in residential districts, its coverage is lower; Total canopy area in parks is relatively lower but its coverage is the highest.
According to the current status of urban forest in Hefei city, the author thinks that we shall protect forest belt round the center city and plant more street trees complying with the design principle of interspersed arbors and shrubs, especially in high density residential districts. Meanwhile, we shall carefully preserve current urban forest in the southwest and southeast of urban area and increase urban forest area in the northeast and northwest to alter its uneven distribution in Hefei. Finally, we shall further construct an intact system of urban forest.
引文
[1]《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》GBJ137～90.
[2]黄晓莺等.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究(2) [J].中国园林1995,14(56):55～57
[3]刘琳.基于RS和GIS的半干早地区城市绿化三维量侧算研究—以兰州市安宁区为例[D].西北师范大学,2006,3(4):21～24
[4]黄晓茸等.城市生存环境绿色里值群的研究(3) [J].中国园林1998,14(57):55～57
[5]吴胜泽.绿量概念在城市绿化中的应用[J].内江科技,2006,(2):23～25
[6]Law B-E,Waning R-H.Remote Sensing of Leaf Area Index and Radiation Intercepted by Under Story Vegetation[J],Ecological Application.1994,4:272～279.
[7]J H Zhou.Theory and practice on data base of three dimensional vegetation quantity [J],Acta Geography Sinica.2001,56(1):14～23
[8]周坚华.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究(5)——绿化三维量及其应用研究.中国园林,1998(5):61～62
[9]吴泽胜.绿量在深圳城市绿化的应用[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(7):1350～1352
[10]沈守云,李伟进,范亚民等.南宁青秀山绿地绿量评价[J].中南林学院学报,2003,23(5):88～91
[11]逄丽艳.济南市绿化质量分析及生态效益的计算[J].林业资源管理,2001(2):32～34
[12]黄晓鸾,王书耕.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究(3)—国内外园林绿地功能量化的研究[J].中国园林,1998,14(55):57～59
[13]陈芳,周志翔,肖荣波等.城市工业区绿地生态服务功能的计量评价——以武汉钢铁公司厂区绿地为例[J].生态学报,2006,26(7):2229～2235
[14]刘立民等.绿里一城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000,16(7l):32～34.
[15]潘瑞积.植物生理学[M].高等教育出版社,2001,55.
[16]韩红霞,高峻,刘广亮.遥感和GIS支持下的城市植被生态效益评价,应用生态学报2003,12(14):31～34
[17]陈自新等.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究.中国园林.1998(1-6)
[18]周坚华,孙天纵等.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算.环境遥感学报,1995,8(3):32～34
[19]肖荣波,周志翔,王鹏程等.3S技术在城市绿地生态研究中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):71～76
[20]陈春来,石纯,俞小明.RS、GIS技术在城市绿地综合效益研究中的应用现状及展望[J].中国园林,2006(2):47～49
[21]叶勤,骆天庆.航空遥感在城市绿色三维量调查中的应用[J].铁路航测,2000,(2):25～28
[22]周廷刚,罗红霞,郭达志.基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究[J].生态学报,2005,25(3):415～420
[23]金福宇,曹立科,周大鹏等.城市绿量研究进展[J].现代园林,2002,(5):10～11
[24]周坚华,黄顺忠.上海市绿化三维量调查及对策研究[J].中国园林,1997,(2):32～34
[25]Sun T-Z,J-H Zhou.Remote sensing in Cities[M].Shanghai:Scientific and Technological Literature Press,1995,381～383
[26]周坚华.城市绿量测算模式及信息系统[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):14～22
[27]J-H Zhou,Sun T-Z.Study on remote sensing model of three-dimensional green biomass and the estimation of environmental benefits of greenery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment China,1995,10(5):162～173
[28]周一凡,周坚华.基于绿化三维量的城市生态环境评价系统[J].中国园林,2001,(5):77～78
[29]吕妙儿,蒲英霞,黄杏元.城市绿地监测遥感应用[J].中国园林,2000,16(71):41～43
[30]刘常富,何兴元,陈玮等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):32～38
[31]王巨斌,赵慧珠.提高沈阳市绿化生态效益的重要途径[J].辽宁师专学报,2004,6(4):86～88
[32]陈自新,苏雪痕.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(2)[J].中国园林,1998,(1)
[33]陈自新,苏雪痕.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(3)[J].中国园林,1998,(1)
[34]陈自新,苏雪痕.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(4)[J].中国园林,1998,(1)
[35]安勇,卓丽环.哈尔滨市紫丁香绿量[J].东北林业大学学报,2004,32(6):81～83
[36]刘立民等.绿量一城市绿化评估的新概念。中国园林,Nol.16,No.71/2000(5)
[37]黄晓莺等.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究.中国园林.1999(1-6)
[38]唐小明.VIEWGIS进行森林资源地理信息管理概述.林业资源管理,1994(6):10～l6.
[39]李哈滨,伍业钢.景观生态学的数量研究方法.刘建国,当代生态学博论,北京:科学出版社,1992,209~233
[40]高峻,宋永昌.基于遥感和GIS的城乡交错带景观演变研究—以上海西南地区为例.生态学报,2003,23(4):34～36
[41]陈佑启.北京城乡交错带土地利用问题与对策研究,经济地理,1996,16(4): 46～50
[42]周廷刚,罗红霞.基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究[J].生态学报.2005,3(3):89～92
[43]刘常富,何兴元等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报.2006,5(3):88～93
[44]丁圣彦,卢训令,李昊民.天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段群落光环境特征比较,生态学报,2005,11(2):32～35
[45]吴彤,倪绍祥,李云梅,陈健.由冠层孔隙度反演植被叶面积指数的算法比较,南京师大学报,2006,3(5):43～45
[46]郭凯,孙培新,刘卫国.利用ERDAS IMAGINE从遥感影像中提取植被指数,西部探矿工程,2005,109(6):24～26
[47]周坚华.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算[J].遥感学报,1995(3):162～174
[48]黄浩.基于高分辨率卫星影像的城市植被信息提取与分析研究[J].硕士论文
[49]方秀琴,张万昌.叶面积指数(LAI)的遥感定量方法综述,国土资源遥感, 2003, No.3:59～62
[50]吴伟斌,洪添胜,王锡平等.叶面积指数地面测量方法的研究进展[ J ],华中农业大学学报[ J ],2007,26(2):270～275
[51]罗亚,徐建华,岳文泽.基于遥感影像的植被指数研究方法述评,生态科学, 2005,24(1):75～79
[52]陈朝晖,朱江,徐兴奎.利用归一化植被指数研究植被分类、面积估算和不确定性分析的进展,气候与环境研究,2004,9(4):688～694
[53]吴泽民,吴文友,高健,张少杰.合肥市区城市森林景观格局分析,应用生态学报, 2003,14(12):2117～2122
[54] Jing MC ,Josef Cihlar. 1995. Plant canopy gap size analysis theo2ry for improving optical measurements of leaf area index [ J ] .A ppl . Optics ,34 (27) :6211～6222.
[55] Pierce LL ,Running RW. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer [J ] . Ecology ,69 :1762～1767.
[56] Nowak D J,Daniel E. C,Jack C. S. 2006.Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.No.4:115～123.
[57]王希群,马履一.叶面积指数的研究和应用进展,生态学杂志,2005 ,24 (5) :537～541
[58]申晓瑜,李湛东.园林植物叶面积指数研究进展,吉林林业科技,2007,1:7～9
[59] Jeffrey T. Walton, David J. Nowak, and Eric J. Greenfield , Assessing Urban Forest Canopy Cover Using Airborne or Satellite Imagery. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry2008. 34(6):334～340
[60] David J. Nowak,Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 4 2006,11 5～123
[61] Nowak, D.J,Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Chicago Urban forest Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NE-18. DC: USDA. 1994,95～114
[62] Anne Buckelew Cumming, Daniel B. Twardus, David J. Nowak Urban Forest Health Monitoring: Large-Scale Assessments in the United States, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2008,34(6):341～346.
[63] Paula J. Peper and E. Gregory McPherson Comparison of five methods for estimating leaf area index of open grown deciduous trees Journal of Arboriculture 1998,24(2)
[64]龚建周,夏北成.广州市1990-2005年植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,生态环境2006,l5(6):1289～1291
[65]宣婷婷,胡鸿瑞,吴泽民,朱峰.合肥市环城公园城市森林叶面积比较研究,安徽农业大学学报,2010,37(2):301～305
[66]胡鸿瑞,吴泽民,吴文友.应用遥感技术估测合肥市植被叶面积绿量,安徽农业大学学报,2010,37(2):306～311
[2]黄晓莺等.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究(2) [J].中国园林1995,14(56):55～57
[3]刘琳.基于RS和GIS的半干早地区城市绿化三维量侧算研究—以兰州市安宁区为例[D].西北师范大学,2006,3(4):21～24
[4]黄晓茸等.城市生存环境绿色里值群的研究(3) [J].中国园林1998,14(57):55～57
[5]吴胜泽.绿量概念在城市绿化中的应用[J].内江科技,2006,(2):23～25
[6]Law B-E,Waning R-H.Remote Sensing of Leaf Area Index and Radiation Intercepted by Under Story Vegetation[J],Ecological Application.1994,4:272～279.
[7]J H Zhou.Theory and practice on data base of three dimensional vegetation quantity [J],Acta Geography Sinica.2001,56(1):14～23
[8]周坚华.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究(5)——绿化三维量及其应用研究.中国园林,1998(5):61～62
[9]吴泽胜.绿量在深圳城市绿化的应用[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(7):1350～1352
[10]沈守云,李伟进,范亚民等.南宁青秀山绿地绿量评价[J].中南林学院学报,2003,23(5):88～91
[11]逄丽艳.济南市绿化质量分析及生态效益的计算[J].林业资源管理,2001(2):32～34
[12]黄晓鸾,王书耕.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究(3)—国内外园林绿地功能量化的研究[J].中国园林,1998,14(55):57～59
[13]陈芳,周志翔,肖荣波等.城市工业区绿地生态服务功能的计量评价——以武汉钢铁公司厂区绿地为例[J].生态学报,2006,26(7):2229～2235
[14]刘立民等.绿里一城市绿化评估的新概念[J].中国园林,2000,16(7l):32～34.
[15]潘瑞积.植物生理学[M].高等教育出版社,2001,55.
[16]韩红霞,高峻,刘广亮.遥感和GIS支持下的城市植被生态效益评价,应用生态学报2003,12(14):31～34
[17]陈自新等.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究.中国园林.1998(1-6)
[18]周坚华,孙天纵等.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算.环境遥感学报,1995,8(3):32～34
[19]肖荣波,周志翔,王鹏程等.3S技术在城市绿地生态研究中的应用[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):71～76
[20]陈春来,石纯,俞小明.RS、GIS技术在城市绿地综合效益研究中的应用现状及展望[J].中国园林,2006(2):47～49
[21]叶勤,骆天庆.航空遥感在城市绿色三维量调查中的应用[J].铁路航测,2000,(2):25～28
[22]周廷刚,罗红霞,郭达志.基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究[J].生态学报,2005,25(3):415～420
[23]金福宇,曹立科,周大鹏等.城市绿量研究进展[J].现代园林,2002,(5):10～11
[24]周坚华,黄顺忠.上海市绿化三维量调查及对策研究[J].中国园林,1997,(2):32～34
[25]Sun T-Z,J-H Zhou.Remote sensing in Cities[M].Shanghai:Scientific and Technological Literature Press,1995,381～383
[26]周坚华.城市绿量测算模式及信息系统[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):14～22
[27]J-H Zhou,Sun T-Z.Study on remote sensing model of three-dimensional green biomass and the estimation of environmental benefits of greenery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment China,1995,10(5):162～173
[28]周一凡,周坚华.基于绿化三维量的城市生态环境评价系统[J].中国园林,2001,(5):77～78
[29]吕妙儿,蒲英霞,黄杏元.城市绿地监测遥感应用[J].中国园林,2000,16(71):41～43
[30]刘常富,何兴元,陈玮等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):32～38
[31]王巨斌,赵慧珠.提高沈阳市绿化生态效益的重要途径[J].辽宁师专学报,2004,6(4):86～88
[32]陈自新,苏雪痕.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(2)[J].中国园林,1998,(1)
[33]陈自新,苏雪痕.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(3)[J].中国园林,1998,(1)
[34]陈自新,苏雪痕.北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(4)[J].中国园林,1998,(1)
[35]安勇,卓丽环.哈尔滨市紫丁香绿量[J].东北林业大学学报,2004,32(6):81～83
[36]刘立民等.绿量一城市绿化评估的新概念。中国园林,Nol.16,No.71/2000(5)
[37]黄晓莺等.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究.中国园林.1999(1-6)
[38]唐小明.VIEWGIS进行森林资源地理信息管理概述.林业资源管理,1994(6):10～l6.
[39]李哈滨,伍业钢.景观生态学的数量研究方法.刘建国,当代生态学博论,北京:科学出版社,1992,209~233
[40]高峻,宋永昌.基于遥感和GIS的城乡交错带景观演变研究—以上海西南地区为例.生态学报,2003,23(4):34～36
[41]陈佑启.北京城乡交错带土地利用问题与对策研究,经济地理,1996,16(4): 46～50
[42]周廷刚,罗红霞.基于遥感影像的城市空间三维绿量(绿化三维量)定量研究[J].生态学报.2005,3(3):89～92
[43]刘常富,何兴元等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报.2006,5(3):88～93
[44]丁圣彦,卢训令,李昊民.天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段群落光环境特征比较,生态学报,2005,11(2):32～35
[45]吴彤,倪绍祥,李云梅,陈健.由冠层孔隙度反演植被叶面积指数的算法比较,南京师大学报,2006,3(5):43～45
[46]郭凯,孙培新,刘卫国.利用ERDAS IMAGINE从遥感影像中提取植被指数,西部探矿工程,2005,109(6):24～26
[47]周坚华.三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算[J].遥感学报,1995(3):162～174
[48]黄浩.基于高分辨率卫星影像的城市植被信息提取与分析研究[J].硕士论文
[49]方秀琴,张万昌.叶面积指数(LAI)的遥感定量方法综述,国土资源遥感, 2003, No.3:59～62
[50]吴伟斌,洪添胜,王锡平等.叶面积指数地面测量方法的研究进展[ J ],华中农业大学学报[ J ],2007,26(2):270～275
[51]罗亚,徐建华,岳文泽.基于遥感影像的植被指数研究方法述评,生态科学, 2005,24(1):75～79
[52]陈朝晖,朱江,徐兴奎.利用归一化植被指数研究植被分类、面积估算和不确定性分析的进展,气候与环境研究,2004,9(4):688～694
[53]吴泽民,吴文友,高健,张少杰.合肥市区城市森林景观格局分析,应用生态学报, 2003,14(12):2117～2122
[54] Jing MC ,Josef Cihlar. 1995. Plant canopy gap size analysis theo2ry for improving optical measurements of leaf area index [ J ] .A ppl . Optics ,34 (27) :6211～6222.
[55] Pierce LL ,Running RW. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer [J ] . Ecology ,69 :1762～1767.
[56] Nowak D J,Daniel E. C,Jack C. S. 2006.Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.No.4:115～123.
[57]王希群,马履一.叶面积指数的研究和应用进展,生态学杂志,2005 ,24 (5) :537～541
[58]申晓瑜,李湛东.园林植物叶面积指数研究进展,吉林林业科技,2007,1:7～9
[59] Jeffrey T. Walton, David J. Nowak, and Eric J. Greenfield , Assessing Urban Forest Canopy Cover Using Airborne or Satellite Imagery. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry2008. 34(6):334～340
[60] David J. Nowak,Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 4 2006,11 5～123
[61] Nowak, D.J,Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Chicago Urban forest Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NE-18. DC: USDA. 1994,95～114
[62] Anne Buckelew Cumming, Daniel B. Twardus, David J. Nowak Urban Forest Health Monitoring: Large-Scale Assessments in the United States, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2008,34(6):341～346.
[63] Paula J. Peper and E. Gregory McPherson Comparison of five methods for estimating leaf area index of open grown deciduous trees Journal of Arboriculture 1998,24(2)
[64]龚建周,夏北成.广州市1990-2005年植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,生态环境2006,l5(6):1289～1291
[65]宣婷婷,胡鸿瑞,吴泽民,朱峰.合肥市环城公园城市森林叶面积比较研究,安徽农业大学学报,2010,37(2):301～305
[66]胡鸿瑞,吴泽民,吴文友.应用遥感技术估测合肥市植被叶面积绿量,安徽农业大学学报,2010,37(2):306～311