栓皮栎4个不同类型遗传测定及其评价
摘要
利用RAPD技术,采用巢式方差设计分析及单因素方差设计分析和多重比较,研究了4个不同栓皮栎变异类型的遗传差异、表型差异;对4个变异类型的子代进行了形态、生长、抗逆性分析;运用模糊数学隶属函数方法对其速生、抗旱、栓皮特性,进行了综合评价,主要结果如下:
(1)运用已优化的RAPD反应条件,从235条随机引物条中筛选出35条对取自楼观台的24份天然栓皮栎种群的材料进行扩增表明,栓皮栎天然群体的总体遗传多样性水平高,栓皮栎天然群体遗传分化大、遗传变异高;通过UPGMA聚类分析,可将栓皮栎天然群体划分成4个变异类型,与表型类型相一致,各变异类型的遗传多样性水平高。多态位点数、多态百分率、观测等位基因平均数、Shannon信息指数和Nei基因多样性指数所显示的各类型遗传多样性变化规律都一致。4个变异类型之间的遗传距离大,遗传相似度小。
(2)栓皮栎4个变异类型表型性状存在不同程度的变异,各性状的变异系数和变异范围都比较大并且不同。方差分析显示栓皮栎类型内个体间性状指标的差异基本达到了极显著水平,类型间树皮厚度、栓皮厚度、裂缝深、裂缝宽、裂纹宽、裂纹密度、种子虫蛀率也达到了极显著水平,类型间栓皮容重、叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、叶形指数、果实长、果实宽、果形指数、种子长、种子宽、种形指数、分枝角度达到了显著水平。多重比较表明所调查的27个性状有20个性状在4个变异类型间有极显著或显著差异,这可作为区分栓皮栎4大变异类型的主要依据。栓皮栎不同变异类型的物候期也存在一定差异,栓皮栎遗传改良潜力大。
(3)栓皮栎4个变异类型子代的叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶柄长、叶面积和总叶片数存在显著差异,4个变异类型7年生的树皮厚度、栓皮厚度、裂缝深、裂缝宽、裂纹宽、裂纹密度存在显著或极显著差异,子代表型特征与成年母树植株表型特征在遗传上高度一致,4个变异类型的表型特征可以遗传。4个变异类型的1年生、4年生、7年生的苗高、地径存在显著差异。各类型抗病虫害强,PV水分参数和根茎比所显示的抗旱性不相同。
(4)以速生性、抗旱性、栓皮特性为指标运用模糊数学隶属函数方法对4个变异类型进行优良性综合评价,选择出了生长迅速、抗旱性强、栓皮优良的变异类型,从而为栓皮栎新品种审定和推广提供了依据。栓皮栎4个变异类型的优良性为:厚皮深裂型>厚皮浅裂型>薄皮深裂型>薄皮浅裂型。
The paper studied genetic variation and phenotype variation of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. using RAPD technology and adopting nest ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons; analyzed morphology, growth and stress-resistance of the progeny of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL.; used fuzzy subordinate function to evaluate comprehensively the superior of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. according to fast-growing, drought-resistance, cork quality. The major results were as follows:
(1) Using optimized RAPD reaction conditions, the 35 primers selected from the 235 random primers amplified for 24 material of natural Quercus variabilis BL. populations which came from Louguantai. It showed that: the total genetic diversity of natural Quercus variabilis BL. populations was high, genetic differentiation of natural Quercus variabilis BL. populations was large and it’s genetic variation was high; through UPGMA cluster analysis, the natural populations of Quercus variabilis BL. might be divided into four variant types, which was consistent to their phenotype types, and their genetic diversity was high. Polymorphic loci, percentage of polymorphic loci, average observed number of alleles, Shannon information index and Nei’s genetic diversity showed that the changes of genetic diversity of all types were consistent. Genetic distance between the four variant types was large and genetic similarity was small.
(2) The phenotypic characters of the four variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. had different degrees variation, their variant coefficient and variant range were great and different. ANOVA showed that: the differences of trait indicators among individual in Quercus variabilis BL types reached a very significant level; bark thickness, cork thickness, fissure depth, fissure width, crack width, crack density, moth-eaten seed rate among types also reached a very significant level; cork density leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf shape index, fruit length, fruit width, fruit shape index, seed length, seed width, seed shape index, branch angle among types reached a significant level. Multiple comparisons showed that the 20 characters that came from 27 characters surveyed among four variant types had significant or very significant differences, which might be used as the main basis to distinguish 4 variant types of Quercus variabilis BL. The phenological period of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. also had differences. The potential of genetic improvement was great in Quercus variabilis BL..
(3) Leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, petiole length, leaf area and total leaf number of the progeny of four variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. had a significant difference among types. 7-year-old bark thickness, cork thickness, fissure depth, fissure width, crack width, crack density of four cracks, deep cracks width, crack width, crack density of four variant types among types had a significant or very significant differences. The phenotype characters of progeny were greatly consistent to phenotype characteristics of the adult parent trees, which showed that the phenotype characters of four variant types might inherit. 1-year-old, 4-year-old, 7-year-old seedling height and collar diameter of four variant types had a significant difference. Anti-pest and anti-disease of various types were strong. PV water parameters and ratio of root and stem showed that the drought-resistance of various types was not the same.
(4) According to fast-growing, drought-resistance, cork quality et al. indicators, the superior of four variant types was comprehensively evaluated by using fuzzy subordinate function, which selected excellent types with rapid growth, strong drought-resistance and excellent cork. This provided the basis for new variety certification and promotion. The superior of four variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. were as follows: thick bark deep crack>thick bark shallow crack>thin bark deep crack>thin bark shallow crack.
(1)运用已优化的RAPD反应条件,从235条随机引物条中筛选出35条对取自楼观台的24份天然栓皮栎种群的材料进行扩增表明,栓皮栎天然群体的总体遗传多样性水平高,栓皮栎天然群体遗传分化大、遗传变异高;通过UPGMA聚类分析,可将栓皮栎天然群体划分成4个变异类型,与表型类型相一致,各变异类型的遗传多样性水平高。多态位点数、多态百分率、观测等位基因平均数、Shannon信息指数和Nei基因多样性指数所显示的各类型遗传多样性变化规律都一致。4个变异类型之间的遗传距离大,遗传相似度小。
(2)栓皮栎4个变异类型表型性状存在不同程度的变异,各性状的变异系数和变异范围都比较大并且不同。方差分析显示栓皮栎类型内个体间性状指标的差异基本达到了极显著水平,类型间树皮厚度、栓皮厚度、裂缝深、裂缝宽、裂纹宽、裂纹密度、种子虫蛀率也达到了极显著水平,类型间栓皮容重、叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、叶形指数、果实长、果实宽、果形指数、种子长、种子宽、种形指数、分枝角度达到了显著水平。多重比较表明所调查的27个性状有20个性状在4个变异类型间有极显著或显著差异,这可作为区分栓皮栎4大变异类型的主要依据。栓皮栎不同变异类型的物候期也存在一定差异,栓皮栎遗传改良潜力大。
(3)栓皮栎4个变异类型子代的叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶柄长、叶面积和总叶片数存在显著差异,4个变异类型7年生的树皮厚度、栓皮厚度、裂缝深、裂缝宽、裂纹宽、裂纹密度存在显著或极显著差异,子代表型特征与成年母树植株表型特征在遗传上高度一致,4个变异类型的表型特征可以遗传。4个变异类型的1年生、4年生、7年生的苗高、地径存在显著差异。各类型抗病虫害强,PV水分参数和根茎比所显示的抗旱性不相同。
(4)以速生性、抗旱性、栓皮特性为指标运用模糊数学隶属函数方法对4个变异类型进行优良性综合评价,选择出了生长迅速、抗旱性强、栓皮优良的变异类型,从而为栓皮栎新品种审定和推广提供了依据。栓皮栎4个变异类型的优良性为:厚皮深裂型>厚皮浅裂型>薄皮深裂型>薄皮浅裂型。
The paper studied genetic variation and phenotype variation of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. using RAPD technology and adopting nest ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons; analyzed morphology, growth and stress-resistance of the progeny of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL.; used fuzzy subordinate function to evaluate comprehensively the superior of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. according to fast-growing, drought-resistance, cork quality. The major results were as follows:
(1) Using optimized RAPD reaction conditions, the 35 primers selected from the 235 random primers amplified for 24 material of natural Quercus variabilis BL. populations which came from Louguantai. It showed that: the total genetic diversity of natural Quercus variabilis BL. populations was high, genetic differentiation of natural Quercus variabilis BL. populations was large and it’s genetic variation was high; through UPGMA cluster analysis, the natural populations of Quercus variabilis BL. might be divided into four variant types, which was consistent to their phenotype types, and their genetic diversity was high. Polymorphic loci, percentage of polymorphic loci, average observed number of alleles, Shannon information index and Nei’s genetic diversity showed that the changes of genetic diversity of all types were consistent. Genetic distance between the four variant types was large and genetic similarity was small.
(2) The phenotypic characters of the four variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. had different degrees variation, their variant coefficient and variant range were great and different. ANOVA showed that: the differences of trait indicators among individual in Quercus variabilis BL types reached a very significant level; bark thickness, cork thickness, fissure depth, fissure width, crack width, crack density, moth-eaten seed rate among types also reached a very significant level; cork density leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf shape index, fruit length, fruit width, fruit shape index, seed length, seed width, seed shape index, branch angle among types reached a significant level. Multiple comparisons showed that the 20 characters that came from 27 characters surveyed among four variant types had significant or very significant differences, which might be used as the main basis to distinguish 4 variant types of Quercus variabilis BL. The phenological period of different variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. also had differences. The potential of genetic improvement was great in Quercus variabilis BL..
(3) Leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, petiole length, leaf area and total leaf number of the progeny of four variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. had a significant difference among types. 7-year-old bark thickness, cork thickness, fissure depth, fissure width, crack width, crack density of four cracks, deep cracks width, crack width, crack density of four variant types among types had a significant or very significant differences. The phenotype characters of progeny were greatly consistent to phenotype characteristics of the adult parent trees, which showed that the phenotype characters of four variant types might inherit. 1-year-old, 4-year-old, 7-year-old seedling height and collar diameter of four variant types had a significant difference. Anti-pest and anti-disease of various types were strong. PV water parameters and ratio of root and stem showed that the drought-resistance of various types was not the same.
(4) According to fast-growing, drought-resistance, cork quality et al. indicators, the superior of four variant types was comprehensively evaluated by using fuzzy subordinate function, which selected excellent types with rapid growth, strong drought-resistance and excellent cork. This provided the basis for new variety certification and promotion. The superior of four variant types in Quercus variabilis BL. were as follows: thick bark deep crack>thick bark shallow crack>thin bark deep crack>thin bark shallow crack.
引文
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