企业环境会计基本理论与实务研究
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摘要
环境会计是近年来出现的一个崭新的研究领域,它的研究是随着全球环境和资源问题日益恶化以及公众的环境意识不断增强而兴起的。随着环境问题的日益突出,企业发生的环境事项也越来越多,企业的科益相关者(包括投资者、债权人、政府部门以及社会公众)出于自身利益或道义上的考虑也会产生对企业环境信息的需求;企业要维持正常的生产经营活动,避免环境风险,也需要相关的环境信息以利于生产经营决策的作出,这就要求企业必须能够提供环境资产、环境负债、环境成本等环境信息的信息系统。而环境会计正好可以满足这一要求,所以研究环境会计有着重大意义。
     我国环境会计的研究无论在理论还是在实务方面基本上处于起步阶段,还未形成一套公认的、可以在实践中运用的理论方法体系。本文正是在这样一个背景下,在总结前人已有研究成果的基础上,对环境会计的若干理论与方法问题进行了研究,主要包括环境会计研究的理论基础、环境会计的理论结构研究、环境会计要素的确认与计量、企业环境信息披露等几个问题。本文从企业环境会计研究的需要出发,明确了环境会计研究的三个理论基础:环境价值理论、可持续发展理论与外部成本内部化理论,这为企业环境会计基本理论与方法体系的构建提供了理论依据。同时通过与传统会计的比较,本文又研究了环境会计的目标、对象、基本假设以及一般原则等基本理论问题,构建了环境会计的基本理论框架。环境资产、环境负债、环境成本是三个基本的环境会计要素,它们的确认和计量有着自己的特殊性也是本文的重点,尤其对企业环境成本进行了深入的研究,提出了企业总成本计算框架理论,并给出了个案分析,将前述理论进行了应用研究。本文针对我国企业的实际情况和迫切要解决的问题,将企业环境信息披露问题作为企业环境会计的重要内容,对企业环境信息披露的必要性、形式、内容等问题进行了研究,并就我国企业实施环境会计的途径和保障机制进行了大胆的设想。
Environmental accounting is a new research field in recent years, which is emerging from an increasing deterioration of environment and resource and constant strengthening of the public's concept of the environment protection. More and more environmental events have happened in an enterprise in pace with increasingly serious environmental problems. Investors, creditors,. government and community have a varied demand for enterprise environmental information due to their own interests or moral consideration. Enterprises also need relevant environmental accounting information for their management decisions in order to maintain normal enterprise production and management and reduce environmental risks. All these ask for enterprises to establish a system to provide environmental information such as environmental assets, environmental liabilities and environmental costs etc. Environmental accounting is such a system, so study on environmental accounting has important meanings.
    It is now an initial stage in our country for theoretical study on and practice in environmental accounting, and a generally recognized and practiced system has not formed. Just under this background, the author tries to do some research on environmental accounting in the paper on the basis of the past achievements. The content of this paper mainly includes the theoretical basis of environmental accounting, the analysis of the basis theory of environmental accounting, the identify and measurement of environmental accounting elements and the disclosure of enterprise environmental information. The theoretical basis of environmental accounting study has been made clear in the first part of the paper in order to meet the needs for further study. Compared with traditional accounting, the basis theory of environmental accounting has been studied to build a basis theoretical structure in the paper. The identify principles and measurement approaches of environmental elements are different from traditional accounting
     system and have been made a emphatic study, especially a detailed study has been done on the enterprise environmental cost in the paper. In view of this situation in the enterprise of our country, the disclosure of enterprise environmental information is also an emphasis and suggestions of how to disclose environmental information have been given in the paper.
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