晚全新世苏干湖年纹层沉积及其环境记录
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摘要
晚全新世是IGBP-PAGES研究的目标时段之一，过去2000年来高分辨率的气候记录及有关气候变化的研究也倍受CLIVER等研究计划所注重。柴达木盆地位于青藏高原和西北干旱区交界地带，地理位置上同时具有西北干旱区和青藏高原高、寒、旱的特征，使得其对气候和环境变化相对敏感。本文以柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖为研究对象，通过对湖泊中心位置SG03I孔保存完好的纹泥沉积物岩芯进行年代学研究，对湖泊现代沉积过程及碳酸盐、流域水体同位素进行现代过程研究，以沉积碳酸盐稳定同位素指标为主，结合其它代用指标的综合分析，探讨苏干湖流域近2670年来的气候与环境变化，综合区域其它记录对苏干湖流域晚全新世气候变化的驱动机制进行探讨，获得如下认识：
1、柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖若干钻孔岩芯发现，水深大于3.0m的沉积物均具有裸眼可分辩的由深色层和浅色层组成的纹层层理。本文以湖泊中心SG03I孔上部5.5m具有纹层结构的沉积岩芯为研究对象。基于沉积物收集装置的现代过程研究发现，苏干湖夏秋季以浅色的单水方解石为主，冬半年以深色有机质为主，现代湖泊能够形成冬半年深色层和夏半年浅色层的纹层沉积。岩芯中有四种类型的纹层沉积：单水方解石—有机质纹层、白云石—有机质纹层、碎屑—硅藻(碎屑)纹层与文石—有机质纹层，均具有季节特征，属可靠的年纹层，且顶部纹层计年与~(210)Pb测年结果一致。根据纹层计年，年纹层沉积形成于距今2670年以来。苏干湖纹层沉积是我国西部干旱区发现的第一个能够确认为是年纹层的湖泊沉积，四种不同类型的年纹层指示了不同气候类型及其季节差异，具有重建高分辨率气候变化的重要意义。通过已经得到验证的年纹层年龄-深度序列，对苏干湖其它测年手段(~(14)C测年和铀系测年)进行验证，发现在碎屑类纹层沉积阶段即小冰期阶段，水生植物残体的~(14)C测年存在2630年碳库效应，小冰期以外时段碳库效应责随时间变化。沉积物文石的铀系测年受到外源碎屑输入的影响，在苏干湖并不适用，需做进一步的研究。
2、苏干湖流域降水-地下水-地表径流-湖水同位素系统研究表明，现代气候条件下苏干湖流域大气降水主要来源于西风环流携带的水汽输入。苏干湖湖水来源于地下水和浅层地下水出渗形成的短小河流，两者都来自祁连山冰雪融水，湖泊水文变化是目前湖水δ~(18)O变化的主要原因。湖水δ~(13)C_(TDIC)整体反映了湖水TDIC和大气CO_2的交换时间长短，其变化在较大时间尺度上反映了入湖水量的大小。沉积物碳酸盐氧、碳同位素分别反应了湖水的δ~(18)O和δ~(13)C_(TDIC)，δ~(18)O指示湖水体积变化，是湖泊水位变化的良好指标；δ~(13)C_(TDIC)则指示了湖水和大气的交换程度以及入流水量的大小，间接指示了温度控制下的冰封时间长短。
3、多指标综合分析重建的苏干湖流域晚全新世近2670年来的环境变化显示，苏干湖2670年来流域持续变干；出现截然不同的两个大的阶段，即1200A．D．前的干旱阶段和1200A．D．后的湿润阶段，期间出现1400～1550A．D．的干旱事件：自1830A．D．以来气候变暖背景下的流域变干趋势。800-1200A．D．是苏干湖流域的“中世纪暖期”，表现为暖干的气候状况，湖水萎缩，入湖水量减少，但气候状态较为稳定，没有较大的波动。1200A．D．～1830A．D．为苏干湖流域的“小冰期”阶段，表现为冷湿的气候状况，湖泊水文条件出现突变，入湖淡水突然增加，湖泊水位存在较大的波动，主要表现为高水位但不稳定的水文状况，其中在1400～1550A．D．期间出现一次寒冷背景下的干旱事件。
作为盆-山耦合体系，敦德冰芯δ~(18)O和苏干湖沉积物碳酸盐δ~(18)O记录具有相同的气候背景，近2000年来两者都存在总体逐渐升高的趋势。反映了苏干湖湖水与敦德冰芯之间的水文联系。苏干湖年纹层厚度和敦德冰芯δ~(18)O及冰芯积累量之间的关系较为一致。作为一个流域系统，高温和降水量的增加导致冰芯提供给苏干湖流域的水源增加，湖泊记录的碳酸盐δ~(18)O偏负，年纹层厚度所指示的沉积速率增加；与祁连山-柴达木盆地的树轮记录对比发现，树轮记录在低频变化上没有和苏干湖一样出现明显的阶段性，但在记录突变事件上具有一致性，如树轮和苏干湖都记录了400A．D．、800A．D．、1200A．D．和1400～1550A．D．的突变；与附近湖泊的对比发现，哈拉湖碳酸盐同位素记录和苏干湖大致相同。青海湖碳酸盐δ~(18)O和苏干湖碳酸盐δ~(18)O在1200A．D．后大体呈反相变化的趋势，在相位上略有不同。祁连山东西两侧的这两个湖泊记录出现的反相变化在大气环流控制带上可能指示了两种不同的气候系统，分别指示了西风带的气候和西南季风区的变化。
4、苏干湖碳酸盐氧同位素记录与冬季风、西风环流过去2700以来年来保持同步的升高趋势，其中1200-1830A．D．的小冰期同位素偏负和纹层厚度增加对应西风的强盛，但存在一定的相位差。冬季风和西风强盛可能是苏干湖小冰期湿润的原因之一。
太阳活动明显分为两个阶段，1280A．D．前的稳定期和之后的太阳活动减小期，对应苏干湖沉积记录的两个大的阶段。由此可见，太阳活动可能是苏干湖流域气候变化的主要驱动因子。
Late Holocene is one of the important study periods of IGBP-PAGAES. High resolution climate records and its relative climate change studies are also highly focused by CLIVER and other programs during the past 2,000 years. Chaidam Basin is located along the boundary between Tibet Plateau and Northwest arid area so that the higher/cold and dry climate become the climate characters in this area therefore it is very sensitive to the climate and environmental changes. This paper discusses the research carried out on the Lake Sugan, in the northern margin of Chaidam Basin. The climate and environmental changes in Lake Sugan drainage area over the past 2670 years were studied using the varve dating of the well preserved lamination sediments in core SG03I taken from the center of Lake Sugan, the study of varve formation in modern lake system and modern process study of carbonate and oxygen isotopes of the water within the drainage area, and according to the main index of the stable isotopes of carbonate sediments synthesized other index analysis. Concerned with other records from this area, the forcing mechanics of Late Holocene climate changes in this area is discussed and the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Detailed examination of sedimentary cores retrieved from Sugan Lake in the northern Qaidam Basin of northwest China's Tibetan Plateau reveal that fine laminated beddings form in the sediments where water depth exceeds 3 m. Seasonal surface sediments trapped at the bottom of the lake suggest that sediments deposited during summer and autumn are mainly light colored monohydrocalcites, while those deposited in winter are dark organic matter, indicating that varve layers form under modern limnological conditions. Continuous varve sediments comprising four types have accumulated in the upper 5.5 m of Core SG03I from the center of the lake. All types exhibit clear seasonality indicative of annual deposition. Varve counts correspondence with 210Pb dates on recent sediments in the upper core suggest the continuous varves of the upper 5.5 m of the core formed in the late Holocene (2670 B. P). The Sugan Lake varve sequence is the first demonstration of annually laminated sediments reported in arid western China. Using this varve dating results, we calibrate the other dating methods (radiocarbon dating and U-series dating) which were carried out in Lake Sugan. It was found that in the Little Ice Age with clastic varve type, radiocarbon dating has 2630 years radiocarbon reservoir effect, while beyond the LIA, the radiocarbon reservoir changed as the time passed. Influenced by the exterior source input of the detrital matters, U-series dating using aragonite is not suitable to the study of Lake Sugan sediment and a further study is required.
2. The isotopes study of precipitation-groundwater-lake water system in Lake Sugan drainage area indicates that in modern climate system, the precipitation in Lake Sugan drainage area is mainly supplied by the water vapor carried by Westerly. Water in Lake Sugan is supplied by the groundwater and stream infiltration from shallow groundwater and all of them are supplied by the melt-water of Qilian Mountain. Inthis situation the hydrological changes of the lake is the primary reason for theδ~(18)O changes in lake water.δ~(13)C_(TDIC) of lake water reflects the exchange time between the lake water TDIC and CO_2 in the atmosphere and its changes indicate the water volume changes in a relative large time scale. Oxygen and carbon isotope of the carbonate sediments separately indicate lake waterδ~(18)O andδ~(13)C_(TDIC),δ~(18)O indicates the volume of the input water which is a good index of Lake water level changes;δ~(13)C_(TDIC) indicates the degree of the exchange between the lake and the atmosphere and indirectly indicates the ice cover time controlled by the temperature.
3. Environmental changes in Lake Sugan drainage area during the past 2670 years reconstructed by mul-index synthesis analysis indicates that during 679-200B.C. the climate appears relatively warm and humid; during the period from 200B.C.-800A.C hydrodynamics has become weak and the lake water level lowers down. During 280-200B.C. occurrs a cold and dry event; during 800-1200A.D. it is the MWP of Lake Sugan area where climate appears warm-arid and stable; during 1200-1830A.D., the Little Ice Age, appears abrupt event of hydrological condition where we come across extreme negative oxygen isotope phenomenon which indicates that the lake water level is relatively high suggesting the cold and humid climate. But during the 1400-1550A.D. occured a dry event under the cold climate condition
The carbonateδ~(18)O records of Lake Sugan and the Dunde ice core are under the same climate system and both of them incidentally show the same increasable trends over the past 2,000 years. Accumulation of Dunde ice core and the thickness of the varve show a good correlation. However, as a drainage area system, high temperature leads to the increase of melt-water while the increase of precipitation will increase the lake water level which leads to more negative results of lacustrine isotope. The thicknesses of annual varve layers suggest the increase of the sediment flux. Therefore oxygen isotope in Lake Sugan and the oxygen isotope in Dunde ice core are two different records within the same climate; when the tree ring records from Qilian Mountain-Chaidam Basin were compared with varve records in Lake Sugan, it was found that the tree ring records did not show the distinct phases of low frequency changes as found in Lake Sugan, but showed the coherence on recording the abrupt climate change. For example, both tree ring and Lake Sugan records recorded abrupt changes in 400A.D., 800 A.D. 1200 A.D. and 1400-1550 A.D.. While comparing Lake Sugan with its nearby lakes, it is found that carbonate isotope records in Hala Lake is almost the same as in Lake Sugan. The oxygen isotope of carbonate sediments from Qinghai Lake at around 1200A.D. shows the opposite trend different from the one in Lake Sugan but the chronology is not synchronous. They probably recorded the different sedimentary responses of the two climatic systems.
4. The Oxygen isotope records of Lake Sugan carbonate shows the same synchronous increased trend as shown by winter monsoon and westerly during the past 2700, and isotope negative and the increase in the thickness of the varve seen during 1200-1830A.D. in the Little Ice Age, correspond to the prevalence of the westerly but it is not synchronous. The prevalent winter monsoon and westerly might be one of the reasons why the Little Ice Age in Lake Sugan is humid. The solar activities have two stages, before 1280A.D. the stable period and after it the decreasing period of solar activities which correspond the two main periods of Lake Sugan sedimentary records. Therefore, the solar activities may be the primary forcing factor of climate changes in Lake Sugan area.
1、柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖若干钻孔岩芯发现，水深大于3.0m的沉积物均具有裸眼可分辩的由深色层和浅色层组成的纹层层理。本文以湖泊中心SG03I孔上部5.5m具有纹层结构的沉积岩芯为研究对象。基于沉积物收集装置的现代过程研究发现，苏干湖夏秋季以浅色的单水方解石为主，冬半年以深色有机质为主，现代湖泊能够形成冬半年深色层和夏半年浅色层的纹层沉积。岩芯中有四种类型的纹层沉积：单水方解石—有机质纹层、白云石—有机质纹层、碎屑—硅藻(碎屑)纹层与文石—有机质纹层，均具有季节特征，属可靠的年纹层，且顶部纹层计年与~(210)Pb测年结果一致。根据纹层计年，年纹层沉积形成于距今2670年以来。苏干湖纹层沉积是我国西部干旱区发现的第一个能够确认为是年纹层的湖泊沉积，四种不同类型的年纹层指示了不同气候类型及其季节差异，具有重建高分辨率气候变化的重要意义。通过已经得到验证的年纹层年龄-深度序列，对苏干湖其它测年手段(~(14)C测年和铀系测年)进行验证，发现在碎屑类纹层沉积阶段即小冰期阶段，水生植物残体的~(14)C测年存在2630年碳库效应，小冰期以外时段碳库效应责随时间变化。沉积物文石的铀系测年受到外源碎屑输入的影响，在苏干湖并不适用，需做进一步的研究。
2、苏干湖流域降水-地下水-地表径流-湖水同位素系统研究表明，现代气候条件下苏干湖流域大气降水主要来源于西风环流携带的水汽输入。苏干湖湖水来源于地下水和浅层地下水出渗形成的短小河流，两者都来自祁连山冰雪融水，湖泊水文变化是目前湖水δ~(18)O变化的主要原因。湖水δ~(13)C_(TDIC)整体反映了湖水TDIC和大气CO_2的交换时间长短，其变化在较大时间尺度上反映了入湖水量的大小。沉积物碳酸盐氧、碳同位素分别反应了湖水的δ~(18)O和δ~(13)C_(TDIC)，δ~(18)O指示湖水体积变化，是湖泊水位变化的良好指标；δ~(13)C_(TDIC)则指示了湖水和大气的交换程度以及入流水量的大小，间接指示了温度控制下的冰封时间长短。
3、多指标综合分析重建的苏干湖流域晚全新世近2670年来的环境变化显示，苏干湖2670年来流域持续变干；出现截然不同的两个大的阶段，即1200A．D．前的干旱阶段和1200A．D．后的湿润阶段，期间出现1400～1550A．D．的干旱事件：自1830A．D．以来气候变暖背景下的流域变干趋势。800-1200A．D．是苏干湖流域的“中世纪暖期”，表现为暖干的气候状况，湖水萎缩，入湖水量减少，但气候状态较为稳定，没有较大的波动。1200A．D．～1830A．D．为苏干湖流域的“小冰期”阶段，表现为冷湿的气候状况，湖泊水文条件出现突变，入湖淡水突然增加，湖泊水位存在较大的波动，主要表现为高水位但不稳定的水文状况，其中在1400～1550A．D．期间出现一次寒冷背景下的干旱事件。
作为盆-山耦合体系，敦德冰芯δ~(18)O和苏干湖沉积物碳酸盐δ~(18)O记录具有相同的气候背景，近2000年来两者都存在总体逐渐升高的趋势。反映了苏干湖湖水与敦德冰芯之间的水文联系。苏干湖年纹层厚度和敦德冰芯δ~(18)O及冰芯积累量之间的关系较为一致。作为一个流域系统，高温和降水量的增加导致冰芯提供给苏干湖流域的水源增加，湖泊记录的碳酸盐δ~(18)O偏负，年纹层厚度所指示的沉积速率增加；与祁连山-柴达木盆地的树轮记录对比发现，树轮记录在低频变化上没有和苏干湖一样出现明显的阶段性，但在记录突变事件上具有一致性，如树轮和苏干湖都记录了400A．D．、800A．D．、1200A．D．和1400～1550A．D．的突变；与附近湖泊的对比发现，哈拉湖碳酸盐同位素记录和苏干湖大致相同。青海湖碳酸盐δ~(18)O和苏干湖碳酸盐δ~(18)O在1200A．D．后大体呈反相变化的趋势，在相位上略有不同。祁连山东西两侧的这两个湖泊记录出现的反相变化在大气环流控制带上可能指示了两种不同的气候系统，分别指示了西风带的气候和西南季风区的变化。
4、苏干湖碳酸盐氧同位素记录与冬季风、西风环流过去2700以来年来保持同步的升高趋势，其中1200-1830A．D．的小冰期同位素偏负和纹层厚度增加对应西风的强盛，但存在一定的相位差。冬季风和西风强盛可能是苏干湖小冰期湿润的原因之一。
太阳活动明显分为两个阶段，1280A．D．前的稳定期和之后的太阳活动减小期，对应苏干湖沉积记录的两个大的阶段。由此可见，太阳活动可能是苏干湖流域气候变化的主要驱动因子。
Late Holocene is one of the important study periods of IGBP-PAGAES. High resolution climate records and its relative climate change studies are also highly focused by CLIVER and other programs during the past 2,000 years. Chaidam Basin is located along the boundary between Tibet Plateau and Northwest arid area so that the higher/cold and dry climate become the climate characters in this area therefore it is very sensitive to the climate and environmental changes. This paper discusses the research carried out on the Lake Sugan, in the northern margin of Chaidam Basin. The climate and environmental changes in Lake Sugan drainage area over the past 2670 years were studied using the varve dating of the well preserved lamination sediments in core SG03I taken from the center of Lake Sugan, the study of varve formation in modern lake system and modern process study of carbonate and oxygen isotopes of the water within the drainage area, and according to the main index of the stable isotopes of carbonate sediments synthesized other index analysis. Concerned with other records from this area, the forcing mechanics of Late Holocene climate changes in this area is discussed and the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Detailed examination of sedimentary cores retrieved from Sugan Lake in the northern Qaidam Basin of northwest China's Tibetan Plateau reveal that fine laminated beddings form in the sediments where water depth exceeds 3 m. Seasonal surface sediments trapped at the bottom of the lake suggest that sediments deposited during summer and autumn are mainly light colored monohydrocalcites, while those deposited in winter are dark organic matter, indicating that varve layers form under modern limnological conditions. Continuous varve sediments comprising four types have accumulated in the upper 5.5 m of Core SG03I from the center of the lake. All types exhibit clear seasonality indicative of annual deposition. Varve counts correspondence with 210Pb dates on recent sediments in the upper core suggest the continuous varves of the upper 5.5 m of the core formed in the late Holocene (2670 B. P). The Sugan Lake varve sequence is the first demonstration of annually laminated sediments reported in arid western China. Using this varve dating results, we calibrate the other dating methods (radiocarbon dating and U-series dating) which were carried out in Lake Sugan. It was found that in the Little Ice Age with clastic varve type, radiocarbon dating has 2630 years radiocarbon reservoir effect, while beyond the LIA, the radiocarbon reservoir changed as the time passed. Influenced by the exterior source input of the detrital matters, U-series dating using aragonite is not suitable to the study of Lake Sugan sediment and a further study is required.
2. The isotopes study of precipitation-groundwater-lake water system in Lake Sugan drainage area indicates that in modern climate system, the precipitation in Lake Sugan drainage area is mainly supplied by the water vapor carried by Westerly. Water in Lake Sugan is supplied by the groundwater and stream infiltration from shallow groundwater and all of them are supplied by the melt-water of Qilian Mountain. Inthis situation the hydrological changes of the lake is the primary reason for theδ~(18)O changes in lake water.δ~(13)C_(TDIC) of lake water reflects the exchange time between the lake water TDIC and CO_2 in the atmosphere and its changes indicate the water volume changes in a relative large time scale. Oxygen and carbon isotope of the carbonate sediments separately indicate lake waterδ~(18)O andδ~(13)C_(TDIC),δ~(18)O indicates the volume of the input water which is a good index of Lake water level changes;δ~(13)C_(TDIC) indicates the degree of the exchange between the lake and the atmosphere and indirectly indicates the ice cover time controlled by the temperature.
3. Environmental changes in Lake Sugan drainage area during the past 2670 years reconstructed by mul-index synthesis analysis indicates that during 679-200B.C. the climate appears relatively warm and humid; during the period from 200B.C.-800A.C hydrodynamics has become weak and the lake water level lowers down. During 280-200B.C. occurrs a cold and dry event; during 800-1200A.D. it is the MWP of Lake Sugan area where climate appears warm-arid and stable; during 1200-1830A.D., the Little Ice Age, appears abrupt event of hydrological condition where we come across extreme negative oxygen isotope phenomenon which indicates that the lake water level is relatively high suggesting the cold and humid climate. But during the 1400-1550A.D. occured a dry event under the cold climate condition
The carbonateδ~(18)O records of Lake Sugan and the Dunde ice core are under the same climate system and both of them incidentally show the same increasable trends over the past 2,000 years. Accumulation of Dunde ice core and the thickness of the varve show a good correlation. However, as a drainage area system, high temperature leads to the increase of melt-water while the increase of precipitation will increase the lake water level which leads to more negative results of lacustrine isotope. The thicknesses of annual varve layers suggest the increase of the sediment flux. Therefore oxygen isotope in Lake Sugan and the oxygen isotope in Dunde ice core are two different records within the same climate; when the tree ring records from Qilian Mountain-Chaidam Basin were compared with varve records in Lake Sugan, it was found that the tree ring records did not show the distinct phases of low frequency changes as found in Lake Sugan, but showed the coherence on recording the abrupt climate change. For example, both tree ring and Lake Sugan records recorded abrupt changes in 400A.D., 800 A.D. 1200 A.D. and 1400-1550 A.D.. While comparing Lake Sugan with its nearby lakes, it is found that carbonate isotope records in Hala Lake is almost the same as in Lake Sugan. The oxygen isotope of carbonate sediments from Qinghai Lake at around 1200A.D. shows the opposite trend different from the one in Lake Sugan but the chronology is not synchronous. They probably recorded the different sedimentary responses of the two climatic systems.
4. The Oxygen isotope records of Lake Sugan carbonate shows the same synchronous increased trend as shown by winter monsoon and westerly during the past 2700, and isotope negative and the increase in the thickness of the varve seen during 1200-1830A.D. in the Little Ice Age, correspond to the prevalence of the westerly but it is not synchronous. The prevalent winter monsoon and westerly might be one of the reasons why the Little Ice Age in Lake Sugan is humid. The solar activities have two stages, before 1280A.D. the stable period and after it the decreasing period of solar activities which correspond the two main periods of Lake Sugan sedimentary records. Therefore, the solar activities may be the primary forcing factor of climate changes in Lake Sugan area.
引文
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