凉水自然保护区贮食动物对红松种子的捕食与贮藏
|
摘要
在2003年、2005年～2007年的秋季,我们在凉水自然保护区,对动物贮食红松(Pinus koreansis)种子行为进行了系统研究,结果显示:
在凉水自然保护区,共有15种动物捕食红松种子,其中鸟类3目6科10种,哺乳动物2目3科5种,其中松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)、星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatactes)、普通鳾(Sitta europaea)、花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)4种动物具有分散贮食红松种子的行为。地表放置和埋藏实验显示,在凉水自然保护区内,动物对地表红松种子的捕食作用十分强烈,而埋藏能有效降低动物对红松种子的捕食。贮食动物对红松种子的贮藏一方面能有效降低种子的死亡率,另一方面也使大量的红松种子进入地被物下种子库,为红松天然更新储备了种源。
针对普通鳾的贮食行为研究显示,其贮食行为谱由搬运行为、确定贮食点行为和贮藏行为组成,每个贮食点内的种子数均为1粒,贮食点平均深度为(1.4±0.5)cm,贮食微生境主要包括活立木、枯立木、倒木和倾斜地面。普通碍的贮点重取率接近100%。虽然单个普通碍的贮食能力明显弱于松鼠和星鸦,但由于保护区内普通鳾数量很大,故作为一个整体来看,其贮食竞争力还是比较可观的。而且普通鳾所贮藏的红松种子来源大多为松鼠、星鸦处理过的红松球果和贮点,故普通鳾和前两者之间存在一定的种间竞争。
在凉水自然保护区,结实平年时,松鼠贮点的平均大小为(3.02±0.11)粒,平均深度为(2.67±0.08)cm;星鸦贮点的平均大小为(3.21±0.22)粒,平均深度为(2.73±0.15)cm。松鼠、星鸦的贮点大小和深度均无显著差异,但与红松结实大年的贮点大小与深度之间存在显著差异。原始红松林内的贮食密度和贮食量最大。保护区内贮食动物的贮食总量约为118,000,00粒,其中松鼠的贮食量约为8,600,000粒,星鸦的贮食量约为3,100,000粒,松鼠在部分生境内的贮食密度和贮食量远大于星鸦,不考虑红松幼苗的适宜建成生境对红松天然更新的影响,单从贮藏量的角度,松鼠对红松天然更新种子库的贡献远大于星鸦。
松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择优先顺序略有不同,松鼠偏爱的贮食生境依次是:云杉林、原始红松林、人工红松林、针阔混交林、人工云杉林、白桦林、针叶混交林、人工落叶松林、阔叶混交林、冷杉林和其它。星鸦对贮食生境的偏爱程度依次为:人工红松林、原始红松林、云杉林、人工云杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、白桦林、针叶混交林、人工落叶松林、冷杉林和其它。在对贮食微生境因子的选择利用上,二者大致相同,只是在对优势灌丛的选择上略有差异,松鼠优先选择在狗枣猕猴桃(Actinidiakolomikta)优势灌丛内贮藏红松种子,而星鸦优先选择在刺五加(Acanthopanaxsenticosus)优势灌丛内贮食。松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择的差异将对随后的红松天然更新过程产生不同的影响。
松鼠和星鸦会选择具有萌发活力的红松种子贮藏在地被物下,在红松球果内种子只有73.2%可食用的情况下,松鼠和星鸦选择贮藏的红松种子100%饱满可食用,其贮藏行为有利于红松种子逃避其他动物的捕食。萌发实验表明,松鼠和星鸦贮点内的红松种子超过60%可萌发出红松幼苗,远远高于自然状态下红松种子的萌发率(41.7%)。在整个冬季贮食重取期内,松鼠会重取85%的贮点内的红松种子,星鸦会重取79%的贮点内的红松种子。对比圈养松鼠重取机制的结果,我们认为,在野外松鼠和星鸦主要依赖空间记忆能力和嗅觉重取其贮藏的红松种子,其中空间记忆能力起主要作用。
不同放置点的红松球果堆被松鼠发现并捕食的时间不一致,放置在人为干扰较强地点(旅游步道边)的红松球果最后被搬运走,但各放置点的红松球果均在放置10 h内全部消失。新球果(2006年)和旧球果(2005年)均被松鼠捕食并贮藏,但松鼠优先选择搬运新球果。实验共放置人工标记的球果110枚,当场被取食的球果8枚,其中花鼠当场取食4枚新球果,松鼠当场取食4枚,均为旧球果;其余102枚球果被搬运并贮藏。以放置点为圆心,以300 m为搜索半径,共回收标志球果47枚,回收率为46.1%。松鼠会将超过半数的红松球果搬运到300m以远的各种生境中进行贮藏,其贮食行为将有利于红松种群扩大分布区。
Synzoochory is a course of plants regeneration lead by hoarding behavior of animals. The research results indicate that frugivorous rodents are the main mammals providing synzoochory.More than 70 rodent species are known to have dispersal behavior benefit for the spread of plant seeds.The plant seeds dispersed by rodents include pignut,pine seeds, acorn etc.The animal species including frugivorous rodents formed stable diffuse coevolution relationship with plant species.The major researched of frugivorous rodent synzoochory developed three directions:describing and analyzing the synzoochory phenomena;exploring the hoarding behavioral mechanism;tracing the seeds fate after hoarding which is the most interested problem of researchers.The diplochory participated by multi-dispersal pattern in tropic and semi-tropic area is another studying highlight.The research efforts in future should be focused on improving the tracking technique of seeds fate,synzoochory research on ecosystem and landscape scale,discussing the effects of synzoochory in the ecosystem function and ecological restoration.
The behavior of animals hoarding Korean Pine(Pinus koreansis) seeds was researched in autumn of 2003,2005～2007 in Liangshui Nature Reserves.
There are 15 animals predating on Korean Pine seeds in Liangshui Nature Reserves,10 birds species of 6 families,3 orders,5 mammal species of 3 families 2 orders.Among them red squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris),Eurasian nutcracker(Nucifraga caryocatactes),Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea),chipmunk(Eutamias sibiricus) had behaviors of scatter-hoarding Korean Pine seeds.The ground placement and burying experiment revealed that the animals predated ground seeds intensively,and burying decreased the predation of animals on Korean Pine seeds effectively.
Field research works of caching behavior by Eurasian Nuthatch in Liang-Shui Nature Reserve,Xiaoxing'anling Mt.Northeast China in October 16th to 27th.Caching behavior of Eurasian Nuthatch including carrying behavior,determining behavior and hoarding behavior. Average Caching time is(15.3±3.1) s,cache size is 1,cache depth is(1.4±0.5) cm. Caching microhabitat mainly including:live-stand wood,dead-stand wood,log and slope.
The hoarding characteristic and cache quantity of Squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris) & Eurasian Nutcrackers(Nucifraga caryocatactes) were investigated in Liangshui Nature Reserve during September 30th to October 8th in 2005.The average cache size of squirrels was 3.02±0.1 and the depth was 2.67±0.08 cm;the average cache size and depth of Eurasian nutcrackers was 3.21±0.22 and 2.73±0.15 cm respectively.No significant difference in cache size and depth was showed between squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers.The cache density and cache quantity by squirrels are most in primal Korean pine forest.The hoarding quantity of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers was 8 686 312±683 360 and 3 190 444±410 377 in the whole Nature Reserve yearly.The total hoarding quantity was 11 876 757±812 304.The hoarding behavior of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers is one of the main factors on natural regeneration of Korean pines.
The habitat selection and microhabitat utilization for hoarding behavior of squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and Eurasian nutcrackers(Nucifraga caryocatactes) are investigated in Liangshui National Nature Reserve.Total 365 big samples and 1463 small samples were investigated in 11 forestry types.Results showed it is different selectivity of squirrels' hoarding behavior and Eurasian nutcrackers' hoarding behavior.The squirrels selected habitat order by major vegetation types is as follows:first natural spruce forest;second original Korean pine forest;third manmade Korean pine forest;fourth mix-conifer-broadleaf forest;fifth manmade spruce forest;sixth birch forest;seventh mix-conifer leaf forest;eighth manmade fallen leaves pine forest;ninth mix-broadleaf forest;tenth natural fir forest;finally other forest.The Eurasian nutcrackers selected habitat order by major vegetation types is as follows:first manmade Korean pine forest;second original Korean pine forest;third natural spruce forest;fourth manmade spruce forest;fifth mix-conifer-broadleaf forest;sixth mix-broadleaf forest;seventh birch forest;eighth mix-conifer leaf forest;ninth manmade fallen leaves pine forest;tenth natural fir forest;finally other forest. The Vanderploeg and Scavia selectivity index,Wi and Ei,were used to evaluate the microhabitat utilization selection of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers.Results indicated that their selections are sameness except brush type.
Squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers selected Korean Pine seeds with burgeoning activities. When there were73.2%available seeds in one cone the seeds hoarded by squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers were esculent 100%.The burgeoning experiment revealed that 60%seeds in caches hoarded by squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers can bud to seedlings with higher budding rate than that of nature status(41.7%).In winter squirrels recoveryed 85%caches of total caches,and Eurasian nutcrackers recoveryed 79%of total caches.
In field the spatial memory ability and pilferer is the main tool of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers to recover cache.In little scale,squirrels mainly depend on pilferer to recover cache.In large scale,squirrels mainly depend on spatial memory ability to recover cache.All the factors to be concerned,spatial memory ability play a more important role than pilferer in cache recovery of squirrels in nature.
The hoarding distance of Korean Pine(Pinus koreansis) seeds removed by squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) was analyzed.The cones were marked by label,and observation in field was integrated to artificial placement experiments.The results indicated that Korean pine cones in different places were found and predated by squirrels at different time.The cones in disturbed places(near tourist path) were removed later.All cones disappeared within 10h. New cones(in 2006) and old cones(in 2005) were all predated and hoarded.Squirrels prefer to remove new cones and all the cones were hoarded,but old cones were eaten partly and only part cones were hoarded.Totally 110 marked cones were placed,in which 8 were eaten,102 were removed and hoarded,47 cones(46.1%) were found within 300m radial distance from placing spot.
在凉水自然保护区,共有15种动物捕食红松种子,其中鸟类3目6科10种,哺乳动物2目3科5种,其中松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)、星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatactes)、普通鳾(Sitta europaea)、花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus)4种动物具有分散贮食红松种子的行为。地表放置和埋藏实验显示,在凉水自然保护区内,动物对地表红松种子的捕食作用十分强烈,而埋藏能有效降低动物对红松种子的捕食。贮食动物对红松种子的贮藏一方面能有效降低种子的死亡率,另一方面也使大量的红松种子进入地被物下种子库,为红松天然更新储备了种源。
针对普通鳾的贮食行为研究显示,其贮食行为谱由搬运行为、确定贮食点行为和贮藏行为组成,每个贮食点内的种子数均为1粒,贮食点平均深度为(1.4±0.5)cm,贮食微生境主要包括活立木、枯立木、倒木和倾斜地面。普通碍的贮点重取率接近100%。虽然单个普通碍的贮食能力明显弱于松鼠和星鸦,但由于保护区内普通鳾数量很大,故作为一个整体来看,其贮食竞争力还是比较可观的。而且普通鳾所贮藏的红松种子来源大多为松鼠、星鸦处理过的红松球果和贮点,故普通鳾和前两者之间存在一定的种间竞争。
在凉水自然保护区,结实平年时,松鼠贮点的平均大小为(3.02±0.11)粒,平均深度为(2.67±0.08)cm;星鸦贮点的平均大小为(3.21±0.22)粒,平均深度为(2.73±0.15)cm。松鼠、星鸦的贮点大小和深度均无显著差异,但与红松结实大年的贮点大小与深度之间存在显著差异。原始红松林内的贮食密度和贮食量最大。保护区内贮食动物的贮食总量约为118,000,00粒,其中松鼠的贮食量约为8,600,000粒,星鸦的贮食量约为3,100,000粒,松鼠在部分生境内的贮食密度和贮食量远大于星鸦,不考虑红松幼苗的适宜建成生境对红松天然更新的影响,单从贮藏量的角度,松鼠对红松天然更新种子库的贡献远大于星鸦。
松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择优先顺序略有不同,松鼠偏爱的贮食生境依次是:云杉林、原始红松林、人工红松林、针阔混交林、人工云杉林、白桦林、针叶混交林、人工落叶松林、阔叶混交林、冷杉林和其它。星鸦对贮食生境的偏爱程度依次为:人工红松林、原始红松林、云杉林、人工云杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、白桦林、针叶混交林、人工落叶松林、冷杉林和其它。在对贮食微生境因子的选择利用上,二者大致相同,只是在对优势灌丛的选择上略有差异,松鼠优先选择在狗枣猕猴桃(Actinidiakolomikta)优势灌丛内贮藏红松种子,而星鸦优先选择在刺五加(Acanthopanaxsenticosus)优势灌丛内贮食。松鼠和星鸦贮食生境选择的差异将对随后的红松天然更新过程产生不同的影响。
松鼠和星鸦会选择具有萌发活力的红松种子贮藏在地被物下,在红松球果内种子只有73.2%可食用的情况下,松鼠和星鸦选择贮藏的红松种子100%饱满可食用,其贮藏行为有利于红松种子逃避其他动物的捕食。萌发实验表明,松鼠和星鸦贮点内的红松种子超过60%可萌发出红松幼苗,远远高于自然状态下红松种子的萌发率(41.7%)。在整个冬季贮食重取期内,松鼠会重取85%的贮点内的红松种子,星鸦会重取79%的贮点内的红松种子。对比圈养松鼠重取机制的结果,我们认为,在野外松鼠和星鸦主要依赖空间记忆能力和嗅觉重取其贮藏的红松种子,其中空间记忆能力起主要作用。
不同放置点的红松球果堆被松鼠发现并捕食的时间不一致,放置在人为干扰较强地点(旅游步道边)的红松球果最后被搬运走,但各放置点的红松球果均在放置10 h内全部消失。新球果(2006年)和旧球果(2005年)均被松鼠捕食并贮藏,但松鼠优先选择搬运新球果。实验共放置人工标记的球果110枚,当场被取食的球果8枚,其中花鼠当场取食4枚新球果,松鼠当场取食4枚,均为旧球果;其余102枚球果被搬运并贮藏。以放置点为圆心,以300 m为搜索半径,共回收标志球果47枚,回收率为46.1%。松鼠会将超过半数的红松球果搬运到300m以远的各种生境中进行贮藏,其贮食行为将有利于红松种群扩大分布区。
Synzoochory is a course of plants regeneration lead by hoarding behavior of animals. The research results indicate that frugivorous rodents are the main mammals providing synzoochory.More than 70 rodent species are known to have dispersal behavior benefit for the spread of plant seeds.The plant seeds dispersed by rodents include pignut,pine seeds, acorn etc.The animal species including frugivorous rodents formed stable diffuse coevolution relationship with plant species.The major researched of frugivorous rodent synzoochory developed three directions:describing and analyzing the synzoochory phenomena;exploring the hoarding behavioral mechanism;tracing the seeds fate after hoarding which is the most interested problem of researchers.The diplochory participated by multi-dispersal pattern in tropic and semi-tropic area is another studying highlight.The research efforts in future should be focused on improving the tracking technique of seeds fate,synzoochory research on ecosystem and landscape scale,discussing the effects of synzoochory in the ecosystem function and ecological restoration.
The behavior of animals hoarding Korean Pine(Pinus koreansis) seeds was researched in autumn of 2003,2005～2007 in Liangshui Nature Reserves.
There are 15 animals predating on Korean Pine seeds in Liangshui Nature Reserves,10 birds species of 6 families,3 orders,5 mammal species of 3 families 2 orders.Among them red squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris),Eurasian nutcracker(Nucifraga caryocatactes),Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea),chipmunk(Eutamias sibiricus) had behaviors of scatter-hoarding Korean Pine seeds.The ground placement and burying experiment revealed that the animals predated ground seeds intensively,and burying decreased the predation of animals on Korean Pine seeds effectively.
Field research works of caching behavior by Eurasian Nuthatch in Liang-Shui Nature Reserve,Xiaoxing'anling Mt.Northeast China in October 16th to 27th.Caching behavior of Eurasian Nuthatch including carrying behavior,determining behavior and hoarding behavior. Average Caching time is(15.3±3.1) s,cache size is 1,cache depth is(1.4±0.5) cm. Caching microhabitat mainly including:live-stand wood,dead-stand wood,log and slope.
The hoarding characteristic and cache quantity of Squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris) & Eurasian Nutcrackers(Nucifraga caryocatactes) were investigated in Liangshui Nature Reserve during September 30th to October 8th in 2005.The average cache size of squirrels was 3.02±0.1 and the depth was 2.67±0.08 cm;the average cache size and depth of Eurasian nutcrackers was 3.21±0.22 and 2.73±0.15 cm respectively.No significant difference in cache size and depth was showed between squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers.The cache density and cache quantity by squirrels are most in primal Korean pine forest.The hoarding quantity of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers was 8 686 312±683 360 and 3 190 444±410 377 in the whole Nature Reserve yearly.The total hoarding quantity was 11 876 757±812 304.The hoarding behavior of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers is one of the main factors on natural regeneration of Korean pines.
The habitat selection and microhabitat utilization for hoarding behavior of squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and Eurasian nutcrackers(Nucifraga caryocatactes) are investigated in Liangshui National Nature Reserve.Total 365 big samples and 1463 small samples were investigated in 11 forestry types.Results showed it is different selectivity of squirrels' hoarding behavior and Eurasian nutcrackers' hoarding behavior.The squirrels selected habitat order by major vegetation types is as follows:first natural spruce forest;second original Korean pine forest;third manmade Korean pine forest;fourth mix-conifer-broadleaf forest;fifth manmade spruce forest;sixth birch forest;seventh mix-conifer leaf forest;eighth manmade fallen leaves pine forest;ninth mix-broadleaf forest;tenth natural fir forest;finally other forest.The Eurasian nutcrackers selected habitat order by major vegetation types is as follows:first manmade Korean pine forest;second original Korean pine forest;third natural spruce forest;fourth manmade spruce forest;fifth mix-conifer-broadleaf forest;sixth mix-broadleaf forest;seventh birch forest;eighth mix-conifer leaf forest;ninth manmade fallen leaves pine forest;tenth natural fir forest;finally other forest. The Vanderploeg and Scavia selectivity index,Wi and Ei,were used to evaluate the microhabitat utilization selection of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers.Results indicated that their selections are sameness except brush type.
Squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers selected Korean Pine seeds with burgeoning activities. When there were73.2%available seeds in one cone the seeds hoarded by squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers were esculent 100%.The burgeoning experiment revealed that 60%seeds in caches hoarded by squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers can bud to seedlings with higher budding rate than that of nature status(41.7%).In winter squirrels recoveryed 85%caches of total caches,and Eurasian nutcrackers recoveryed 79%of total caches.
In field the spatial memory ability and pilferer is the main tool of squirrels and Eurasian nutcrackers to recover cache.In little scale,squirrels mainly depend on pilferer to recover cache.In large scale,squirrels mainly depend on spatial memory ability to recover cache.All the factors to be concerned,spatial memory ability play a more important role than pilferer in cache recovery of squirrels in nature.
The hoarding distance of Korean Pine(Pinus koreansis) seeds removed by squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) was analyzed.The cones were marked by label,and observation in field was integrated to artificial placement experiments.The results indicated that Korean pine cones in different places were found and predated by squirrels at different time.The cones in disturbed places(near tourist path) were removed later.All cones disappeared within 10h. New cones(in 2006) and old cones(in 2005) were all predated and hoarded.Squirrels prefer to remove new cones and all the cones were hoarded,but old cones were eaten partly and only part cones were hoarded.Totally 110 marked cones were placed,in which 8 were eaten,102 were removed and hoarded,47 cones(46.1%) were found within 300m radial distance from placing spot.
引文
[1]曹林,肖治术,张知彬等.亚热带林区啮齿动物对樱桃种子捕食和搬运的作用格局.动物学杂志,2006.41(4):27-32.
[2]程瑾瑞,肖治术,张知彬.包衣、埋藏的栓皮栎和枹栎种子在鼠类捕食下的存留.生态学杂志,2007,(5).668-672
[3]程瑾瑞,张知彬.啮齿动物对种子的传播.生物学通报,2005,(4).11-12
[4]傅登高,侯秀丽,段昌群.森林恢复更新的研究进展∥段昌群.生态科学进展.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.209-231.
[5]高中信等.红松林野生动物垂直分布.见马建章主编:凉水自然保护区研究(第一集).哈尔滨.东北林业大学出版社,1993.
[6]姬兰柱.松果采摘对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统健康的影响.生态学杂志.2002.21(3):39-42
[7]蒋志刚.红松鼠的贮藏食物行为∥张洁.中国兽类生物学研究.北京:中国林业出版社.1995,185-190
[8]蒋志刚.动物贮食行为及其生态学意义.动物学杂志,1996,31(3):47-49
[9]蒋志刚.贮食过程中的优化问题.动物学杂志,1996,31(4):54-58
[10]蒋志刚.动物怎样找回贮藏的食物?.动物学杂志,1996,31(6):47-50
[11]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法.北京:科学出版社,2004,120-123
[12]李宏俊,张洪茂,张知彬,.鼠类对辽东栎橡子的搬运(英文)[J]..兽类学报,2006,(1).8-12
[13]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系.Ⅰ对象,方法和意义.生物多样性.2000.8(4):405-412
[14]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系.Ⅱ.动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系.生物多样性.2001.9(1):25-37
[15]李俊清.阔叶红松林中红松的分布格局及其动态.东北林业大学学报,1986,14(1):33-37
[16]李俊生.笼养松鼠行为观察.中国林副特产.1991,2:25-28
[17]刘伯文,李传荣,倪乃萌等.小兴安岭食针叶树种子的鸟兽.林业科技.1999,24(5):26-29
[18]刘庆洪.落叶松人工林中红松种群发生的初步研究.东北林业大学学报,1986,14(3):27-33
[19]刘庆洪.红松阔叶林中红松种子的分布与更新.植物生态与地植物学报,1988.12(2):134-141
[20]刘晓东,何淼.园林苗圃学实验指导.东北林业大学出版社.2003.3
[21]刘勇,陈进.食果动物与被取食植物的相互关系:协同进化?.生物多样性,2002,10(2):213-218
[22]刘足根,姬兰柱,郝占庆等.松果采摘对长白山自然保护区红松天然更新的影响.应 用生态学报,2004,15(6):958-962.
[23]刘足根,姬兰柱,朱教君等.松果采摘对种子库及动物影响的探讨.中国科学院研究生院学报,2005.22(5):596-603
[24]鲁长虎.星鸦的贮食行为及其对红松种子的传播作用.动物学报.2002.48(3):317-321
[25]鲁长虎.种子传播——动物的作用.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社.2003a.1-100
[26]鲁长虎.动物与红松天然更新关系的研究综述.生态学杂志.2003b.22(1):49-53
[27]鲁长虎.动物对松属植物种子的传播作用研究进展.生态学杂志.2006.25(5):557-56
[28]鲁长虎,刘伯文,吴建平.阔叶红松林中星鸦和松鼠对红松种子的捕食和传播.东北林业大学学报.2001.29(5):96-98
[29]鲁长虎,吴建平.鸟类的贮食行为研究综述.1997,32(5):48～52
[30]路纪琪,李宏俊,张知彬.山杏的种子雨及鼠类的捕食作用.生态学杂志,2005,(5)
[31]路纪琪,肖治术,程瑾瑞等.2004.啮齿动物的分散贮食行为.兽类学报,24(3):267-272
[32]路纪琪,张知彬.鼠类对山杏和辽东栎种子的贮藏.兽类学报,2004,(2).
[33]路纪琪,张知彬.啮齿动物分散贮食的影响因素.生态学杂志,2005.24(3):283-286
[34]路纪琪,张知彬.围栏条件下社鼠的食物贮藏行为.兽类学报,2005,(3)
[35]路纪琪,张知彬,.围栏条件下岩松鼠对核桃的贮藏(英文).兽类学报,2007,(3).209-214
[36]路纪琪,张知彬.岩松鼠的食物贮藏行为(英文).动物学报,2005,(3).376-382
[37]马建章,张鹏.凉水自然保护区研究(第一集).1992.东北林业大学出版社
[38]马建章,宗诚,吴庆明等.凉水自然保护区松鼠贮食生境选择.生态学报.2006.26(11):3542-3548
[39]宋新章,肖文发.林隙微生境及更新研究进展.林业科学.2006.42(5):114-119
[40]粟海军,马建章,邹红菲等.凉水保护区松鼠冬季重取食物的贮藏点与越冬生存策略.兽类学报,2006,26(3):262-266.
[41]粟海军,马建章,宗诚.四种昼行性动物对红松种子的捕食与贮藏.动物学杂志,2007.42(2):10-16
[42]王巍,马克平.岩松鼠和松鸦对辽东栎坚果的捕食和传播.植物学报,1999,41(10):204-210
[43]王威,张洪茂,张知彬,.围栏条件下捕食风险对岩松鼠贮藏核桃种子行为的影响.兽类学报,2007,(4).358-364
[44]肖治术,张知彬,王玉山.小泡巨鼠对森林种子选择和贮藏的观察.兽类学报.2003.23(3):208-213
[45]肖治术,张知彬,王玉山.啮齿动物鉴别虫蛀种子的能力及其对坚果植物更新的潜在影响.兽类学报,2003a.23(4):312-320
[46]肖治术,张知彬.食果动物传播种子的跟踪技术.生物多样性,2003b.11(3):248-255
[47]肖治术,张知彬.啮齿动物的贮藏行为与植物种子的扩散.兽类学报,2004a.24(1):61-70
[48]肖治术,张知彬,路纪琪等.啮齿动物对植物种子的多次贮藏.动物学杂志,2004b.39(2):94-99
[49]肖治术,张知彬.种子类别和埋藏深度对雌性小泡巨鼠发现种子的影响.兽类学报,2004c.24(2):311-313
[50]肖治术,张知彬.都江堰林区小型兽类取食林木种子的调查.兽类学报,2004d,(2).
[51]肖治术,张知彬,王玉山.覆网保护和埋藏对坚果树种种子直播的影响.生物多样性,2005,(6)
[52]肖治术,张知彬,金属片标签法:一种有效追踪鼠类扩散种子的方法.生态学杂志,2006,(10).1292-1295
[53]赵锡如.星鸦与红松更新的关系.林业科技通讯,1987,9:23,32
[54]张洪茂,张知彬,.埋藏点深度、间距及大小对花鼠发现向日葵种子的影响.兽类学报,2006,(4),398-402
[55]张洪茂,张知彬,.围栏条件下影响岩松鼠寻找分散贮藏核桃种子的关键因素.生物多样性,2007,(4).329-336
[56]张知彬.小型哺乳动物在生态系统中的作用.见:钱迎倩,马克平(主编),生物多样性研究的原理与方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,210-216
[57]邹红菲,郑昕,马建章等.普通鸸贮藏红松种子行为初步观察.东北林业大学学报.2005.26(1):131-133
[58]Abbott,H G.Ecology of eastern white pine seed caches made by small forest mammals.Ecology,1970,51:271-278
[59]Andersen D C,Folk M L..Blarina Brevicauda and Peromyscus Ieucopus reduce over wintering survivorship of acorn weevils in an Indian hardwood forest.Journal of Mammal,199374:656-664.
[60]Baker H G.The evolution of weeds.Annual Review of Ecology and System.19745:1-24
[61]Barkley C L,Jacobs L.F.Sex and species differences in spatial memory in food-storing kangaroo rats.Animal Behavior,2007,73(2):321-329
[62]Blate G M,Peart D R,Post dispersal predation on isolated seeds:a comparative study of 40 tree species in a southeast Asian rainforest.Oikos,1998.82:522-538
[63]Boman J S,Casper B B.Differential post dispersal seed predation in disturbed and intact temperate forest.The American Midland Naturalist,1995.34:107-116
[64]Bonjorne A L.Seed dispersal and spatial distribution of Attalea geraensis(Areca ceae) in two remnants of Cerrado in Southeastern Brazil.Acta Oecologica,2007,32(2):180-187.
[65]Borchert M I,Davis F W.Interaction of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus Douglasii) in California.Ecology,1989,70:389-404
[66]Brodin A.Mechanisms of cache retrieval in long-term hoarding birds.Journal of Ethology,2005,23(2):77-83
[67]Carsey K S.Growth form distribution and genetic relationships in tree clusters of Pinus flexilis,a bird-dispersed pine.Oecologia,1994.98:402～411
[68]Cahalane V H.Caching and recovery of food by the western fox squirrel.Journal of Wildlife Management,1942,6:338-352
[69]Charnov E J.Optimal foraging:the marginal value theorem.Theory of Population Biology,1976.9:29~36
[70]Clarkson K,Eden S F,Sutherland W J.Density dependence and magpie food hoarding.Journal of Animal Ecology,1986,55:111-121
[71]Cheng J.Xiao Z.Zhang Z.Seed consumption and caching on seeds of three sympatric tree species by four sympatric rodent species in a subtropical forest,China.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,216(13):331-341
[72]Davidson D W,Morton S R.Myrmecochory in some plants(e.g.Chenopdiaceae)of the Australian arid zone.Oecologia,1981.50:357～366
[73]Edwards,G R,Crawley,M J.Rodent seed predation and seedling recruitment in mesic grassland.Oecoligia,1999,118:288～296
[74]Forget,P M.Seed-dispersal of Vouacapoua Americana by caviomoprh rodents in French Guiana.Journal of Tropical Ecology,1990,6:459～468
[75]Forget P M.Scatter-hoarding of Astrocaryum paramaca by Proechim in French Guiana comparison with Myoprocta exilis.Trop Eco.1991.32:155～167
[76]Forget P M.Seed removal and seed fate in Gustavia super(Lecythidaceae).Biotropica,1992.24:408～414.
[77]Forget P M.Post dispersal predation and scatter-hoarding Dipteryx panamensis seeds by rodents in Pana.Oecologia,1993.94:255～261.
[78]Forget P M.Scatter-hoarding rodents and marsupials:Convergent evolution on diverging continents.Trend Ecol Evol,2001.16:65～67.
[79]Fox J F.Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns.Evolution,1982,36:800～809
[80]Hadj-Chikh L Z,Steele M A.Smallwood P D.Caching decisions by grey squirrels:A test of the handling time and perish ability hypotheses.Anim Behav,1996,52:941～948.
[81]Harper J L.Population biology of plants.London:Academic Press.U K 1977.
[82]Harper J L.The shape and sizes of seeds.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics.1970.1:327～356
[83]Hart E B.Food preference of the cliff chipmunk in northern Utah.Great Basin Naturalist.1971,31:182～188
[84]Hayashida,M.Seed dispersal by red squirrels and subsequent establishment of Korean pine.Forest Ecology and Management.1989.28:115～129
[85]Howe H F,Smallwood J.Ecology of seed dispersal.Ann Rev Eco Syst.1982.13:201～281.
[86]Hutchins H E,Lanner R M.The central role of Clark's nutcracker in the dispersal and establishment of white bark pine.Oecologia,1982,55:192～201
[87]Hutchins H E,Hutchins S A,Liu B.The role of birds and mammals in Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)regeneration dynamics.Oecologia,1996.107(9):120～130
[88]Hollander JL,Vander Wall SB.Effectiveness of six species of rodents as dispersers of single-leaf pinon pine(Pinus monophylla).Oecologia,2004.138:57～65
[89]Jacobs L F.The effect of handling time on the decision to cache by grey squirrels.Animal Behavior,1992.43:522～524.
[90]Janzen D H.Herbivors and the number of trees species in tropical forests.American Naturalist,1970.104:501～528
[91]Janzen D H.Seed predation by animals.Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1971,2:465～492
[92]Jansen,P.A.,Bongers H.T.Prins H.Tropical rodents change rapidly germinating seeds into long-term food supplies.Oikos,2006,113(3):449-458.
[93]Jensen T S.Seed-seed predator interactions of European beech(Fagus silvatica L)and forest rodents.Oikos,1985.44:149-156.
[94]Johnson W C.Dispersal of beech-nuts by blue jays in fragmented landscapes.Am Midi Nat.1985.113:319～324
[95]Jiang Z.Proximate factors affecting caching pattern of red squirrels.Proceedings and Abstracts to Prairie.Universities Biological Seminars 1988.5:20.
[96]Kawamichi M.Food hoarding and seasonal changes of Siberian chipmunks.Japanese Journal of Ecology.1980,30:133～148
[97]Kelly C K.Seed size in tropical trees:a comparative study of factors affecting seed size in Peruvianan giosperms,1995.102:377～388
[98]Kollmann J,Schill H P.Spatial patterns of dispersal,seed predation and germination during colonization of abandoned grass land.Vegetation,1996.125:193～205
[99]Lee T H.Feeding and hoarding behavior of the Eurasian red squirrel during autumn in Hokkaido,Japan.Acta Theriologica,2002,47(4):459～470
[100]Longland W S,Clements C.Use of fluorescent pigments in studies of seed caching by rodent.Journal of mammal.1995.76:1260～1266
[101]Luc A.Wauters.Interspecific effects of grey squirrels on the space use and population demography of red squirrels in conifer plantations.Ecological Research,200015:271～284
[102]Luc A Wauters.Does interspecific competition with introduced grey squirrels affect foraging and food choice of Eurasian red squirrels?.Animal behavior.2001.61:1079～1091
[103]Luc A.Interspecific competition in tree squirrels:do introduced grey squirrels deplete tree seeds hoarded by red squirrels?Behavior Ecology and Sociobiology,2002.51(4):360-367
[104]Miyaki M.Seed dispersal of the Korean pine,Pinus koraiensis,by the red squirrel,Sciurus vulgaris.Ecol Res,1987.2:147-157.
[105]McAdoo J K.Influence of heteromyid rodents on Oryzopishy menoides germination.J Range Mgmt,1983,36:61～64
[106]McQuade,D B.Cues for localizing food by the grey squirrels(Scuirus carolinensis).Ethology,1986,72:22～30
[107]Myster R W.Effects of litter,distance,density and vegetation patch type on post dispersal tree seed predation in old fields.Oikos,1993,66:381～388
[108]Osunkoya O.Post dispersal survivor ship of north Queensland rain forest seeds and fruits:effects of forest,habitat and species.Australian Journal of Ecology,1994,19:52～64
[109]Price M V,Jenkins S H.Rodents as seeds consumers and dispersers.In:Murray D Red Seed Dispersal Sydney,Australia Academic Press,1986.191-235.
[110]Pyare S.Seedling aided cache detection by heteromyid rodents.Oecologia,2000,122:66-77
[111]Putz F E,Appanah S.Buried seeds,newly dispersed seeds,and the dynamics of a lowland forest in Malaysia.Biotropica,1987.19:326～333
[112]Reichmann,O J.Selection of seed distribution types by Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus amplus.Ecology,1977,58:636-643
[113]Ritchie R J.Food caching behavior of nestling wild hawk owls.Raptor Res.1980,14:59-60
[114]Shaw M W.Factors affecting the natural regeneration of sessile oak in north Wales.Ecology,1968,56:647～660
[115]Steele M A,Hadj-Chikh L Z,Hazwltine J.Caching and feeding decisions by Sciurus carolinensis:Responses to weevil infested acorns.J Mamm,1996.77:305-314.
[116]Steele,M.A.,Manierre S.,Genna T.The innate basis of food-hoarding decisions in grey squirrels:evidence for behavioural adaptations to the oaks.Animal Behaviour,2006,71(1):155-160
[117]Stiles E W,Dobi E T.Scatter hoarding of horse chest nuts by eastern gray squirrels.Wildlife Society Bullition.1987,32:1～3
[118]Smith C C.The Co-evolution of Pine Squirrels and Conifers.Ecological Monographs.1970.40(3):349-371
[119]Smith C C,Reichman O J.The evolution of food caching by and mammals.Ann Rev Ecol Syst,1984.15:329-351
[120]Stapanian M A,Smith CC.A model for seed scatter-hoarding:co-evolution of fox squirrels and black walnuts.Ecology.1978.59(5):884-896
[121]Stapanian M A,Smith C C.Density dependent survival of scatter-hoarded nuts:An experimental approach.Ecology,1984.65:1387-1396.
[122]Thayer,T.C.,Vander Wall S.B.Interactions between Steller's jays and yellow pine chipmunks over scatter-hoarded sugar pine seeds.Journal of Animal Ecology,2005,74(2):365-374.
[123]Thibault,J.-C.,Prodon R.,Villard P.Habitat requirements and foraging behaviour of the Corsican nuthatch Sitta whiteheadi.Journal of Avian Biology,2006,37(5):477-486.
[124]Tomback D F.Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark' s Nutcracker:A mutualism hypothesis.J Anim Ecol,1982.51:451～167.
[125]Vander Wall SB,Balda RP.Coadaptations of the Clark' s Nutcracker and the pi(?)on pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal.Ecol.Monogr,1977'.47:89～111.
[126]Vanderwall S B.Food Hoarding in Animals.Chicago:Univ Chicago Press,1990.
[127]Vanderwall S B.Mechanisms of cache recovery by yellow pine chipmunks.Anim.Bhav.1991.41:851-863
[128]VanderWall S B,Cache site selection by chipmunks and its influence on the effectiveness of seed dispersal in Jeffrey pine.Oecologia,1993a.96:246-252
[129]VanderWall,S.B.Salivary water loss to seeds by yellow pine chipmunks and Merriam's kangaroo rats.Ecology,1993b.74:1307-1312
[130]VanderWall,S.B.Removal of wind-dispersed pine seeds by ground-foraging vertebrates.Oikos.l994,69:125-132.
[131]Vanderwall S B.Influence of substrate water on the ability of rodents to find buried seeds.Journal of Mammal.1995.76(3):851～856
[132]Vanderwall SB.Dispersal of single leaf pine(Pinus monophylla)by seed caching rodents.J Mammal,1997.78(1):181～191.
[133]Vander wall S B.Cheek pouch capacities and loading rates of heteromyid rodents.Oecologia,1998a.113:21-28.
[134]Vander wall S B.Foraging success of granivorous rodents:effects of variation in seed and soil water on olfaction.Ecology,1998b.79(1):233～241
[135]Vander wall S B.The influence of environmental conditions on cache recovery and cache pilferage by yellow pine chipmunks and deer mice.Behavioral Ecology,2000,11(5):544～549
[136]Vander Wall S B.The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal.Botanical review,2001.67:74-117
[137]Vander wall S B.Secondary dispersal of Jeffrey pine seeds by rodent scatter-hoarders: the roles of pilfering,reaching and a variable environment // D J Levey,W R Silva,M Galetti.Seed Dispersal and Frugivory:Ecology,Evolution and Conservation.CAB International 142-142.2002.
[138]Vander wall S B.Inter-specific variation in the olfactory abilities of granivorous rodents.Journal of Mammal.2003a.84(2):487～496
[139]Vander wall S B.How rodents smell buried seeds:a model based on the behavior of pesticides in soil.Journal of Mammal,2003b.84(3):1089～1099
[140]Vander wall S B.Diplochory:are two seed dispersers better than one?.Trends in Ecology and Evolution.2004.19(3):155～165
[141]Vander Wall,S.B.,Kellie M.K.,Jennifer R.G.Two-phase seed dispersal:linking the effects of frugivorous birds and seed-caching rodents.Oecologia,2005,145(2):281-286.
[142]Vander Wall,S.B.,Briggs J.S.,Jenkins S.H.Do food-hoarding animals have a cache recovery advantage?Determining recovery of stored food.Animal Behaviour,2006a,72(1):189-197.
[143]Vander Wall,S.B.,Borchert M.I.,Gworek J.R.Secondary dispersal of bigcone Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga macrocarpa)seeds.Acta Oecologica,2006b,30(1):100-106.
[144]Van Horik,J.,Burns K.C.Cache spacing patterns and reciprocal cache theft in New Zealand robins.Animal Behaviour,2007,73(6):1043-1049.
[145]Victor H C.caching and recovery of food by the western fox squirrel.Journal of wildlife management.1942.6(4):338～352
[146]Wang B C.and Smith T B.Closing the seed dispersal loop.Trends in ecol and evolution.2002.17:379-385
[147]Xiao Z S,Zhang Z B,Wang Y S.Impacts of scatter-hoarding rodents on restoration of oil tea(Camellia oleifera)in a fragmented forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196:405～412.
[148]Xiao,Z.,Zhang Z.,Wang Y.Effects of seed size on dispersal distance in five rodent-dispersed fagaceous species.Acta Oecologica,2005,28(3):221-229.
[149]Xiao,Z.,Jansen P.A.,Zhang Z.Using seed-tagging methods for assessing post-dispersal seed fate in rodent-dispersed trees.Forest Ecology and Management,2006,223(1-3):18-23
[150]Yahner R H.The adaptive significance of scatter hoarding in the eastern chipmunk.Ohio journal of science,1975.75:176-177
[151]Zaiharov,S.M.Effects of squirrels on natural forest regeneration of Pinus koraiensis.Lesovedenie,1988.6:74-78
[152]Zamora R.Functional equivalence in plant-animal interactions:ecological and evolutionary.Oikos,2000,88:442-447
[153]Zang R G,Li J Q,Zhu C Q.Life-history process and conservation of Korean Pine populations in the Xiaoxian'an Mountains of northeast China.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(English Ed.),1998,7(2):60～70.
[154]Zhang,H.,Cheng,Y.,Zhang,Z.Differences of dispersal fitness of large and small acorns of Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis)before and after seed caching by small rodents in a warm temperate forest,China.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(3-4):1243-1250.
[155]Zhang Z B,Wang F.Effect of burial on acorn survival and seedling recruitment of Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis)under rodent predation.Acta Theriol Sinica,2001a.21(1):35-43.
[156]Zhang Z B.Effect of burial and environmental factors on seedling recruitment of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz Acta Ecol Sinica,2001b.21(3):374-384
[157]Zhang Z B,Wang F.Effect of rodents on seed dispersal and survival of wild apricot(Prunus armeniaca).Acta Ecol Sinica,2001c.21(5):165-171
[2]程瑾瑞,肖治术,张知彬.包衣、埋藏的栓皮栎和枹栎种子在鼠类捕食下的存留.生态学杂志,2007,(5).668-672
[3]程瑾瑞,张知彬.啮齿动物对种子的传播.生物学通报,2005,(4).11-12
[4]傅登高,侯秀丽,段昌群.森林恢复更新的研究进展∥段昌群.生态科学进展.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.209-231.
[5]高中信等.红松林野生动物垂直分布.见马建章主编:凉水自然保护区研究(第一集).哈尔滨.东北林业大学出版社,1993.
[6]姬兰柱.松果采摘对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统健康的影响.生态学杂志.2002.21(3):39-42
[7]蒋志刚.红松鼠的贮藏食物行为∥张洁.中国兽类生物学研究.北京:中国林业出版社.1995,185-190
[8]蒋志刚.动物贮食行为及其生态学意义.动物学杂志,1996,31(3):47-49
[9]蒋志刚.贮食过程中的优化问题.动物学杂志,1996,31(4):54-58
[10]蒋志刚.动物怎样找回贮藏的食物?.动物学杂志,1996,31(6):47-50
[11]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护方法.北京:科学出版社,2004,120-123
[12]李宏俊,张洪茂,张知彬,.鼠类对辽东栎橡子的搬运(英文)[J]..兽类学报,2006,(1).8-12
[13]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系.Ⅰ对象,方法和意义.生物多样性.2000.8(4):405-412
[14]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系.Ⅱ.动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系.生物多样性.2001.9(1):25-37
[15]李俊清.阔叶红松林中红松的分布格局及其动态.东北林业大学学报,1986,14(1):33-37
[16]李俊生.笼养松鼠行为观察.中国林副特产.1991,2:25-28
[17]刘伯文,李传荣,倪乃萌等.小兴安岭食针叶树种子的鸟兽.林业科技.1999,24(5):26-29
[18]刘庆洪.落叶松人工林中红松种群发生的初步研究.东北林业大学学报,1986,14(3):27-33
[19]刘庆洪.红松阔叶林中红松种子的分布与更新.植物生态与地植物学报,1988.12(2):134-141
[20]刘晓东,何淼.园林苗圃学实验指导.东北林业大学出版社.2003.3
[21]刘勇,陈进.食果动物与被取食植物的相互关系:协同进化?.生物多样性,2002,10(2):213-218
[22]刘足根,姬兰柱,郝占庆等.松果采摘对长白山自然保护区红松天然更新的影响.应 用生态学报,2004,15(6):958-962.
[23]刘足根,姬兰柱,朱教君等.松果采摘对种子库及动物影响的探讨.中国科学院研究生院学报,2005.22(5):596-603
[24]鲁长虎.星鸦的贮食行为及其对红松种子的传播作用.动物学报.2002.48(3):317-321
[25]鲁长虎.种子传播——动物的作用.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社.2003a.1-100
[26]鲁长虎.动物与红松天然更新关系的研究综述.生态学杂志.2003b.22(1):49-53
[27]鲁长虎.动物对松属植物种子的传播作用研究进展.生态学杂志.2006.25(5):557-56
[28]鲁长虎,刘伯文,吴建平.阔叶红松林中星鸦和松鼠对红松种子的捕食和传播.东北林业大学学报.2001.29(5):96-98
[29]鲁长虎,吴建平.鸟类的贮食行为研究综述.1997,32(5):48～52
[30]路纪琪,李宏俊,张知彬.山杏的种子雨及鼠类的捕食作用.生态学杂志,2005,(5)
[31]路纪琪,肖治术,程瑾瑞等.2004.啮齿动物的分散贮食行为.兽类学报,24(3):267-272
[32]路纪琪,张知彬.鼠类对山杏和辽东栎种子的贮藏.兽类学报,2004,(2).
[33]路纪琪,张知彬.啮齿动物分散贮食的影响因素.生态学杂志,2005.24(3):283-286
[34]路纪琪,张知彬.围栏条件下社鼠的食物贮藏行为.兽类学报,2005,(3)
[35]路纪琪,张知彬,.围栏条件下岩松鼠对核桃的贮藏(英文).兽类学报,2007,(3).209-214
[36]路纪琪,张知彬.岩松鼠的食物贮藏行为(英文).动物学报,2005,(3).376-382
[37]马建章,张鹏.凉水自然保护区研究(第一集).1992.东北林业大学出版社
[38]马建章,宗诚,吴庆明等.凉水自然保护区松鼠贮食生境选择.生态学报.2006.26(11):3542-3548
[39]宋新章,肖文发.林隙微生境及更新研究进展.林业科学.2006.42(5):114-119
[40]粟海军,马建章,邹红菲等.凉水保护区松鼠冬季重取食物的贮藏点与越冬生存策略.兽类学报,2006,26(3):262-266.
[41]粟海军,马建章,宗诚.四种昼行性动物对红松种子的捕食与贮藏.动物学杂志,2007.42(2):10-16
[42]王巍,马克平.岩松鼠和松鸦对辽东栎坚果的捕食和传播.植物学报,1999,41(10):204-210
[43]王威,张洪茂,张知彬,.围栏条件下捕食风险对岩松鼠贮藏核桃种子行为的影响.兽类学报,2007,(4).358-364
[44]肖治术,张知彬,王玉山.小泡巨鼠对森林种子选择和贮藏的观察.兽类学报.2003.23(3):208-213
[45]肖治术,张知彬,王玉山.啮齿动物鉴别虫蛀种子的能力及其对坚果植物更新的潜在影响.兽类学报,2003a.23(4):312-320
[46]肖治术,张知彬.食果动物传播种子的跟踪技术.生物多样性,2003b.11(3):248-255
[47]肖治术,张知彬.啮齿动物的贮藏行为与植物种子的扩散.兽类学报,2004a.24(1):61-70
[48]肖治术,张知彬,路纪琪等.啮齿动物对植物种子的多次贮藏.动物学杂志,2004b.39(2):94-99
[49]肖治术,张知彬.种子类别和埋藏深度对雌性小泡巨鼠发现种子的影响.兽类学报,2004c.24(2):311-313
[50]肖治术,张知彬.都江堰林区小型兽类取食林木种子的调查.兽类学报,2004d,(2).
[51]肖治术,张知彬,王玉山.覆网保护和埋藏对坚果树种种子直播的影响.生物多样性,2005,(6)
[52]肖治术,张知彬,金属片标签法:一种有效追踪鼠类扩散种子的方法.生态学杂志,2006,(10).1292-1295
[53]赵锡如.星鸦与红松更新的关系.林业科技通讯,1987,9:23,32
[54]张洪茂,张知彬,.埋藏点深度、间距及大小对花鼠发现向日葵种子的影响.兽类学报,2006,(4),398-402
[55]张洪茂,张知彬,.围栏条件下影响岩松鼠寻找分散贮藏核桃种子的关键因素.生物多样性,2007,(4).329-336
[56]张知彬.小型哺乳动物在生态系统中的作用.见:钱迎倩,马克平(主编),生物多样性研究的原理与方法.北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,210-216
[57]邹红菲,郑昕,马建章等.普通鸸贮藏红松种子行为初步观察.东北林业大学学报.2005.26(1):131-133
[58]Abbott,H G.Ecology of eastern white pine seed caches made by small forest mammals.Ecology,1970,51:271-278
[59]Andersen D C,Folk M L..Blarina Brevicauda and Peromyscus Ieucopus reduce over wintering survivorship of acorn weevils in an Indian hardwood forest.Journal of Mammal,199374:656-664.
[60]Baker H G.The evolution of weeds.Annual Review of Ecology and System.19745:1-24
[61]Barkley C L,Jacobs L.F.Sex and species differences in spatial memory in food-storing kangaroo rats.Animal Behavior,2007,73(2):321-329
[62]Blate G M,Peart D R,Post dispersal predation on isolated seeds:a comparative study of 40 tree species in a southeast Asian rainforest.Oikos,1998.82:522-538
[63]Boman J S,Casper B B.Differential post dispersal seed predation in disturbed and intact temperate forest.The American Midland Naturalist,1995.34:107-116
[64]Bonjorne A L.Seed dispersal and spatial distribution of Attalea geraensis(Areca ceae) in two remnants of Cerrado in Southeastern Brazil.Acta Oecologica,2007,32(2):180-187.
[65]Borchert M I,Davis F W.Interaction of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus Douglasii) in California.Ecology,1989,70:389-404
[66]Brodin A.Mechanisms of cache retrieval in long-term hoarding birds.Journal of Ethology,2005,23(2):77-83
[67]Carsey K S.Growth form distribution and genetic relationships in tree clusters of Pinus flexilis,a bird-dispersed pine.Oecologia,1994.98:402～411
[68]Cahalane V H.Caching and recovery of food by the western fox squirrel.Journal of Wildlife Management,1942,6:338-352
[69]Charnov E J.Optimal foraging:the marginal value theorem.Theory of Population Biology,1976.9:29~36
[70]Clarkson K,Eden S F,Sutherland W J.Density dependence and magpie food hoarding.Journal of Animal Ecology,1986,55:111-121
[71]Cheng J.Xiao Z.Zhang Z.Seed consumption and caching on seeds of three sympatric tree species by four sympatric rodent species in a subtropical forest,China.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,216(13):331-341
[72]Davidson D W,Morton S R.Myrmecochory in some plants(e.g.Chenopdiaceae)of the Australian arid zone.Oecologia,1981.50:357～366
[73]Edwards,G R,Crawley,M J.Rodent seed predation and seedling recruitment in mesic grassland.Oecoligia,1999,118:288～296
[74]Forget,P M.Seed-dispersal of Vouacapoua Americana by caviomoprh rodents in French Guiana.Journal of Tropical Ecology,1990,6:459～468
[75]Forget P M.Scatter-hoarding of Astrocaryum paramaca by Proechim in French Guiana comparison with Myoprocta exilis.Trop Eco.1991.32:155～167
[76]Forget P M.Seed removal and seed fate in Gustavia super(Lecythidaceae).Biotropica,1992.24:408～414.
[77]Forget P M.Post dispersal predation and scatter-hoarding Dipteryx panamensis seeds by rodents in Pana.Oecologia,1993.94:255～261.
[78]Forget P M.Scatter-hoarding rodents and marsupials:Convergent evolution on diverging continents.Trend Ecol Evol,2001.16:65～67.
[79]Fox J F.Adaptation of gray squirrel behavior to autumn germination by white oak acorns.Evolution,1982,36:800～809
[80]Hadj-Chikh L Z,Steele M A.Smallwood P D.Caching decisions by grey squirrels:A test of the handling time and perish ability hypotheses.Anim Behav,1996,52:941～948.
[81]Harper J L.Population biology of plants.London:Academic Press.U K 1977.
[82]Harper J L.The shape and sizes of seeds.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics.1970.1:327～356
[83]Hart E B.Food preference of the cliff chipmunk in northern Utah.Great Basin Naturalist.1971,31:182～188
[84]Hayashida,M.Seed dispersal by red squirrels and subsequent establishment of Korean pine.Forest Ecology and Management.1989.28:115～129
[85]Howe H F,Smallwood J.Ecology of seed dispersal.Ann Rev Eco Syst.1982.13:201～281.
[86]Hutchins H E,Lanner R M.The central role of Clark's nutcracker in the dispersal and establishment of white bark pine.Oecologia,1982,55:192～201
[87]Hutchins H E,Hutchins S A,Liu B.The role of birds and mammals in Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)regeneration dynamics.Oecologia,1996.107(9):120～130
[88]Hollander JL,Vander Wall SB.Effectiveness of six species of rodents as dispersers of single-leaf pinon pine(Pinus monophylla).Oecologia,2004.138:57～65
[89]Jacobs L F.The effect of handling time on the decision to cache by grey squirrels.Animal Behavior,1992.43:522～524.
[90]Janzen D H.Herbivors and the number of trees species in tropical forests.American Naturalist,1970.104:501～528
[91]Janzen D H.Seed predation by animals.Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1971,2:465～492
[92]Jansen,P.A.,Bongers H.T.Prins H.Tropical rodents change rapidly germinating seeds into long-term food supplies.Oikos,2006,113(3):449-458.
[93]Jensen T S.Seed-seed predator interactions of European beech(Fagus silvatica L)and forest rodents.Oikos,1985.44:149-156.
[94]Johnson W C.Dispersal of beech-nuts by blue jays in fragmented landscapes.Am Midi Nat.1985.113:319～324
[95]Jiang Z.Proximate factors affecting caching pattern of red squirrels.Proceedings and Abstracts to Prairie.Universities Biological Seminars 1988.5:20.
[96]Kawamichi M.Food hoarding and seasonal changes of Siberian chipmunks.Japanese Journal of Ecology.1980,30:133～148
[97]Kelly C K.Seed size in tropical trees:a comparative study of factors affecting seed size in Peruvianan giosperms,1995.102:377～388
[98]Kollmann J,Schill H P.Spatial patterns of dispersal,seed predation and germination during colonization of abandoned grass land.Vegetation,1996.125:193～205
[99]Lee T H.Feeding and hoarding behavior of the Eurasian red squirrel during autumn in Hokkaido,Japan.Acta Theriologica,2002,47(4):459～470
[100]Longland W S,Clements C.Use of fluorescent pigments in studies of seed caching by rodent.Journal of mammal.1995.76:1260～1266
[101]Luc A.Wauters.Interspecific effects of grey squirrels on the space use and population demography of red squirrels in conifer plantations.Ecological Research,200015:271～284
[102]Luc A Wauters.Does interspecific competition with introduced grey squirrels affect foraging and food choice of Eurasian red squirrels?.Animal behavior.2001.61:1079～1091
[103]Luc A.Interspecific competition in tree squirrels:do introduced grey squirrels deplete tree seeds hoarded by red squirrels?Behavior Ecology and Sociobiology,2002.51(4):360-367
[104]Miyaki M.Seed dispersal of the Korean pine,Pinus koraiensis,by the red squirrel,Sciurus vulgaris.Ecol Res,1987.2:147-157.
[105]McAdoo J K.Influence of heteromyid rodents on Oryzopishy menoides germination.J Range Mgmt,1983,36:61～64
[106]McQuade,D B.Cues for localizing food by the grey squirrels(Scuirus carolinensis).Ethology,1986,72:22～30
[107]Myster R W.Effects of litter,distance,density and vegetation patch type on post dispersal tree seed predation in old fields.Oikos,1993,66:381～388
[108]Osunkoya O.Post dispersal survivor ship of north Queensland rain forest seeds and fruits:effects of forest,habitat and species.Australian Journal of Ecology,1994,19:52～64
[109]Price M V,Jenkins S H.Rodents as seeds consumers and dispersers.In:Murray D Red Seed Dispersal Sydney,Australia Academic Press,1986.191-235.
[110]Pyare S.Seedling aided cache detection by heteromyid rodents.Oecologia,2000,122:66-77
[111]Putz F E,Appanah S.Buried seeds,newly dispersed seeds,and the dynamics of a lowland forest in Malaysia.Biotropica,1987.19:326～333
[112]Reichmann,O J.Selection of seed distribution types by Dipodomys merriami and Perognathus amplus.Ecology,1977,58:636-643
[113]Ritchie R J.Food caching behavior of nestling wild hawk owls.Raptor Res.1980,14:59-60
[114]Shaw M W.Factors affecting the natural regeneration of sessile oak in north Wales.Ecology,1968,56:647～660
[115]Steele M A,Hadj-Chikh L Z,Hazwltine J.Caching and feeding decisions by Sciurus carolinensis:Responses to weevil infested acorns.J Mamm,1996.77:305-314.
[116]Steele,M.A.,Manierre S.,Genna T.The innate basis of food-hoarding decisions in grey squirrels:evidence for behavioural adaptations to the oaks.Animal Behaviour,2006,71(1):155-160
[117]Stiles E W,Dobi E T.Scatter hoarding of horse chest nuts by eastern gray squirrels.Wildlife Society Bullition.1987,32:1～3
[118]Smith C C.The Co-evolution of Pine Squirrels and Conifers.Ecological Monographs.1970.40(3):349-371
[119]Smith C C,Reichman O J.The evolution of food caching by and mammals.Ann Rev Ecol Syst,1984.15:329-351
[120]Stapanian M A,Smith CC.A model for seed scatter-hoarding:co-evolution of fox squirrels and black walnuts.Ecology.1978.59(5):884-896
[121]Stapanian M A,Smith C C.Density dependent survival of scatter-hoarded nuts:An experimental approach.Ecology,1984.65:1387-1396.
[122]Thayer,T.C.,Vander Wall S.B.Interactions between Steller's jays and yellow pine chipmunks over scatter-hoarded sugar pine seeds.Journal of Animal Ecology,2005,74(2):365-374.
[123]Thibault,J.-C.,Prodon R.,Villard P.Habitat requirements and foraging behaviour of the Corsican nuthatch Sitta whiteheadi.Journal of Avian Biology,2006,37(5):477-486.
[124]Tomback D F.Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark' s Nutcracker:A mutualism hypothesis.J Anim Ecol,1982.51:451～167.
[125]Vander Wall SB,Balda RP.Coadaptations of the Clark' s Nutcracker and the pi(?)on pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal.Ecol.Monogr,1977'.47:89～111.
[126]Vanderwall S B.Food Hoarding in Animals.Chicago:Univ Chicago Press,1990.
[127]Vanderwall S B.Mechanisms of cache recovery by yellow pine chipmunks.Anim.Bhav.1991.41:851-863
[128]VanderWall S B,Cache site selection by chipmunks and its influence on the effectiveness of seed dispersal in Jeffrey pine.Oecologia,1993a.96:246-252
[129]VanderWall,S.B.Salivary water loss to seeds by yellow pine chipmunks and Merriam's kangaroo rats.Ecology,1993b.74:1307-1312
[130]VanderWall,S.B.Removal of wind-dispersed pine seeds by ground-foraging vertebrates.Oikos.l994,69:125-132.
[131]Vanderwall S B.Influence of substrate water on the ability of rodents to find buried seeds.Journal of Mammal.1995.76(3):851～856
[132]Vanderwall SB.Dispersal of single leaf pine(Pinus monophylla)by seed caching rodents.J Mammal,1997.78(1):181～191.
[133]Vander wall S B.Cheek pouch capacities and loading rates of heteromyid rodents.Oecologia,1998a.113:21-28.
[134]Vander wall S B.Foraging success of granivorous rodents:effects of variation in seed and soil water on olfaction.Ecology,1998b.79(1):233～241
[135]Vander wall S B.The influence of environmental conditions on cache recovery and cache pilferage by yellow pine chipmunks and deer mice.Behavioral Ecology,2000,11(5):544～549
[136]Vander Wall S B.The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal.Botanical review,2001.67:74-117
[137]Vander wall S B.Secondary dispersal of Jeffrey pine seeds by rodent scatter-hoarders: the roles of pilfering,reaching and a variable environment // D J Levey,W R Silva,M Galetti.Seed Dispersal and Frugivory:Ecology,Evolution and Conservation.CAB International 142-142.2002.
[138]Vander wall S B.Inter-specific variation in the olfactory abilities of granivorous rodents.Journal of Mammal.2003a.84(2):487～496
[139]Vander wall S B.How rodents smell buried seeds:a model based on the behavior of pesticides in soil.Journal of Mammal,2003b.84(3):1089～1099
[140]Vander wall S B.Diplochory:are two seed dispersers better than one?.Trends in Ecology and Evolution.2004.19(3):155～165
[141]Vander Wall,S.B.,Kellie M.K.,Jennifer R.G.Two-phase seed dispersal:linking the effects of frugivorous birds and seed-caching rodents.Oecologia,2005,145(2):281-286.
[142]Vander Wall,S.B.,Briggs J.S.,Jenkins S.H.Do food-hoarding animals have a cache recovery advantage?Determining recovery of stored food.Animal Behaviour,2006a,72(1):189-197.
[143]Vander Wall,S.B.,Borchert M.I.,Gworek J.R.Secondary dispersal of bigcone Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga macrocarpa)seeds.Acta Oecologica,2006b,30(1):100-106.
[144]Van Horik,J.,Burns K.C.Cache spacing patterns and reciprocal cache theft in New Zealand robins.Animal Behaviour,2007,73(6):1043-1049.
[145]Victor H C.caching and recovery of food by the western fox squirrel.Journal of wildlife management.1942.6(4):338～352
[146]Wang B C.and Smith T B.Closing the seed dispersal loop.Trends in ecol and evolution.2002.17:379-385
[147]Xiao Z S,Zhang Z B,Wang Y S.Impacts of scatter-hoarding rodents on restoration of oil tea(Camellia oleifera)in a fragmented forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,196:405～412.
[148]Xiao,Z.,Zhang Z.,Wang Y.Effects of seed size on dispersal distance in five rodent-dispersed fagaceous species.Acta Oecologica,2005,28(3):221-229.
[149]Xiao,Z.,Jansen P.A.,Zhang Z.Using seed-tagging methods for assessing post-dispersal seed fate in rodent-dispersed trees.Forest Ecology and Management,2006,223(1-3):18-23
[150]Yahner R H.The adaptive significance of scatter hoarding in the eastern chipmunk.Ohio journal of science,1975.75:176-177
[151]Zaiharov,S.M.Effects of squirrels on natural forest regeneration of Pinus koraiensis.Lesovedenie,1988.6:74-78
[152]Zamora R.Functional equivalence in plant-animal interactions:ecological and evolutionary.Oikos,2000,88:442-447
[153]Zang R G,Li J Q,Zhu C Q.Life-history process and conservation of Korean Pine populations in the Xiaoxian'an Mountains of northeast China.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(English Ed.),1998,7(2):60～70.
[154]Zhang,H.,Cheng,Y.,Zhang,Z.Differences of dispersal fitness of large and small acorns of Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis)before and after seed caching by small rodents in a warm temperate forest,China.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(3-4):1243-1250.
[155]Zhang Z B,Wang F.Effect of burial on acorn survival and seedling recruitment of Liaodong oak(Quercus liaotungensis)under rodent predation.Acta Theriol Sinica,2001a.21(1):35-43.
[156]Zhang Z B.Effect of burial and environmental factors on seedling recruitment of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz Acta Ecol Sinica,2001b.21(3):374-384
[157]Zhang Z B,Wang F.Effect of rodents on seed dispersal and survival of wild apricot(Prunus armeniaca).Acta Ecol Sinica,2001c.21(5):165-171