烟气连续监测系统关键技术的研究
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摘要
紫外差分吸收光谱法应用于烟气组分浓度测量，具有原位检测、精度高、实时性好以及同时测量多种气体浓度的优点。基于该原理的直测式在线监测系统在应用中存在如下几点不足。首先，探头容易受到烟气恶劣环境影响，造成光学元件和探头表面的腐蚀；其次，脱硫引入了复杂的中间物质，在高水汽的环境下与烟气组分混合，造成测量不准；最后，直测式探头难以实现完备的在线校准。本文针对这些不足点，主要做了以下工作：
1.提出基于综合统计量的SO_2气体浓度反演算法，提高了紫外差分吸收光谱算法的测量精度。针对脱硫低浓度条件下SO_2难以测量的问题，提出SO_2低浓度算法，提高了浓度测量的下限。提出了NO气体的小波分解算法，提高混合气条件下NO气体的测量精度。
2.分析了光谱仪内部参数、烟气压力、温度、颗粒物浓度对于测量的影响。光谱仪内部参数，包括CCD光谱仪的积分时间、CCD狭缝大小、光谱仪动态信噪比、波长分辨力、CCD像素数、平均平滑次数等。通过实验，得出参数具体的影响范围和作用结果，给出了选型和相应的补偿方法。针对光强衰减，给出了一套积分时间自适应调整算法。针对温度影响，给出了相应的温度补偿方法。针对波长漂移，提出了利用氘灯特征谱线进行自动波长校正的方法。
3.总结了国内外已有的直测式探头在线校准装置设计的优缺点，结合国内烟气环境的特点，设计了一种原位零气反吹式在线校准装置。该装置采取一个滑动校准盖来排空测量区域的烟气，从而实现全系统的在线校准。校准机构符合全测量光路的完备校准，使用方便，机构可靠性高。校准机构的使用不影响测量，在高浓度烟尘状态下可以长时间稳定运行。实验表明，该校准系统的测量指标能够达到国标要求。
4.设计并研制了紫外—热湿法烟气连续监测系统。该系统基于紫外差分吸收光谱法测量原理，采用热湿抽取采样方式。系统结合了紫外差分吸收光谱法准确、多组分同时测量的优点，以及热湿抽取方式避免光学系统直接接触烟气的优点。实测结果显示，该系统能够适应氨法脱硫现场、石灰石脱硫现场以及选择性催化还原脱硝现场的监测环境。
Differential absorption spectrometry (DOAS) with the in situ probe applied tothe concentration measurements of flue gas always has the advantages of highprecision, real-time and simultaneous measurement of gas concentrations. However,the monitoring system has many shortcomings. The probe susceptible to the adverseenvironmental impact in the flue gas causes the corrosion of the probe, especially inthe desulphurization environment. Those effects always result in measurement errors.Besides, CEMS with the direct measurements type have difficult in achieving acomplete on-line calibration. The following work is described in this paper:
(1) An analysis of the basic laws of the UV absorption spectra is made in thepaper and a laboratory measurement system is designed. New SO_2, NO gas algorithmbased on analysis summarizing are proposed. The proposed statistic SO_2algorithmimproves the measurement accuracy. The low concentration algorithm of SO_2solvesthe measurement problems under desulphurization. The Wavelet decompositionalgorithm of NO gas at the same time, improves the accuracy of the measurement ofthe gas mixture.
(2) Analysis of the internal parameters of the spectrometer is made in this paper.The internal parameters of the spectrometer, including the integration time of theCCD spectrometer, CCD slit size, the dynamic signal to noise ratio of thespectrometer, the spectrometer wavelength, CCD number of pixels, average smoothfrequency. Through the experiment, the specific implications for the scope and role ofthe results of the corresponding parameters are given. Selection and the correspondingsolution for the adjustment of the integration time are given. The compensationmethod for the temperature effect is proposed. And the characteristic line of thedeuterium lamp is used for automatic wavelength calibration.
(3) The advantages and disadvantages of many direct measurement probecalibration design are discussed. On the basis of summing up the characteristics ofdomestic flue gas environment, a new calibration method is proposed. The method isto take a slide calibration cover emptying measurement of regional flue-linecalibration of the system-wide. This method will meet the complete calibration of the optical path, easy to put into practice. The field experiments determined the method isable to reach the national standard requirements.
(4) An UV-hot wet CEMS system is proposed in this paper. The system is basedon the UV spectra measurement principle, heat and moisture sampling, combined withthe advantages of high accurate DOAS algorithm and the simultaneous measurementof multi-component. The experimental results show that the system can adapt to themonitoring environment of ammonia desulphurization, limestone desulphurizationsite as well as the denitration site with selective catalytic reduction.
1.提出基于综合统计量的SO_2气体浓度反演算法，提高了紫外差分吸收光谱算法的测量精度。针对脱硫低浓度条件下SO_2难以测量的问题，提出SO_2低浓度算法，提高了浓度测量的下限。提出了NO气体的小波分解算法，提高混合气条件下NO气体的测量精度。
2.分析了光谱仪内部参数、烟气压力、温度、颗粒物浓度对于测量的影响。光谱仪内部参数，包括CCD光谱仪的积分时间、CCD狭缝大小、光谱仪动态信噪比、波长分辨力、CCD像素数、平均平滑次数等。通过实验，得出参数具体的影响范围和作用结果，给出了选型和相应的补偿方法。针对光强衰减，给出了一套积分时间自适应调整算法。针对温度影响，给出了相应的温度补偿方法。针对波长漂移，提出了利用氘灯特征谱线进行自动波长校正的方法。
3.总结了国内外已有的直测式探头在线校准装置设计的优缺点，结合国内烟气环境的特点，设计了一种原位零气反吹式在线校准装置。该装置采取一个滑动校准盖来排空测量区域的烟气，从而实现全系统的在线校准。校准机构符合全测量光路的完备校准，使用方便，机构可靠性高。校准机构的使用不影响测量，在高浓度烟尘状态下可以长时间稳定运行。实验表明，该校准系统的测量指标能够达到国标要求。
4.设计并研制了紫外—热湿法烟气连续监测系统。该系统基于紫外差分吸收光谱法测量原理，采用热湿抽取采样方式。系统结合了紫外差分吸收光谱法准确、多组分同时测量的优点，以及热湿抽取方式避免光学系统直接接触烟气的优点。实测结果显示，该系统能够适应氨法脱硫现场、石灰石脱硫现场以及选择性催化还原脱硝现场的监测环境。
Differential absorption spectrometry (DOAS) with the in situ probe applied tothe concentration measurements of flue gas always has the advantages of highprecision, real-time and simultaneous measurement of gas concentrations. However,the monitoring system has many shortcomings. The probe susceptible to the adverseenvironmental impact in the flue gas causes the corrosion of the probe, especially inthe desulphurization environment. Those effects always result in measurement errors.Besides, CEMS with the direct measurements type have difficult in achieving acomplete on-line calibration. The following work is described in this paper:
(1) An analysis of the basic laws of the UV absorption spectra is made in thepaper and a laboratory measurement system is designed. New SO_2, NO gas algorithmbased on analysis summarizing are proposed. The proposed statistic SO_2algorithmimproves the measurement accuracy. The low concentration algorithm of SO_2solvesthe measurement problems under desulphurization. The Wavelet decompositionalgorithm of NO gas at the same time, improves the accuracy of the measurement ofthe gas mixture.
(2) Analysis of the internal parameters of the spectrometer is made in this paper.The internal parameters of the spectrometer, including the integration time of theCCD spectrometer, CCD slit size, the dynamic signal to noise ratio of thespectrometer, the spectrometer wavelength, CCD number of pixels, average smoothfrequency. Through the experiment, the specific implications for the scope and role ofthe results of the corresponding parameters are given. Selection and the correspondingsolution for the adjustment of the integration time are given. The compensationmethod for the temperature effect is proposed. And the characteristic line of thedeuterium lamp is used for automatic wavelength calibration.
(3) The advantages and disadvantages of many direct measurement probecalibration design are discussed. On the basis of summing up the characteristics ofdomestic flue gas environment, a new calibration method is proposed. The method isto take a slide calibration cover emptying measurement of regional flue-linecalibration of the system-wide. This method will meet the complete calibration of the optical path, easy to put into practice. The field experiments determined the method isable to reach the national standard requirements.
(4) An UV-hot wet CEMS system is proposed in this paper. The system is basedon the UV spectra measurement principle, heat and moisture sampling, combined withthe advantages of high accurate DOAS algorithm and the simultaneous measurementof multi-component. The experimental results show that the system can adapt to themonitoring environment of ammonia desulphurization, limestone desulphurizationsite as well as the denitration site with selective catalytic reduction.
引文
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